Glacier fluctuations in the Alps and in the tropical Andes

This paper reports on glacier variations in two mountainous regions of the world, the Alps and the tropical Andes. Available records of snout position and glacier mass balance are compared and interpreted on a climatological basis. In both regions, there is a long-term decreasing trend over the 20th century. The yield of this trend is different from one glacier to the other, depending on geographic and geometric characteristics. Analysing the surface energy balance, net all wave radiation is the main energy flux at the glacier surface. The turbulent fluxes represent an important term with strong positive sensible heat flux in the Alps and strong negative latent heat flux (sublimation) in the Andes. Tropical glaciers are sensitive to inter-annual variations in solid precipitation that affects the albedo, whereas Alpine glaciers are strongly influenced by air temperature changes in the Alps. To cite this article: C. Vincent et al., C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005).     

我国中西部前陆盆地的特殊性和多样性及其天然气勘探

通过对我国中西部前陆盆地构造特征、大地构造背景、地球物理特征的理论研究和典型前陆盆地的详细解析,系统分析了我国中西部前陆盆地的发育特征和特殊性。强调晚二叠世以来大小不一、形态各异的多块体小型克拉通的聚合碰撞作用是导致中西部前陆盆地群形成的基本动力学过程：这些小型克拉通的多块体聚合碰撞造就了中西部前陆盆地的特殊性和多样性。同时,明确提出中西部盆地的基本特点是“两期三类前陆盆地”,即海西一印支期前陆盆地和喜山期前陆盆地,三类指海西一印支期的周缘前陆盆地和弧后前陆盆地、喜山期再生前陆盆地。根据前陆盆地的盆地结构和演化特征,又将中西部的前陆盆地划分为4种组合形式,即叠合型组合、改造型组合、早衰型组合和新生型组合。综合论述了不同时期不同类型前陆盆地构造对天然气聚集的五大控制作用。     

Tectonics and magmatism in eastern South America and the Brazil basin of the Atlantic in the Phanerozoic

The magmatic and tectonic activity of eastern South America and the western South Atlantic shows that extension of the continental crust is the determinant factor of magmatism. Heating of the upper mantle is a necessary condition of its manifestation. Ascending plume material is a source of additional heat. In the Early Mesozoic, Eastern Brazil was situated above a large, ascending and probably ramifying plume, which has supplied heat and material since the Triassic, creating favorable conditions for continental magmatism. Magmatic activity continued, gradually waning, until the Neogene as evidence for long-term retention of heat energy beneath the continental lithosphere after the plume ascent. It has been shown that heated mantle material can be displaced from the continent to the ocean for a significant distance beneath the lithosphere with the formation of linear tectonomagmatic rises of the oceanic crust. The structural elements inherited certain directions on the continent and in the ocean, beginning from the Neoproterozoic. These directions were reactivated and continued to control the younger structural grain and magmatic activity. In Southeastern Brazil, these were the structural units striking in the southeastern (about 120° SE) and northeastern directions parallel to the continent-ocean boundary. In Northeastern Brazil, the W-E- and N—S-trending structural units are predominant. All these directions are manifested in oceanic structural units (Rio Grande, Vitória-Trindadi, Fernando de Noronha, Pernambuco rises, etc.).     

遵义地区岩石及土壤环境元素分布和农业地质环境评述

本文利用1∶50000遵义市、遵义县两幅区域地质调查成果等资料,对该区地层岩石及其风化土壤中环境微量元素地球化学背景、各时代地层岩石及其风化土壤环境微量元素分布特征及地球化学异常作了分析总结.进而作出了该区岩石及土壤的环境微量元素质量评述.重点认为,微量元素在土壤中的含量分区与成土母岩地层的平面分布关系十分密切,地层及岩性因素是土壤中元素分布的主导因素,从而形成了自然的土壤地球化学分区;区内存在三类土壤元素地球化学异常：一是由某些地层岩石风化而成（主要类型）,二是由地质构造及热液蚀变导致（次要类型）, 三是由矿产开发等人类活动造成（应高度关注的类型）;应当辩证看待微量必需元素的高背景地层及地球化学异常层,通过合理利用它们来为人类服务.     

Variations of the tree line and glaciers in the Central and Eastern Altai regions in the Holocene

Variations in the tree line position and glacier activity in the Central and Eastern Altai regions in the Holocene were reconstructed on the basis of analysis of sixty radiocarbon and eighteen dendrochronological dates. The tree line was higher than now in the Early and Middle Holocene, and the climate was warmer and, likely, more humid. Glaciers advanced in the forests 300, 1400, and 3000–6000 years ago. In the last millennium the forest decline at the upper tree limit occurred in 1206–1256, 1445–1501, and 1642–1736.     

雪冰中铁的研究进展

铁是地壳中丰度较高的元素之一,然而在全球海洋中却存在大面积缺铁的"高营养盐,低叶绿素"（HNLC）海域,因此海洋中铁是一种相对缺乏的元素。铁可以通过影响浮游植物对碳的固定,降低大气CO2的浓度,进而影响到全球气候变化。因此在近几十年来,铁循环是目前地球科学领域的研究热点。冰冻圈作为全球铁循环的重要组成部分之一,其中冰川、冰盖、积雪、冰山与海冰等是其主体,其不仅可以记录大气沉降铁,同时又能向海洋中输送铁,是全球铁循环的重要环节。本文对极地和青藏高原雪冰中铁的历史变化规律及气候意义进行了综述,总结了雪冰中大气沉降铁的现状及存在的问题,归纳了雪冰中铁的实验室分析方法。针对该领域目前研究上的空白和热点,对雪冰中铁的未来发展发向和需要重点关注的部分进行了展望。     

国际埃迪卡拉系年代地层学研究进展与发展趋势

埃迪卡拉系为国际地层表新增的新元古界最上部的系级年代地层单位,层型剖面被确定为南澳大利亚弗林德斯山脉依诺拉马河剖面,其底界点位（GSSP）选定为埃拉逖那冰成杂砾岩（Elatina diamictite）之上盖帽碳酸盐岩努卡利那组（Nuccaleena Formation）的下界（Gradstein et al．,2004;Knoll et al．,2004）。我国修定后的震旦系与埃迪卡拉系完全相当,底界以南沱冰碛岩之上盖帽碳酸盐岩的下界为界。本文综合国际地层委员会新元古代地层分会以及相关国家和地区近年来在埃迪卡拉系年代地层学领域研究的新进展、存在问题以及未来发展趋势作一概要介绍,以期引起国内晚前寒武纪地层古生物学者的广泛关注。     

西北地区盐渍化土地开发中存在问题及防治对策

在分析我国西北地区盐溃化土地形成机制的基础上,着重研究了西北地区盐渍化土地开发利用过程中所引发的环境问题：上游灌区土地次生盐渍化、水肥利用效率低,下游地区水土污染、水资源短缺、生态恶化,最后给出了相应的防治对策和建议。     

冀东金厂峪金矿深部和外围找矿预测

金厂峪金矿是冀东地区开采历史超过半个世纪的大型金矿山,且近年来新增地质储量不断上升,受到地质学家的广泛关注。本文从幔枝构造成矿控矿作用的视角,简述了矿床地质特征,侧重讨论了成矿物质来源,认为成矿流体源于深部,通过地幔热柱多级演化向上迁移,在有利的构造扩容带中集聚成矿,进而在介绍近年来新的找矿进展基础上,探讨了构造的成矿控矿作用,进一步指出了深部和外围找矿方向。     

海拉尔盆地贝尔凹陷油源及油气运移研究

海拉尔盆地贝尔凹陷南屯组源岩有机质丰度高、类型好且已成熟,为本区的主要生油岩。大磨拐河组一段为次要生油岩。贝尔凹陷烃源岩灶主要分布在贝西洼陷和贝中的敖脑海洼陷中。油油对比显示出各构造带上的原油具有相似的生物标志化合物分布,表明来源于相同源岩。油岩对比指示原油主要来自于南屯组生油岩。苏德尔特构造带原油沿断裂带由西向东运移,呼和诺仁构造带原油由贝西洼陷北部源岩灶运移而来,纵向上原油显示出从下向上的运移特点。贝尔凹陷油气运移通道主要是断裂或不整合面,通源断裂两侧为油气勘探的有利部位。     

Ethnic processes and trends in the ethnic composition of the population in the USSR

The paper deals with the processes of ethnic consolidation, ethnic and linguistic assimilation and inter-ethnic integration taking place in the USSR. The author shows the influence of consolidation and assimilation processes over the trends in the numerical strength of individual peoples and the resulting change in the country's ethnic composition as this is reflected in the Soviet population censuses of 1926, 1959, 1970, and 1979.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

Diamond crystallization in the Fe-Co-S-C and Fe-Ni-S-C systems and the role of sulfide-metal melts in the genesis of diamond

Diamond crystals 0.1–0.8 carats were synthesized in experiments conducted in a BARS split-sphere multianvil high-pressure apparatus in the systems Fe-Co-S-C and Fe-Ni-S-C at a pressure of 5.5 GPa and temperature of 1300°C. The microtextures of the samples and the phases accompanying diamond (carbides, graphite, monoslufide solid solution, pentlandite, and taenite) are examined in much detail, the properties of metal-sulfide-carbon alloys are discussed, and issues related to the genesis of sulfide inclusions in diamonds and graphite crystallization in the diamond stability field are considered. The experiments demonstrate that diamonds can be synthesized and grow in pre-eutectic metal-sulfide melts with up to 14 wt % sulfur at relatively low P-T parameters, which correspond to the probable temperatures and pressures of natural diamond-forming processes at depths of approximately 150 km in the Earth’s upper mantle.     

中国水文循环与水体研究进展

根据2002-2005年中国公开发表的关于水科学研究的论文及国家重大攻关项目和国家自然科学基金项目的科研报告,综述了近年来中国在水文循环诸要素如降水、径流、蒸发,水文模型,河流与泥沙、湖泊、沼泽与湿地、冰川与冻土以及地下水与土壤水等方面研究取得的主要成果和进展.     

Phenanthrene biomarkers in the organic matter of Precambrian and Phanerozoic deposits and in the oils of the Siberian Platform

The composition and distribution of phenanthrenes (polyaromatic compounds) have been studied in chloroform extracts from dispersed organic matter (OM) of clayey, siliceous, carbonate, and terrigenous rocks of different ages and facies and from some oils of the Siberian Platform. Phenanthrenes have been analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. High contents of 1,7,8-trimethylphenanthrene and 1,1,7,8-tetramethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophenanthrene are present in the OM of Vendian and Cambrian carbonate-shale deposits and in ancient oils of the Nepa-Botuobiya and Anabar anteclises. The OM of Permian continental deposits and oils of the Vilyui syneclise is dominated by 1-methyl-7-isopropylphenanthrene (retene). A triangular diagram for identification of the types of original OM of rocks and classification of genetically related oils has been constructed based on the assessment of phenanthrene biomarker distribution. Putative pathways of the formation of phenanthrene biomarkers are discussed.     

Climatic and Anthropogenic Variations in the Sulfide Distribution in the Black Sea

Information on the depth of the sulfide onset in the Black Sea has been analyzed for the period 1910–1995. Correlation between the depth of the sulfide onset and the density structure of the layer of the main pycnocline is significant for the entire period covered. Correlation coefficients (R) between the depth of the sulfide onset and the position of isopycnal surfaces in the layer of the main pycnocline vary, on average, 0.71–0.88. The average value of density (t) at the depth of sulfide onset, defined as a sulfide concentration equal to 3 M, is close to 16.17. Oscillations in the average depth of the sulfide onset range over 24 m and indicate that a steady-state trend does not occur. The period of these oscillations may occur over a century timescale. The dataset for the period 1960–1995 has been used to analyze temporal variations in concentrations of sulfide inside the anoxic zone of the Black Sea. The results of isopycnal analysis demonstrate that possible temporal variations in the average position of sulfide onset versus density (t) scale do not exceed 0.15, which is close to the limit of uncertainties for data obtained before 1988. In contrast, a prominent increase in sulfide concentration, as well as nutrient levels, within the anoxic zone is shown and is related to anthropogenic impact.     

Distribution of radioactive Cs and trace elements in the lichen-substrate system and in the lichen body

The distribution of radioactive Cs and heavy metals (V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg, and Pb) in the lichen-substrate system and in lichen tissues were examined using the example of Cladonia genera. The upper podetia-lower podetia-dead podetia-base-substrate system was sampled at 32 sites in Novosibirsk oblast and Altai administrative territory, 16 of which were selected for detailed studying of the trace element distribution in the upper and lower podetia using cold press and the modified Dexter technique. One in vivo and two in vitro experiments simulated the influence of metal-rich atmospheric fallouts on the lichen carpet. The lichen carpet was irrigated by solution of metal nitrates (Co, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg, and Pb) in the former case and loaded in these solution during the latter experiment. The experiment performed in the laboratory conditions (in vitro) was aimed at studying the dynamics of metal accumulation in lichen constituents and their subsequent extraction with distilled water to monitor metal sorption on the podetium cell walls. The metal contents and the activity of radioactive Cs in the lichen samples, including lichen cell sap, as well as in the base and substrate, were determined by atomic-absorption and gamma spectroscopic methods. In terms of accumulation, the elements are subdivided into two groups. The lowest contents of Group-1 elements (¹³⁷ Cs, Zn, Cd, Hg, and Pb) were found in the substrate, and the highest contents, detected at the base and dead podetium, are presumably of technogenic origin. The Group-2 elements (Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, and Cu) enrich the substrate. It was established that the elements are mainly accumulated in lichens in cell walls and the membrane. The lichen sap and water-soluble compounds of protoplasma contain less than 0.1% of the total element content in the tissue. Most Zn, Cd, Co, and Pb ions (about 80% of the total absorbed amount) migrated from experimental solution into lichen cells during the first 12 h.     

Landslides in the Ethiopian highlands and the Rift margins

Landslide hazard is one of the crucial environmental constraints for the development of Ethiopia, representing a limiting factor for urbanization and infrastructures. The high relief and the rugged topography induced by a strong Plio-Quaternary uplift, the occurrence of clayey horizons within the sedimentary sequences, the dense network of tectonic fractures and faults, the thick eluvial mantles on volcanic outcrops, and the thick colluvial–alluvial deposits at the foot of steep slopes are the predisposing factors for a large variety of mass movements. Heavy summer rainfall is the main triggering factor of most landslides, some of which undergo a step-like evolution with long-lasting quiescence intervals. First generation movements are commonly restricted to shallow phenomena, such as soil slips or mud flows in eluvial–colluvial material. Fast moving slope failures, such as rock slides, topplings and falls, are also triggered by earthquakes. To mitigate the landslide risk, any first priority measure should include adequate drainage of slopes in order to reduce water infiltration. On the other hand, appropriate site selection for buildings, transferring risky settlements, accurate geological control of works, and education campaigns are all strongly recommended.     

鲁西铜石杂岩体边缘物化探特征及找矿前景

归来庄金矿的发现为鲁西地区金矿勘探提供了重要线索,其所在的鲁西铜石杂岩体外围多年来金矿不断突破,随着金矿勘探的进一步需求,本文在成矿地质背景基础上,对研究区进行物探、化探异常查证工作,研究表明研究区Au、Ag异常值较高,伴生元素多为高温热液成矿元素组合,主要分布在研究区断层及断裂带交汇部位,特别是频繁的岩浆活动为金矿的运移和富集创造了条件,为该区金矿勘探指明了方向。