豹纹鳃棘鲈胚胎发育的初步观察

2008年5月20日,对海水网箱养殖的豹纹鳃棘鲈(Plectropomus leopardus Lacépède)亲鱼进行人工催产试验,并对获得的受精卵进行胚胎发育观察,描述其发育各期的形态特征及发育速度.豹纹鳃棘鲈的受精卵呈浮性,透明圆球形,卵径为816.5 μm±15.9 μm,具一直径约145.5 μm的大油球,有些受精卵还含有数个(1～6)小油球.在自然海区水温30.0～31.2℃条件下,胚胎发育时间为16 h32 min.     

10种石斑鱼系统发育的线粒体细胞色素b基因序列分析

为探讨石斑鱼亚科鱼类的系统发育关系,测定了此亚科中具有代表性的石斑鱼属、鳃棘鲈属、九棘鲈属、驼背鲈属和白线光腭鲈属等5个属10种石斑鱼的细胞色素b基因全序列,分析了这些序列的特性,运用Kimura 2-parameter模型,以邻接法构建了分子系统树。结果表明,九棘鲈属与鳃棘鲈属位于系统进化树的基部,与石斑鱼类其它类群亲缘关系较远;驼背鲈属与白线光腭鲈属网结于石斑鱼属构成的分支中。     

驼背鲈的嗅囊及嗅板细胞的形态学和组织学

利用解剖和石蜡切片技术对驼背鲈(Cromileptes altivelis)嗅囊及嗅板细胞进行形态学和组织学研究。结果表明,驼背鲈具有2对鼻孔,前后鼻孔紧相邻,前鼻孔小,圆形,具瓣膜;后鼻孔大,为垂直长裂孔。驼背鲈嗅囊椭圆形,其长径与眼径之比为0.16,长径与短径之比为1.29。嗅囊由20～22个初级嗅板构成,嗅板辐射状,呈菊花瓣图案。嗅板游离端边缘为非感觉区,顶部上皮为单层扁平上皮。感觉区嗅上皮含有4种细胞,可大致分为感觉细胞层、支持细胞层和基细胞层,其中感觉细胞层由感受细胞和纤毛非感觉细胞构成,感受细胞在嗅板上不连续分布,嗅板感觉细胞层表面具较发达的纤毛。驼背鲈应属于以视觉为主进行活动的鱼类。     

驼背鲈肌肉营养成分的分析与评价

采用生物化学方法测定和分析了驼背鲈（Cromileptes altivelis）肌肉的营养成分.结果显示,每100 g驼背鲈肌肉的干物质含量：粗蛋白为84.51 g、粗脂肪为5.28 g、VE为5.59 mg、VB2为0.61 mg、钙为69.60 mg、磷为757 mg、钾为1 490 mg、钠为142 mg、铁为1.05 mg、硒为0.21 mg,钙/磷含量比为1/10.88.驼背鲈肌肉的营养成分属于高蛋白低脂肪类型,肌肉的必需氨基酸模式3 001.31 mg/g优于FAO-WHO的理想模式2 190 mg/g,氨基酸的支/芳值为2.41接近正常人体的水平,氨基酸含量（97.49%）、必需氨基酸含量（48.33%）和鲜味氨基酸含量（37.37%）均较高,氨基酸种类齐全,肉味鲜美,不饱和脂肪酸含量（13.61%）较低.结果表明,驼背鲈肌肉具有较高的营养价值,属于一种优质的海产蛋白源.     

温度对管角螺Hemifusus tuba (Gmelin)胚胎发育的影响

在pH8.1～8.3、盐度27.5～29.5的条件下,进行了不同温度对管角螺Hemifusus tuba(Gmelin)胚胎发育影响的试验。结果表明,管角螺的卵子在发育过程中分为正常卵和败育卵;其胚胎发育过程属直接发生型;孵化率达80%以上的海水温度范围为22.1~31.2℃;正常发育的胚胎5~9 d能完全消耗卵囊内的败育卵并变为自身发育的营养物质,12~18 d形成稚螺雏形,29~38 d胚胎完成发育,形成稚螺。     

人工繁育花鲈早期发育形态特征与仔鱼培育技术研究

对人工繁育的花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)早期发育阶段的形态特征及苗种培育技术进行了观察与研究。结果表明:在水温17±1℃、盐度30、pH8.0、溶解氧7.0mg/L的条件下,花鲈受精卵经过72h完成胚胎发育过程。在胚后发育阶段,根据卵黄囊体积、鳍条发育情况,将花鲈前期发育划分为仔鱼期、稚鱼期、幼鱼期;仔鱼期又可分为前期仔鱼和后期仔鱼。本文对培育过程中死亡率较高的仔鱼期进行了详细观察,发现在水温16~17℃,盐度30的海水中培育,初孵仔鱼至5日龄(day post hatching,dph)仔鱼是前期仔鱼,6~35dph为后期仔鱼。花鲈个体之间发育速度差异较大、仔鱼之间的残食现象是整个培育过程中比较明显的特征,这些特征与冬季水温较低造成的越冬困难一起限制了花鲈苗种的全人工繁育技术的建立。     

驼背鲈外周血细胞的形态学研究

利用Wright's和Giemsa双重染色法和改良的血涂片染色法两种方式,通过光镜对驼背鲈(Cromileptes altivelis)的血涂片进行了观察.结果表明:驼背鲈的血涂片中可区分出6种细胞--红细胞、嗜中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、单核细胞、淋巴细胞、血栓细胞,偶尔可见到分裂的红细胞、分裂的血栓细胞、核影红细胞和...     

中国海水鱼类单殖吸虫研究Ⅻ新海盘虫属一新种及海盘虫属一新记录

报道了寄生于豆娘Abudefdufsp .鳃上的新海盘虫属一新种和寄生于驼背鲈Cromileptesaltivelis鳃上的海盘虫属一新记录。双曲片新海盘虫 ,新种Neohaliotremadi curvilamellatum ,sp .nov .与NeohaliotremabychowskiiZhukov ,1 976相似 ,但支持器的形态结构不同和交接管量度上有差异。驼背鲈海盘虫HaliotremacromileptisYoung ,1 968与原始描述相比 ,除交接管稍长外 ,其它量度与形态基本一致。     

汞、锌、铅对黑鲷胚胎发育的影响

本文就汞、锌、铅3种重金属对黑鲷胚胎(包括前期仔鱼)发育的影响进行了研究和讨论,并与铜对黑鲷胚胎发育的影响作了比较。黑鲷卵和前期仔鱼对上述4种重金属的敏感顺序是:汞〉铜〉锌〉铅。初孵仔鱼对汞及胚孔封闭前的发育卵对铜较其它发育阶段更为敏感。初孵仔鱼和脊椎形成前的卵对锌、铅都比较敏感,但大大低于对铜和汞的敏感程度。值得注意的是:在脊椎形成后至孵化前的胚胎发育期间,卵对4种重金属的敏感性都远较胚胎发育的其它阶段低。汞、铅对黑鲷的胚胎发育有较明显的迟滞效应。高浓度的锌和铅引起大量初孵仔鱼的畸变,而在含汞海水中,在胚胎直至前期仔鱼的发育期间无畸变现象发生。     

鮸鱼胚胎发育的研究

研究了人工繁殖时鮸鱼(Miichthys miiuy)胚胎的发育过程。鮸鱼受精卵呈圆球形,浮性,卵径为0.99~1.15 mm,中央大多具有1个油球,少数为2~3个或较多个油球。在水温为24.5~24.7℃,盐度为24的天然海水中,鮸鱼胚胎发育历时约21h 48 min孵化出膜。整个胚胎发育分为5个阶段,共21个发育期。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.