由小面阵CCD组合构成宽角航空相机

本文研究由多台小面阵CCD相机构建组合式宽角航空相机的新方法———包括由3台或4台相机组合构建的多相机系统结构,由其分离的各影像转换成等效大影像的数学表达;利用室外和室内近景相机检校场对组合相机系统进行高精度检校的内容、解算方法和检校结果;最后给出了以3相机组合系统装备无人驾驶飞行器(UAV II)进行低空摄影的影像成果。     

Principal Point Behaviour and Calibration Parameter Models for Kodak DCS Cameras

Digital still cameras have been widely adopted for close range photogrammetry and machine vision applications. Due to the advantages of onboard storage of digital images, portability and rapid data processing, digital still cameras are rapidly becoming standard equipment for measurement tasks such as industrial metrology and heritage recording. As for any metric application, the accuracy of the derived object data is dependent, amongst many other factors, on the accuracy of the camera calibration. For the vast majority of photogrammetric applications, use of the simple case of a block invariant calibration model comprising the primary physical parameters, including the principal point position, is sufficient. However, cameras designed for photojournalism and domestic use, such as the Kodak DCS420 and 460 cameras, are well known for their calibration instability because the design is based on a 35 mm SLR camera body. In particular, previous research has shown that the principal point location is prone to movement during normal handling of the camera, due to the mounting mechanism of the CCD array. This paper reports on an investigation of the physical behaviour of the principal point location and compares different calibration parameter models for the Kodak DCS420 and DCS460 digital still cameras.     

中小比例尺数字航空摄影测图研究

依据长治DMC数字航空摄影和阜平试验区ADS40数字航空摄影的实验结果,研究分析了框幅式数字航摄仪和推扫式数字航摄仪应用于中小比例尺测图的方式和方法,研究重点侧重于当前数字摄影测量模式下不同外业控制方案对测图精度的影响,并对采用DMC和ADS40数字航摄仪的航空摄影和外业控制的技术设计提出了供参考的建议。     

一种基于多目视觉的无人机实时定位方法

提出了一种基于多目视觉的实时无人机自动定位方法。该方法将多相机和多台计算机联合组建局域网,通过相机标定、图像同步采集、背景差分与前方交会等实现无人机自动检测与定位。为了验证该方法的有效性,开发了一套无人机检测和定位的软硬件系统,试验结果表明该方法是可行、有效的,定位精度满足要求。     

Optimising the accuracy of a low-cost photogrammetric motion study system

Generally, a low-cost image-based motion study system consists of a set of two or more video imaging cameras and a set of object space control targets. The control targets are required to provide for the computation of exterior parameters of the video frames of objects in motion. Subsequently, the computed exterior orientation parameters are used to compute the position of the motion targets. In general, the accuracy of the motion data is dependent largely on the accuracy of the 3D coordinates of the control targets, the computed camera and lens parameters and the frame rate of the camera. Obviously, it is difficult to improve the frame rate of a low-cost camera; however, the other factors may be optimised analytically. Optimising the accuracy of the control targets is a straightforward process and is discussed briefly in the paper. Optimising the computed camera and lens parameters was the main focus of the research. Consequently, the paper provides the detail of the developed optimising technique. The results show that an optimal principal distance and other lens parameters can be determined by analysing the error of a set of highly accurate object distances. The evaluation shows that the accuracy of the video motion study system can be improved by as much as six times or a reduction of scaling error from 1·06 to 1·01.     

Sensor modeling,self-calibration and accuracy testing of panoramic cameras and laser scanners

Terrestrial Linear Array CCD-based panoramic cameras have been used for purely imaging purposes, but they also have a high potential for use in high accuracy measurement applications. The imaging geometry and the high information content of those images make them suitable candidates for quantitative image analysis. For that a particular sensor model has to be established and the inherent accuracy potential has to be investigated. We developed a sensor model for terrestrial Linear Array-based panoramic cameras by means of a modified bundle adjustment with additional parameters, which models substantial deviations of a real camera from the ideal one. We used 3D straight-line information in addition to tie points to conduct a full calibration and orientation without control point information. Due to the similarity of the operation of laser scanners to panoramic cameras the sensor model of the panoramic cameras was extended for the self-calibration of laser scanners. We present the joint sensor model for panoramic cameras and laser scanners and the results of self-calibration, which indicate a subpixel accuracy level for such highly dynamic systems. Finally we demonstrate the systems’ accuracy of two typical panoramic cameras in 3D point positioning, using both a minimal number of control points and a free network adjustment. With these new panoramic imaging devices we have additional powerful sensors for image recording and efficient 3D object modeling.     

数字航测相机系统研究现状

介绍了国际上具有代表性的数字航测相机系统(ADS40、DMC、UltraCamD和DiMAC)的特点及其主要技术参数。实用化的数字航测相机应同时具备高分辨率和大视场的特性,才能保证在高精度成图的同时提高作业效率。结合我国自主研制的第一台大面阵彩色CCD航测相机,详细地介绍了相机系统的“3 1”技术路线、相机参数和系统组成。相机综合试验的结果表明,相机系统完全可以满足大比例成图精度的要求。     

非量测数码相机单像空间后方交会的辅助分步像主距与像主点的简单测定

近年来,非量测的中、高端普通数码相机越来越多的应用到航空、近景等摄影测量领域[3]。影响摄影测量成果精度的重要因素之一是相机的技术参数,因此相机技术参数的检校是保证成果质量能否满足精度要求的关键问题之一。本文着重讲述了在以单像空间后方交会为基础的相机检校中,受制于实践环境,当控制场各控制点的几何分布通常被布置离一个平面不大的范围内,则会使未知数的解极不稳定,甚至有不定解得可能。为防止出现错解以及不定解,先通过试验场检校给出像主距f和像主点(x0,y0)初始值,从而避免上述情况发生,文中给出了方法、原理及实践数据、结果。     

Evaluation of the geometric stability and the accuracy potential of digital cameras — Comparing mechanical stabilisation versus parameterisation

Recent tests on the geometric stability of several digital cameras that were not designed for photogrammetric applications have shown that the accomplished accuracies in object space are either limited or that the accuracy potential is not exploited to the fullest extent. A total of 72 calibrations were calculated with four different software products for eleven digital camera models with different hardware setups, some with mechanical fixation of one or more parts. The calibration procedure was chosen in accord to a German guideline for evaluation of optical 3D measuring systems [VDI/VDE, VDI/VDE 2634 Part 1, 2002. Optical 3D Measuring Systems–Imaging Systems with Point-by-point Probing. Beuth Verlag, Berlin]. All images were taken with ringflashes which was considered a standard method for close-range photogrammetry. In cases where the flash was mounted to the lens, the force exerted on the lens tube and the camera mount greatly reduced the accomplished accuracy. Mounting the ringflash to the camera instead resulted in a large improvement of accuracy in object space. For standard calibration best accuracies in object space were accomplished with a Canon EOS 5D and a 35 mm Canon lens where the focusing tube was fixed with epoxy (47  μm maximum absolute length measurement error in object space). The fixation of the Canon lens was fairly easy and inexpensive resulting in a sevenfold increase in accuracy compared with the same lens type without modification. A similar accuracy was accomplished with a Nikon D3 when mounting the ringflash to the camera instead of the lens (52  μm maximum absolute length measurement error in object space). Parameterisation of geometric instabilities by introduction of an image variant interior orientation in the calibration process improved results for most cameras. In this case, a modified Alpa 12 WA yielded the best results (29  μm maximum absolute length measurement error in object space). Extending the parameter model with FiBun software to model not only an image variant interior orientation, but also deformations in the sensor domain of the cameras, showed significant improvements only for a small group of cameras. The Nikon D3 camera yielded the best overall accuracy (25  μm maximum absolute length measurement error in object space) with this calibration procedure indicating at the same time the presence of image invariant error in the sensor domain. Overall, calibration results showed that digital cameras can be applied for an accurate photogrammetric survey and that only a little effort was sufficient to greatly improve the accuracy potential of digital cameras.     

Direct Sensor Orientation for Large Scale Mapping—Potential, Problems, Solutions

Georeferencing is one of the most important tasks in photogrammetry. Traditionally it has been achieved indirectly using the well-known method of aerial triangulation. With the availability of integrated GPS and inertial measurement units (IMU), this situation changed. Direct determination of exterior orientation is now possible. Today, direct and integrated sensor orientation is used for a wide range of sensors including lidar and SAR, as well as for digital line scanner systems and aerial cameras. This paper investigates the performance of direct and integrated sensor orientation for large scale mapping using the data-set of the 'Integrated Sensor Orientation' test of the European Organisation for Experimental Photogrammetric Research (OEEPE—now known as EuroSDR). The concept, potential, problems and solutions of direct and integrated sensor orientation are discussed.     

轻小型组合宽角低空相机检校技术研究

轻小型组合宽角低空相机由四个非量测的CCD面阵相机组合而成,其内方位元素未知,并且相机畸变差较大.而无人机航空摄影测量作业对CCD相机的光学畸变参数有较高的要求,因为参数的一个像素的误差常常会导致地面几米甚至数十米的误差,因此对组合相机进行高精度检校是无人机航空摄影测量作业的关键步骤.本文采用多片空间后方交会方法在室外...     

THE EFFECT OF GLASS COVER PLATES OVER CAMERA PORTS IN AIRCRAFT ON THE DISTORTION CHARACTERISTICS OF AERIAL SURVEY CAMERAS†

The effect of glass cover plates on the distortion characteristics of aerial survey cameras is shown to be relatively small. This fact supports the use of glass cover plates at high altitudes, as does the possibility of estimating and determining with sufficient certainty the systematic effect to be expected. If a decision is made against the use of glass cover plates, the effect of a variety of factors such as turbulence and temperature differences within the lens and the camera can hardly be estimated.     

数字航测相机的研究进展

本文阐述了航测相机传感器技术、位置姿态传感器技术和惯性稳定平台技术的发展概况,对具有代表性的两类数字航测相机———框幅式数字航测相机和推扫线阵航测相机的发展进行了叙述,并对国产数字航测相机——SWDC4a和SWDC5系列的研制与发展进行了介绍。数字航测相机的应用增强了对地观测能力、缩短了地理信息处理的周期、提高了对地观测的时效性。     

Small Format Digital Cameras for Aerial Survey: Where Are We Now?

This paper introduces the subject of digital sensors for aerial survey by reviewing the use made of small format digital cameras in such an application. The major advantages and disadvantages of employing such consumer technology for aerial survey are highlighted. Finally, a specification is proposed for a minimum requirement for a digital solution based on a single area array sensor.     

基于GPS/INS姿态测量与定位的航空摄影测量精度分析

OEEPE于1999年启动了名为"集成传感器定向"的实验,研究"是否或在什么条件下GPS/INS直接测量的外方位元素可完全替代空中三角测量"这一焦点问题.对本次OEEPE实验的设立、数据获取与预处理以及"直接传感器定向"与"集成传感器定向"两个阶段的主要内容、输入数据与结果进行了全面系统的介绍,总结了该实验若干关键性的结论,以指导基于GPS/INS系统的航空摄影测量作业生产.     

Metric Exploitation of still Video Imagery

The development of still video CCD cameras with digital image storage has made feasible the concept of offline, single sensor vision metrology. This paper reports on practical evaluations of such a system for dimensional inspection of aircraft tooling and for structural monitoring for large scale engineering. A further application of still video technology for low altitude aerial mapping is also reported. In each case a Kodak DCS200 camera has been employed for the photography in order to take advantage of the relatively high sensor resolution and adequate on-board image storage capacity. Aspects of the measurement operations, which yielded object space accuracies to 1:80 000 in the industrial measurement projects, are discussed and the results analysed.     

“针孔”模拟成像下的单航空影像与LiDAR点云配准

以摄影测量共线方程为严格配准模型,提出了一种引入针孔成像模拟过程的单张航空影像LiDAR点云配准迭代方法,共分为3个阶段:第一,利用航空影像内参数及初始外方位元素对LiDAR点云针孔模拟成像,生成与航空影像空间分辨率、几何形变相接近且具有相同幅面大小的透视影像-LiDAR深度影像;第二,以梯度互信息作为影像相似性测度依据,实施影像金字塔、分块处理策略实现LiDAR深度影像与航空影像几何变换参数快速估计,进而依据估计参数及LiDAR深度影像、激光脚点投影关系建立LiDAR点云航空影像概略相关;第三,以LiDAR点云影像概略相关下的近似同名像点为观测值,以像点梯度互信息为权重,实施摄影测量空间后方交会计算获得优化的影像外方位元素,生成新的LiDAR深度影像并重复上述过程,直至满足给定的迭代计算条件,实现单张航空影像与LiDAR点云数据的自动空间配准。实验表明,本文方法配准精度达亚像素级且自动化程度高。     

倾斜航空影像的城市建筑物三维模型构建研究

针对当前城市建筑物三维模型构建的需要,本文提出一套利用无人飞艇载四组合特宽角相机同时实现高精度空中三角测量和建筑物景观三维建模的技术路线。一方面通过基于四相机重叠影像自动匹配的自检校,达到设备轻小型化条件下的精密等效中心投影构像,用以支持高精度空中三角测量;另一方面,通过自检校的4个方向倾斜的相机,达到一次飞行同时获得四方向建筑物侧面影像的目的,为城市景观的三维表达、精细建模和可视化提供一种新的、快捷的技术方案。     

线阵推扫影像的核线模型研究

通过对线阵CCD推扫式影像和框幅式中心投影影像的核线理论的对比研究，建立了线阵CCD推扫式影像的核线理论，并探讨了它的基本特性，从而为核线在线阵CCD推扫式影像中的应用提供了理论基础。     

Colour Hue and Texture Evaluation for 3D Symbolization of Indoor Environments Using RGB-D Data

In this work an evaluation procedure of the use of colour hue and texture for 3D symbolization of indoor environments using RGB-D data is presented. The main characteristics of the proposed method involve RGB-D cameras to collect colour and depth data and the evaluation of the visual variables colour hue and texture combined with visual aspects such as lighting and camera configuration for the symbolization of 3D indoor environments. High quality coloured point clouds of indoor environments are obtained with the Kinect sensor and then registered and processed in order to create 3D models. These sets of point clouds can be detected, recognized and classified under one of the three following main categories: ceiling, wall or floor. After classification is done, the resulting point clouds are properly treated as 3D triangular meshes in the MeshLab software. These meshes are then filtered to form complete surfaces which are then refined before being considered for visual variable application. We evaluated the proposed method on several indoor environments to show that it efficiently combines the colour and depth data obtained from RGB-D cameras with different parameters defined for the visual variables colour hue and texture for 3D symbolization of indoor environments.