Flank spreading and collapse of weak-cored volcanoes

Volcanoes subjected to hydrothermal activity develop weak cores as a result of alteration and due to elevated pore pressures. Edifices constructed at the angle of repose of volcanoclastics, or at even more gentle slopes, respond to internal weakening by initially deforming slowly, but may then collapse catastrophically. Such a process has so far been described for only a few volcanoes, such as Casita, Nicaragua; however, the conditions for flank spreading are widespread and many, if not most volcanoes should suffer some alteration-related flank spreading. We provide analogue models that characterise the structure — surface deformation fields and internal structures — of a spreading flank. Deformation creates a characteristic concave-convex-concave flank profile producing structures such as basal thrusts, summit normal faults, grabens and strike-slip relay faults. Three deformation regimes are found: a pit collapse regime is associated with very small volumes of ductile material located far from the edifice surface. This would not appear in nature, as time for deformation is greater than the lifetime of a volcano, unless very low rock viscosities are present. The other two regimes are flank spreading regimes, one symmetric and one asymmetric. The latter is the most common, as most volcanic structures are asymmetrical in form and in distribution of physical properties. The deformation is controlled by altered region dimensions, volume and position relative to the edifice, and to a lesser extent by its shape. As the flanks spread, landslides are created, initially on the steepened portion, but also from fault scarps. Major flank collapse may occur leading to explosive hydrothermal decompression and to a debris avalanche rich in hydrothermally altered material. We provide several new examples of volcanoes that have structures and morphologies compatible with flank spreading. We suggest that it is a common feature, important in the tectonics and hazards of many volcanoes.Editorial Responsibility: J. Gilbert     

Digital topography of volcanoes from radar interferometry: an example from Mt Vesuvius,Italy

A new airborne radar technique can generate digital topographic data for volcanoes at a scale of 10 m spatial and 1–5 m vertical, with a swath width of 6.4 km. Called TOPSAR, the intrument is an interferometric radar flown on the NASA DC-8 aircraft. TOPSAR data permit the quantification of volcano slopes, volumes, and heights, and as such will be valuable for the analysis of lava flows, domes, and lahar channels. This instrument will be flown over several volcanoes in the near future, providing volcanologists with valuable data sets for the analysis of high-resolution topography. We briefly illustrate the potential use of TOPSAR data through examples from Mt Somma and Vesuvius, Italy.     

日本1995年阪神大地震及火山考察与启示

简述了１９９５年１月１７日日本７．２级阪神大地震的震害,地震断层以及１８９１年浓尾级地震根尾谷地震断裂、北伊豆地震旦那断层和大室火山、伊豆大岛火山的一些特征,最后论述了这次考察的启示。     

可拓分类方法及其在流动单元分类中的应用

可拓学是研究事物拓展的可能性和拓展规律与方法的科学,它可以广泛的应用于各种矛盾和对立问题的解决.可拓分类方法是利用可拓学理论对事物类型归属进行研究的动态分类方法.为了解决储层流动单元分类中现存误判率较高的问题,本文利用可拓分类方法对储层流动单元分类进行了研究,并把利用可拓分类获得的流动单元分类结果与灰关联聚类法判别分析结果进行了比较,发现可拓分类方法具有更强的判别能力,具有实用性强、误判率低的特点,判别准确率可比灰关联聚类法提高15%.这种方法不仅仅适用于流动单元分类,对于油气勘探开发的很多环节都将具有适用性.     

Geomorphological site classification for the Fujian province

Geomorphological classification of the Fujian province was done based on remote-sensing imaging, digital elevation maps, and slope gradient data acquired by ArcGIS 9.2. The engineering geological units in the Fujian province were divided into five types by the geomorphologic shape and genesis. The relationship among geomorphological type, engineering geological unit, and site category was determined using engineering geological data and site category data. Then, after making a preliminary site classification adjusted by drill hole data, the site was classified into four types: I₀, I₁, II, and III according to site classification standards of equivalent shear-wave velocity and overburden thickness. The results showed that the site categories in the Fujian province mainly consist of type II, which accounts for 85.26 % of the land area. The percentage of I₀ was the smallest, which accounts for only 2.44 % of the total area.     

基于聚类分析方法的砾岩油藏储层类型划分

砾岩油藏由于近物源、多水系和快速多变的沉积环境导致储层岩性复杂多变以及非均质性严重等特点,储层类型的精细划分成为该类油藏二次调整开发的重点和难点.本文以克拉玛依油田六中区克下组砾岩油藏为研究对象,选取密闭取心井岩心分析的物性参数、压汞驱替参数以及微观孔隙结构参数共计12项作为砾岩油藏储层类型划分的参数组合,对比研究了基于划分、基于层次、基于模型和基于密度的4种聚类算法建立的储层划分标准,结果表明基于划分的k-means算法建立的聚类标准最符合实际油藏的地质特征和储层类型的划分精度,内部度量的紧凑性、有效性和分辨性都优于其他三种算法,并且分析了Ⅴ类储层与岩性的对应关系,发现砾岩油藏储层类型受岩性控制的机制非常复杂,岩性相同的储层类型可能呈现出不同的物性和渗流性,而岩性不同的储层类型又可能表现为相同的物性和渗流性,其根本原因是储层非均质性造成的.储层类型与砾岩岩性的有效结合为该区精细开发方案的设计和水淹层的定量评价提供了技术支持.     

中国湖泊综合分类原则、级别划分及分类程序之初探

在略述了国内外湖泊分类研究现状的基础上,探讨了开展我国湖泊综合分类的原则、级别划分以及综合分类所应该遵循的程序。主导因素与综合因素相结合,建立分类的主导标志,是湖泊综合分类系统中高层次分类的关键;区域相似性（相对一致性）与差异性的对比分析是低层次分类的重要环节。在此基础上,还应充分考虑到人类经济活动的方式与强度对湖泊诸自然因素的影响,以便使湖泊综合分类工作既具有理论上的意义,同时又具有实用价值。级     

基于面向对象的无监督分类的遥感影像自动分类方法

为了实现无任何先验知识的高分辨率遥感数据的自动分类,并进一步提高自动分类精度和效率,提出了一种基于面向对象的无监督分类方法(Object Oriented Unsupervised Classification).具体步骤如下:首先对遥感影像进行分割,得到一系列空间上相邻、同质性较好的分割单元,然后对分割单元进行特征提取,得到分割单元的对象特征(光谱特征、纹理特征等多特征信息),进而对分割单元进行基于对象特征马氏距离聚类.最后,通过分类后处理(类别合并、错分类别调整等)得到最终的分类结果.通过实验表明:本文提出的方法不仅能够利用影像中更多的特征信息进行聚类而且还可以有效地减少聚类对象的个数,从而使自动分类的精度和效率都得到较大的提升.     

基于稀疏成分分析的遥感影像分类

遥感影像分类一直是遥感研究的重点、难点和热点之一.针对经典的主成分分析法在不同地物的光谱存在重叠相关时,分类效果欠佳的缺陷,提出一种基于稀疏成分分析的遥感影像分类法.该方法利用稀疏性提取源信号,不要求源成分之间互不相关.实验结果表明,与主成分分析方法相比,基于稀疏成分分析的分类结果更可靠、更准确.     

建(构)筑物地震破坏等级划分标准有关问题研究

我国国家标准《建(构)筑物地震破坏等级划分》GB/T24335-2009已于2009年7月16日发布,2009年12月1日开始实施。为了更好地了解该标准,本文介绍了该标准制定过程中一些有关问题的研究情况,主要回顾了我国建(构)筑物地震破坏等级划分的发展历史,总结了国内外现有建(构)筑物地震破坏等级的划分方法,并对其优缺点进行了评述。在此基础上,对标准制定过程中存在的问题进行了讨论,给出了相应的解决办法。     

Volcanic Debris-avalanche Deposits of the Laoheishan Volcano and Huoshaoshan Volcano in Wudalianchi

Large amounts of volcanic debris-avalanche deposits, which take the shape of hummocks, are distributed around the peripheries of the Laoheishan volcano and Huoshaoshan volcano in Wudalianchi World Geopark. In earlier times, they were called "satellite volcanoes", namely, freestanding volcanoes. This paper points out that these deposits actually came from the collapse of the cones of these two volcanoes. When the lava flow spilled out at the base of the slope of the cones, the slope broke up and collapsed under the action of gravity. Later, ravines were formed on the slope. Caved slope clastics, accompanying lava flow, accumulated at the rims of the volcano cones. Although some accumulations may form very large cones, they are not volcanoes, but deposits of volcanic debris avalanches.     

中国湖泊营养类型的分类研究

对我国１３０余个主要湖泊的营养状况进行了分类研究。结果表明,目前处于协调营养型湖泊１１６个,占调查湖泊数量８７．９％,占调查湖泊面积的９６．０％;非协调营养型湖泊１６个,占调查湖泊数量１２．１％,占调查湖泊面积的４．０％;在协调营养型湖泊中,影响湖泊资料开发利用的主要障碍是;富营养化问题;非协调营养型湖泊中,主要是超营养化和盐碱化问题,它们有的已经严重地影响了湖区经济的发展,是我国当前亟待解决的重     

RPROP算法在火成岩岩石分类中的应用

为了更好地解决火成岩岩石分类问题,引入一种快速实用的BP算法—Resilient Backpropagation(RPROP)算法.在说明RPROP算法的基础上,结合火成岩岩石资料,建立基于RPROP算法的BP网络火成岩岩石分类模型,进行火成岩岩石分类的应用研究.结果表明,应用RPROP算法进行火成岩岩石分类,分类的准确率高,与基本BP算法及其一些改进算法相比,训练速度快,具有很好的应用前景.     

中外场地分类研究现状及其应用讨论

场地类别的不同会影响建筑物的抗震设计,世界各国根据各自的经济水平和抗震理念,有着不同的场地分类标准。本文抓住我国抗震设计规范演变主线回顾了场地类别相关研究进展,重点介绍和对比我国与美国、欧洲和日本等发达国家建筑设计规范中的场地分类的异同,并用工程实例进行分类给出了不同国家场地类别的对应关系,提出了我国场地分类方法可增加计算深度及采用场地周期作为分类指标的建议。     

Evolution of Mount Fuji,Japan: Inference from drilling into the subaerial oldest volcano,pre‐Komitake

A buried, old volcanic body (pre‐Komitake Volcano) was discovered during drilling into the northeastern flank of Mount Fuji. The pre‐Komitake Volcano is characterized by hornblende‐bearing andesite and dacite, in contrast to the porphyritic basaltic rocks of Komitake Volcano and to the olivine‐bearing basaltic rocks of Fuji Volcano. K‐Ar age determinations and geological analysis of drilling cores suggest that the pre‐Komitake Volcano began with effusion of basaltic lava flows around 260 ka and ended with explosive eruptions of basaltic andesite and dacite magma around 160 ka. After deposition of a thin soil layer on the pre‐Komitake volcanic rocks, successive effusions of lava flows occurred at Komitake Volcano until 100 ka. Explosive eruptions of Fuji Volcano followed shortly after the activity of Komitake. The long‐term eruption rate of about 3 km³/ka or more for Fuji Volcano is much higher than that estimated for pre‐Komitake and Komitake. The chemical variation within Fuji Volcano, represented by an increase in incompatible elements at nearly constant SiO₂, differs from that within pre‐Komitake and other volcanoes in the northern Izu‐Bonin arc, where incompatible elements increase with increasing SiO₂. These changes in the volcanism in Mount Fuji may have occurred due to a change in regional tectonics around 150 ka, although this remains unproven.     

长白山天池火山地震波形分析

长白山天池火山是最具潜在喷发危险的火山,地震监测是有效的火山监测手段之一。小波分析是一门新兴学科,被称为“数字显微镜”,它在时频两域具有良好的局部特性。本文对火山区不同种类的地震波形运用小波分析和频谱分析的方法,希望能提取不同类型火山地震的一些频谱特征,确定火山地震的类型。     

长白山天池火山2002~2005年火山扰动机制研究

地震、形变、火山气体地球化学等观测结果表明2002~2005年长白山天池火山经历了1次扰动事件。长白山站地震台（CBS台）记录到了扰动事件前后连续稳定的宽频带地震观测资料。前人的观测研究结果认为长白山天池火山扰动期间的火山地震类型主要为构造型火山地震，伴随少量的谐频型地震。本文通过匹配滤波技术，对1999~2007年扰动事件前后CBS台单台三分量地震观测数据进行模板扫描，获得3763个清晰的火山地震事件，其中谐频（HS）事件125个，构造（VT）事件3618个，并发现长周期（LP）事件20个。进而将火山扰动期间火山地震事件分为3种类型：构造型事件、长周期事件和谐频型事件，并提出2002~2005年长白山天池火山扰动机制模型：深源地震-火山能量传递模型，即汪清深源地震能量释放和传递，引发长白山火山区岩石圈应力状态波动。地幔岩浆房受应力干扰后，岩浆通道打开，少量岩浆侵入地壳岩浆房。岩浆混合脱气导致地壳岩浆房升压，引起顶部岩石微破裂，产生构造型火山地震，气体和流体填充这些裂隙，从而产生LP和HS型火山地震事件。     

Method study of classification and gradation of earthquake disasters

Based on data of earthquake disaster events during 1954~2005 in the Chinese mainland, the classification and gradation of earthquake disasters have been studied by multivariate statistical analysis. Three fundamental structures of earthquake disasters have been found and an FAPE (factor analysis-principal component-equamax rotation) classification model and an HCWS (hierarchical cluster-ward method-seuclid) gradation model have been constructed. Earthquake disasters are divided into eight classes and five grades respectively in the models, which give a reasonable explanation to the phenomenon of earthquake disasters.