Uncertainties in Facies Proportion Estimation II: Application to Geostatistical Simulation of Facies and Assessment of Volumetric Uncertainties

Geostatistical simulations of lithotypes or facies are commonly used to create a geological model and to describe the heterogeneities of petroleum reservoirs. However, it is difficult to handle such models in the framework of multiple realizations to assess the uncertainty of hydrocarbon in place. Indeed, the hydrocarbon in place is correlated with the facies proportions, which are themselves uncertain. The uncertainty model of facies proportions is not easy to describe because of closure relationships. A previous attempt was made with a nonparametric approach using the resampling technique. It has been successful in a stationary case but it is difficult to extend it to nonstationary cases. In this paper, we have applied the vectorial beta parametric model or Dirichlet model. It has provided much more realistic uncertainties on volumetrics in very different geological and geostatistical contexts.     

磷钼酸铵容量法误差探讨

本文探讨了磷钼酸铵黄色沉淀的形成机理, 从理论上计算了返滴定曲线和不同终点ｐＨ时的滴定误差。指出了该方法重现性较差的原因, 一是由于黄色沉淀的形式较为复杂, 二是由于返滴定曲线在滴定终点附近无明显突跃范围     

膨胀土干缩变形特性试验研究

膨胀土是一种典型的问题性土,对气候变化非常敏感,在干旱气候条件下,极易发生体积收缩变形,引发各种工 程地质问题。为了研究膨胀土的干缩变形特性,开展了一系列室内干燥试验,测定了膨胀土的收缩特征曲线,重点分析 了初始含水率和干密度对干缩变形过程的影响,并进一步探讨了水泥固化抑制膨胀土干缩变形的效果和机理。结果表 明：（1） 膨胀土的干缩变形过程存在三个典型阶段：正常收缩、残余收缩和零收缩;（2） 初始含水率越高,试样蒸发速 率越快,且干缩变形完全后试样孔隙比越小而最终收缩应变越大,干缩变形越明显;（3） 初始干密度越大,试样蒸发速 率和最终体积收缩应变越小,提高初始干密度对试样干缩变形具有一定的抑制作用;（4） 在膨胀土中掺入适量的水泥能 显著降低试样的体积收缩应变,对干缩变形具有良好的抑制效果;（5） 膨胀土的干缩变形具有明显的各向异性特征,并 且与初始状态有关。     

膨胀土干缩变形特性试验研究

膨胀土是一种典型的问题性土，对气候变化非常敏感，在干旱气候条件下，极易发生体积收缩变形，引发各种工 程地质问题。为了研究膨胀土的干缩变形特性，开展了一系列室内干燥试验，测定了膨胀土的收缩特征曲线，重点分析 了初始含水率和干密度对干缩变形过程的影响，并进一步探讨了水泥固化抑制膨胀土干缩变形的效果和机理。结果表 明：（1） 膨胀土的干缩变形过程存在三个典型阶段：正常收缩、残余收缩和零收缩；（2） 初始含水率越高，试样蒸发速 率越快，且干缩变形完全后试样孔隙比越小而最终收缩应变越大，干缩变形越明显；（3） 初始干密度越大，试样蒸发速 率和最终体积收缩应变越小，提高初始干密度对试样干缩变形具有一定的抑制作用；（4） 在膨胀土中掺入适量的水泥能 显著降低试样的体积收缩应变，对干缩变形具有良好的抑制效果；（5） 膨胀土的干缩变形具有明显的各向异性特征，并 且与初始状态有关。     

The XIV International Workshop on Marine Geology

Lithology and Mineral Resources -     

Volumetric sand production model and experiment

A sand production model was developed for volumetric sand production predictions that take into account the effects of the external stresses and fluid flow rate. The model couples the poro‐mechanical behaviour of the solid–fluid system with the erosion behaviour of the solids due to fluid flow. It predicts reasonably experimental volumetric sand production data from a hollow cylinder test on a weak sandstone. The test results show that in weak and compactive sandstones, sand production is associated with decohesioning and plasticification of a zone around the inner hole which can then be mobilized by the hydrodynamic forces of the fluid flow. The sand production rate increases both with external applied stress and fluid flow rate but it is constant with time under constant external stress and fluid flow rate. In both cases a critical lower limit has to be exceeded for sand production initiation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Volumetric strains in neutral surface folding

Neutral surface folding is a significant contributor to fold development. This mechanism produces contrasting strains in the inner and outer arcs of the folded layer that arise from principal stress orientations that are approximately parallel and perpendicular to the layer. We demonstrate that such stress patterns imply significant gradients of mean stress across the folding layer, being more tensional on the outer arc and more compressive in the inner arc. This could pump fluids towards the outer arc during folding and result in heterogeneous volume changes. We conclude that the neutral surface folding model should be adapted to accommodate volumetric strains, in order to explain dilatational structures (e.g. open fractures, veining) on the extrados and volume-loss structures (e.g. pressure solution seams, stylolitic cleavages) on the intrados. This dilatation has economic implications as it allows prediction of sites of mineralization and zones of secondary permeability in fold-related hydrocarbon traps.     

容量法测定水样中硫酸根

本文对EDTA滴定过量Pb间接测定SO_4~(2-)的方法作了改进。加入乙醇抑制PbSO_4沉淀的溶解,使滴定不需分离沉淀而直接进行。用六次甲基四胺调节控制pH为5.2—5.4,可避免大量共存Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)的干扰。改进后的方法简单、快速,准确度和精密度均好,可适用SO_4~(2-)含量高于1mg/L的天然水分析。     

基于地层力学结构的三维构造恢复及其地质意义

三维构造恢复不仅可以验证构造解释在三维空间的一致性,也可用于计算构造内部的应变状态,确定构造位移变化路径及地层力学结构对构造生长过程的影响。在Gocad三维平台上综合遥感、地震和钻井等资料,建立准噶尔盆地南缘主要勘探目的层古近系古新统—始新统紫泥泉子组(E1-2z)的面模型和霍尔果斯深层背斜的体模型,并在体模型的三维域中设置剪切模量、拉梅常数以及岩层密度,以求真实反映实际地层力学结构。在此基础上利用基于Gocad平台开发的三维构造恢复插件对两者开展恢复试验。面模型恢复结果表明,准噶尔盆地南缘山前逆冲断层上盘的恢复应变椭球长轴多呈北西方向,与该位置天山山体和山前断裂带走向斜交,这一特征印证了晚新生代以来的斜向挤压作用。但在山前第二排背斜带东西300km的范围内,恢复应变椭球长轴由霍尔果斯背斜处的近南北逐渐向东西两侧的北北东向和北西向过渡,揭示出深部隐伏断裂可能具有前陆地区典型的弧形冲断特征。体模型恢复结果表明,霍尔果斯深层背斜内部的应变状态与其所经历的运动学过程并没有显著的对应关系,恢复应变分布主要受相邻地层之间力学结构的差异控制,这就导致同一断块不同地层内部的应变状态具有不同的分布特征。在石油勘探开发领域,针对圈闭范围小尺度构造的恢复应变计算可用于构造裂缝性质、方位和分布的预测。     

19^th Himalaya-Karakoram-Tibet Workshop

The 19^th Himalaya-Karakoram-Tibet Workshop (HKT19), as an annual international workshop devoted to presentations of new research findings in the Earth sciences and related disciplines from the Himalaya-Karakoram-Tibet (HKT) region and discussion on the burning issues, was held in Niseko, a famous ski resort in Hokkaido,Japan. The HKT19 Organizing Committee hosted the workshop together with two 21^st Century Center of Excellence Programs,namely, COE for the “Neo-Science of Natural History” (Hokkaido University, Project Leader: H. Okada), COE for “Dynamics of the Sun-Earth-Life Interactive System”,(Nagoya University, Project Leader: T.Yasunari), and the Division of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Hokkaido University,     

容量法测定方铅矿中高含量银

报道了采用HNO3－H2SO4－HF溶样,KI容量法测定硅、铅含量较高样品中高含量银的方法。试验了滴定反应的酸度条件。在1．6mol/L HNO3介质中,银与碘化钾反应,生成碘化银沉淀。银的标准加入回收率为97．8％－100．4％。精密度试验,相对标准偏差为0．92％（n=11)。该法可溶解含硅银矿及角银矿中的银。方法已被用于测定矿石中高含量银。     

EDV-1型数字体变仪

本文介绍了 EDV-1型数字体变仪的结构、简要的工作原理、性能指标、非线性的补偿、电缆电容的消除、抗干扰的措施以及使用情况。