Calcite–graphite isotope thermometry: a test for polymetamorphism in marble, Tudor gabbro aureole, Ontario, Canada

Graphitization and coarsening of organic material in carbonate-bearing metasedimentary rocks is accompanied by carbon isotope exchange which is the basis of a refractory, pressure-independent geothermometer. Comparison of observed isotopic fractionations between calcite and graphite (δ¹³C_Cal–Gr) with independent petrological thermometers provides the following empirical calibration over the range 400–800°C: δ¹³C_Cal–Gr= 5.81 times 10⁶×T^–2(K) - 2.61. This system has its greatest potential in marbles where calcite + graphite is a common assemblage and other geothermometers are often unavailable. The temperature dependency of this empirical calibration differs from theoretical calibrations; reasons for this are unclear but the new empirical calibration yields temperature estimates in better agreement with independent thermometry from several terranes and is preferred for geological applications. Both calcite-graphite isotopic thermometry and calcite-dolomite solvus thermometry are applied to marble adjacent to the Tudor gabbro in the Grenville Province of Ontario, Canada. The marble has undergone two metamorphic episodes, early contact metamorphism and later regional metamorphism. Values of δ¹³C_Cal–Gr decrease regularly from c. 8‰ in samples over 2 km from the pluton to values of 3–4‰ within 200 m of the contact. These samples appear to preserve fractionations from the early thermal aureole with the empirical geothermometer, and indicate temperatures of 450–500° C away from the intrusion and 700–750°C near the gabbro. This thermal profile around the gabbro is consistent with conductive heat flow models. In contrast, the distribution of Mg between calcite and dolomite has been completely reset during later regional metamorphism and yields uniform temperatures of c. 500°C, even at the contact. Graphite textures are important for interpreting the results of the calcite–graphite thermometer. Coarsening of graphite approaching the Tudor gabbro correlates with the decrease in isotopic fractionations and provides textural evidence that graphite crystallization took place at the time of intrusion. In contrast to isotopic exchange during prograde metamorphism, which is facilitated by graphitization, retrogressive carbon isotopic exchange appears to require recrystallization of graphite which is sluggish and easily recognized texturally. Resistance of the calcite–graphite system to resetting permits thermometry in polymetamorphic settings to see through later events that have disturbed other systems.     

An occurrence of grandidierite,kornerupine, and tourmaline in southeastern Ontario,Canada

Grandidierite, kornerupine, and tourmaline occur in high-grade pelitic gneisses from southeastern Ontario, Canada. The kornerupine occurs in quartz-bearing layers associated with biotite, cordierite, garnet, ilmenite, K-feldspar, magnetite, quartz, and, less commonly, sillimanite. Grandidierite is found in quartz-poor, cordierite+sillimanite segregations in contact with biotite, cordierite, ilmenite, K-feldspar, magnetite, sillimanite, and, more rarely, garnet. Tourmaline is sporadically distributed in all compositional layers, but is not in contact with the other borosilicates. There is no textural evidence for a reactive relationship among the three borosilicates. Neither chemical or textural equilibrium has been achieved on the scale of a thin section.It is proposed that the granite, K-feldspar-rich leucosomes, and different borosilicate assemblages in adjacent compositional layers evolved along a path of decreasing pressure and increasing temperature. The P-T path intersected a series of dehydration and melting reactions. This P-T path indicates that uplift had occurred before cooling had started and before the maximum temperature was reached. Corona and symplectite textures developed at various times during uplift both before and after cooling had started.     

First occurrence of the rare mineral Barylite in Greenland

Summary Barylite has been identified for the first time in Greenland in several specimens from the nepheline syenite pegmatite pockets at Narssârssuk. The crystals are orthorhombic, showing the forms {100}, {210} and {201}, and form thin plates parallel to {100}. Electron microprobe analysis and emission spectrography show a composition close to the ideal formula. The refined unit cell paramters are:a=9.835(2) Å,b=11.654(3) Å andc=4.673(1) Å. The barylite is biaxial negative, 2V =66^o±2^o,n =1.694,n = 1.697 andn _calc.=1.698.

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Das erste grönländische Vorkommen des seltenen Minerales Barylith

Zusammenfassung Der seltene Barylith wurde zum ersten Mal in Grönland in verschiedenen Proben aus Nephelin-Syenit-Pegmatit-Drusen bei Narssârssuk identifiziert. Die Kristalle sind orthorhombisch mit den Formen {100}, {210} und {201}, sie bilden dünne Tafeln nach {100}. Elektronensonden-Analyse und Emissions-Spektrographie ergeben eine chemische Zussammensetzung, die der Idealform nahekommt. Die verfeinerten Zellparameter sind folgende:a=9,835(2) Å,b=11,654(3) Å undc=4,673(1) Å. Barylith ist zweiachsig negativ, 2V =66^o±2^o,n =1,694,n =1.697 undn _calc.= 1,698.

     

A new occurrence of thorianite from syenitic pegmatite near Bhaluchuan,Odisha

We report a new occurrence of thorianite from syenitic pegmatite near Bhaluchuan, Sambalpur district, Odisha. The thorianite is brown to deep-brown with round grains of 2 to 10 mm size. The chemical analysis of the investigated thorianite reveals 64.8% ThO₂, 25% U₃O₈, 3.81% PbO and 1.7% Fe₂O₃. Calculated structural formula of the thorianite is (Th⁺⁴ _0.61U⁺⁴ _0.14U⁺⁶ _0.08ΣREE⁺³ _0.017Pb⁺² _0.04Ca⁺² _0.01Mn⁺² _0.001Fe⁺³ _0.05Al⁺³ _0.003Sc⁺² _0.002K⁺¹ _0.005Na⁺¹ _0.008 Si⁺⁴ _0.04Ti⁺⁴ _0.02)O_2.08. Chondrite-normalised rare-earth element (REE) plot of the thorianite reveals enrichment of light REE (LREE) over heavy REE (HREE) with pronounced negative Eu-anomaly (Eu/Eu* = 0.35). The (ΣLREE/ΣHREE)_N ratio is perceptibly high (2.76). The (La/Lu)_N (42.31), (La/Yb)_N (27.49) and (Ce/Yb)_N (21.58) ratios are also very high. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the investigated thorianite displays sharply-defined reflections. Corresponding interplanar spacings (d-spacings) of all the reflections are in very close agreement with those published for thorianite standard in International Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD) Card No. 4-556. However, I/Io of two reflections (1.9694Å and 1.6787Å) are lower than those published for thorianite standard. The unit cell parameter (a_o) of the investigated thorianite (a_o 5.5750Å) is also less than a_o of thorianite standard (a_o 5.6000Å and V 175.62ų), which is because of extensive substitution of Th by U.     

A new ferrosilite and Fe-pigeonite occurrence in the Reading Prong, New Jersey, USA

Ferrosilite and Fe-rich pigeonite have been discovered as discrete grains and as lamellae intergrown with hedenbergite in a fayalite-bearing hedenbergite-quartz-syenite in the Reading Prong province near Berkshire Valley, New Jersey. Pyroxene thermometry suggests that these extremely Fe-rich pyroxenes probably began crystallizing above 910°C. Blocking temperatures indicated by the compositions of lamellae in exsolved pyroxenes were around 550 to 600°C. Load pressure during crystallization may have been around 6 to 6.5 kbar. Oxygen fugacity varied from 10⁻¹² to 10⁻¹⁷ bars and was no lower than one log unit below QFM. These data suggest that the part of the northwestern Reading Prong that contains the quartz-syenite may have been approximately 22 km deep 1000 m.y. ago.     

昆阳磷矿中稀土元素赋存状态研究

对昆阳磷矿中稀土元素的赋存状态进行了系统研究,结果表明矿体中稀土元素总量在50×10-6～250×10-6之间,以轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素亏损为特征,Y含量在30×10-6～155×10-6之间,稀土元素总量与胶磷矿含量呈正相关关系。重砂矿物查找结果显示,昆阳磷矿中缺乏独立的稀土矿物。物相分析结果表明,稀土元素主要赋存在胶磷矿中,碳酸盐相和硅酸盐相中稀土元素含量极低。LA-ICPMS测试结果表明,胶磷矿单矿物中稀土元素总量在280×10-6～420×10-6之间,而白云石单矿物中的稀土元素总量均低于10×10-6。综合分析结果表明,昆阳磷矿中的稀土元素应主要以类质同像的形式存在于胶磷矿中。     

Platinum-group mineral occurrence associated with flow top amygdule sulfides in komatiitic basalt,Abitibi Greenstone Belt,Ontario

Summary Platinum-group mineral (PGM)-bearing amygdule Fe-Ni(±Cu) sulfide has been discovered in samples of amygdaloidal basalt and underlying olivine spinifex-textured basalt from the flow top of Fred's Flow, Munro Township, Ontario. The amygdules are rounded to slightly elongate in shape, up to 10 mm in diameter, filled by chlorite + quartz ± carbonate ± sulfide, and rimmed by relict igneous chromite and clinopyroxene. The sulfide occurs as masses that line and are embedded in the margins of the amygdules. Detailed electron microprobe studies indicate that the sulfide masses are fairly constant (21±4 mol% NiS) in bulk composition and consist of pyrrhotite and pentlandite (Ni-rich) ± minor chalcopyrite rare PGM. The sulfide phases show lamellar intergrowth and are embayed against chlorite. The PGM observed are grains of merenskyite (PdTe₂), kotulskite (PdTe), and sperrylite (PtAs₂) that are up to 10 m in size, multi-faceted against sulfide, and embayed against chlorite. Whole-rock analyses of the amygdaloidal basalt host rock show strong enrichments in platinum-group elements (PGE + Au = 330 ppb), Ni, Cu, S, and Cr.The textures and spatial associations indicate a genetic relationship between the PGM-bearing sulfide masses and the amygdules. Density considerations, the very close spatial association with the amygdules (vesicles), and the marked enrichment in PGE and related metals and S in the amygdaloidal basalt host rock contradict formation of the sulfide masses as droplets of immiscible sulfide liquid separated from silicate melt. The alteration of the sulfide masses, their association with the vesiculation structures rather than with the pervasive hydrothermal alteration phase assemblage, and lack of evidence for enrichment of Cu and chalcopyrite relative to Ni and Fe-Ni sulfide are inconsistent with formation of the sulfide masses by hydrothermal alteration processes. Alternatively, the mineralogical, textural, spatial association, and whole-rock compositional features can be explained by an igneous degassing-metal diffusion model. It is suggested that prior to emplacement, sulfurous vapor separates from the lava to form vesicles, which float upward to the flow top. Diffusion of PGE and related metals from the lava toward the vesicles as they float upward and reaction of the metals with S within the vesicles forms Fe-Ni-Cu sulfide liquid on the vesicle walls. On quenching, vesicles are trapped in the flow top and the sulfide liquid within them solidifies and sulfide phases and PGM exsolve in the subsolidus.

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Platingruppenminerale mit Flowtop Sulfiden in komatiitischem Basalt, Abitibi Greenstone Belt, Ontario

Zusammenfassung Platingruppenmineral (PGM)-führende Sulfide sind in Blasenräumen von Basaltman delsteinen and darunterliegendem Basalt mit Spinifex-Olivin des Fred's Flow, Munro Township, Ontario beobachtet worden. Die Mandeln sind rundlich bis leicht länglich, haben bis zu 10 mm Durchmesser und Bind mit Chlorit + Quarz ± Sulfid ± Karbonat gefüllt und zeigen einen Rand von reliktischem, magmatischem Chromit und Klinopyroxen. Die Sulfide kommen als Massen, die die Ränder der Mandeln bedecken und in these eingebettet sind, vor. Detaillierte Mikrosondenuntersuchungen zeigen, daß die Gesamtzusammensetzung der Sulfide ziemlich konstant ist (21 ± 4 mol % NiS), und daß she aus Magnetkies und nickelreichen Pentlandit ± Chalcopyrit ± seltene PGM bestehen. Die Sulfidphasen zeigen lamellare Verwachsungen und Einbuchtungen gegen Chlorit. Folgende PGM wurden beobachtet: Merenskyit (PdTe2), Kotulskit (PdTe) and Sperrylit (PtAs2), die bis zu 10 gm groß sind, vielflächig gegen die Sulfide, und eingebuchtet gegen den Chlorit erscheinen. Gesamtgesteinsanalysen des basaltischen Muttergesteins zeigen starke Anreicherungen der Platingruppenelemente (PGE + Au = 330 ppb), Ni, Cu, S, und Cr.Die Texturen und räumlichen Assoziationen weisen auf eine genetische Beziehung zwischen den PGM-führenden Sulfidmassen und den Mandeln hin. Die Dichte, die sehr enge räumliche Assoziation mit den Mandeln, und die deutliche Anreicherung von PGE and verwandten Metallen, Bowie von Schwefel, in den basaltischen Muttergesteinen, sprechen gegen eine Bildung der Sulfidmassen als Tröpfchen einer entmischten Sulfidschmelze, die von der Silikatschmelze abgetrennt wurde. Die Umwandlung der Sulfide, ihre Assoziation mit den Mandeln und nicht mit der umfangreichen hydrothermalen Umwandlungsassoziation und fehlende Hinweise für eine Anreicherung von Cu und Kupferkies relativ zu Ni und Fe-Ni Sulfiden, lassen sich nicht mit einer Bildung der Sulfide durch hydrothermale Umwandlungsprozesse vereinbaren.Die mineralogische, texturelle und raumliche Assoziation und die Zusammensetzung der Muttergesteine kann viel eher durch das Modell magmatischer Entgasung mit Metalldiffusion erklärt worden. Wir regen an, daß vor der Platznahme schwefelreiche Dämpfe von der Lava abgetrennt worden sind und Blasen gebildet haben, welche aufwärts bis zum Top des Basaltergusses migrierten. Diffusion der PGE und verwandter Metalle aus der Lava zu den in Bewegung begriffenen Blasen und Reaktion der Metalle mit Schwefel innerhalb der Hohlräume, führte zur Entstehung einer Fe-Ni-Cu-Schwefel-Schmelze an den Wänden der Mandeln. Bei Abkühlung wurden die Hohlräume in dem oberen Teil des Flows fixiert, die Sulfidschmelze verfestigt sich und Sulfidphasen and PGM entmischen sich im Subsolidus.

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With 7 Figures     

The Chailag-Khem fluorite-barium-strontium rare earth carbonatite occurrence, the Western Sayan Range, Russia

The geological and mineralogical data on the Chailag-Khem F-Ba-Sr-REE occurrence in the Western Sayan Range, Russia, are discussed. The chemical compositions of rocks, ores, and minerals (ICP-MS, Link) are reported. The occurrence is localized in a tectonic crush zone composed of Cambrian quartz-sericite slates intruded by quartz syenite porphyry. Ore mineralization occurs as veins, cement of tectonic breccia, and metasomatic disseminations in host rocks. Massive ore consists of calcite, strontianite, and quartz; impregnations of euhedral fluorite, ankerite, and bastnaesite crystals; and fine-grained barite aggregate. Accessory minerals include parisite, synchysite, barytocelestine, sulfides, rutile, and uraninite. Late metasomatic calcite and strontianite segregations and veinlets are abundant. In genetic, mineralogical, and geochemical features, the Chailag-Khem occurrence is similar to the Late Mesozoic carbonatite deposits of Central Tuva, of which the Karasug Fe-F-Ba-Sr-REE deposit is the largest and best known. All carbonatite deposits and occurrences are located within a longitudinal zone transverse to the major tectonic elements of the region.     

云南安宁磷矿中稀土元素分布规律和赋存状态研究

磷矿伴生稀土元素是获取稀土资源的重要途径。我国磷块岩型稀土矿分布广,稀土含量高,具有综合回收价值,是仅次于独立稀土矿床的伴生稀土资源。本文主要研究云南安宁磷矿中稀土元素分布规律和赋存状态,并比较了磷矿石中稀土元素总量与磷含量的关系,结果表明磷矿石中稀土氧化物总量为72×10^-6～1 050×10^-6,与磷含量呈一定的正相关关系。另外通过光学显微镜及电子显微镜观察发现,安宁磷矿中缺乏独立的稀土矿物,只在部分海绿石中找到了独立的稀土矿物(可能为独居石和褐帘石)。LA-ICP-MS分析结果表明,胶磷矿单矿物稀土元素含量在770×10^-6～920×10^-6之间,而白云石单矿物稀土元素含量均低于34×10^-6,石英单矿物的稀土元素平均含量为180×10^-6。由于部分独立的稀土矿物的存在,海绿石矿物中稀土元素总量可高达2 947.27×10^-6～3 159.87×10^-6。综合分析结果表明,安宁磷矿中稀土元素主要以类质同像的...     

Neptunite from the Woodsreef Serpentinite,New South Wales: A new occurrence

Summary Neptunite has been identified in a tectonic inclusion (75×44 m) occurring near the western faulted margin of the Woodsreef Serpentinite in northern New South Wales. The serpentinite is one of a series of ultramafic bodies which forms the Great Serpentinite Belt of eastern Australia. Major mineralogy of the rock, which is best described as a foliated amphibolite, includes a sodic amphibole, a sodic pyroxene and albite. Neptunite is restricted to leucocratic, albite-rich layers in the inclusion, where it occurs as dark-reddish brown crystals up to 7 mm long. Its concentration is generally less than 1%. Under the microscope, neptunite grains are euhedral and subhedral, deep red and orange in colour, with a marked pleochroism. The refractive indices are: =1.69, =1.70, =1.73; 2V=39° (+). The average chemical composition, determined by microprobe analysis and neutron activation analysis, corresponds to the formula Li_1.2Na_2.2K_0.8Fe_1.7Mn_0.1Mg_0.2Ti₂Si₈O₂₄. The neptunite from Woodsreef thus occupies a place nearest to the neptunite end-member in the series neptunite—mangan-neptunite. The powder diffraction data gave, after a least squares refinement,a=16.43,b=12.51,c=10.00 Å, =115.32°. The origin of the rock containing neptunite is briefly discussed.

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Neptunit aus dem Serpentin von Woodsreef, Neu-Süd-Wales: Ein neues Vorkommen

Zusammenfassung Neptunit kommt in einem tektonischen Einschluß (75×44 m) innerhalb des Woodsreef-Serpentinits im nördlichen Neu-Süd-Wales vor. Der Serpentinit gehört zu einer Serie von ultramafischen Körpern, die den Großen Serpentinitgürtel (Great Serpentinite Belt) von Ostaustralien bilden. Das neptunitführende Gestein befindet sich in der Nähe der Peeler Störungszone, welche für eine Geosutur gehalten wird. Das Gestein, das am besten als Amphibolitschiefer bezeichnet wird, enthält grüne Natronhornblende, Natronpyroxen und Albit. Das Vorkommen von Neptunit ist auf albitreiche, leukokrate Bänder beschränkt, in denen er in Form von dunkelrot-braunen Kristallen von bis zu 7 mm Länge vorkommt. Mikroskopisch sind die Neptunitkörner idiomorph bis hypidiomorph und deutlich pleochroitisch. Der Gehalt an Neptunit ist gering, meistens unter 1%. Die Brechungsindizes sind =1,69, =1,70, =1,73; 2V=39° (+). Die durchschnittliche chemische Zusammensetzung führt zu Li_1,2Na_2,2K_0,8 Fe_1,7Mn_0,1Mg_0,2Ti₂Si₈O₂₄, die das Mineral aus Woodsreef in die Nähe des Neptunit-Endgliedes der Reihe Neptunit-Manganneptunit bringt. Diffraktometeraufnahmen ergabena=16,43,b=12,51,c=10,00 Å, =115,32°. Der mögliche Ursprung des neptunitführenden Gesteines wird kurz erörtert.

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With 3 Figures     

云南普阳煤矿新近系褐煤中稀土元素的赋存状态

目前对于褐煤中稀土元素(REY)赋存状态的研究还存在较多疑问,主要体现在两个方面：一是褐煤中REY究竟主要赋存于有机质中还是矿物质中？二是褐煤含有较多容易受到酸溶干扰的含氧官能团,在逐级化学提取实验过程中,高比例HCl提取相中的REY究竟来自于碳酸盐、磷酸盐、单硫化物等矿物还是来自于有机质？着眼于此,本文在逐级化学提取这一常规元素赋存状态研究方法的基础上,结合密度分离实验、红外光谱(FTIR)等手段,对普阳煤矿新近系褐煤中REY的赋存状态进行了系统研究。研究结果表明,普阳煤矿M2和M3煤层为极低—中灰、中高—高挥发分、中硫分褐煤,其组成矿物主要为石英、方解石、高岭石、黄铁矿。M2和M3煤层中常量元素以Al和Si为主,其REY配分模式主要为L型和N型,其中M2煤层中REY轻度富集。逐级化学提取实验结果显示M2和M3煤层中的REY主要被HCl浸取,其次被HNO3浸取,同时还有部分REY保留在残渣中,HF对煤中REY的提取率很低(一般＜10%)。密度分离实验结果表明REY主要赋存于低密度组分中。红外光谱分析结果显示煤样品经HCl处理后,酚羟基、羟基等含氧官能团增多,可能是经HCl浸取后样品中与酚羟基、羟基点位结合的REY被浸出迁移所致。综合来看,普阳煤矿M2和M3煤层中的REY主要赋存于有机质中,少量赋存于硅酸盐矿物中,碳酸盐、磷酸盐、单硫化物和双硫化物也可能是部分REY的赋存载体。逐级化学提取实验过程中HCl所提取的异常高比例的REY可能主要来自于有机质。     

A new occurrence of sapphirine-spinel-corundum-bearing granulite from NE of Jagtiyal, Eastern Dharwar Craton, Andhra Pradesh

We report a new occurrence of sapphirine-spinel-corundum bearing granulites enclosed in granitic gneisses near Jagtiyal in the Eastern Dharwar Craton (EDC). These granulites are very important in deciphering the prehistory of the thermal peak of metamorphism due to the presence of refractory phases. The appearance of sapphirine is related to the following reactions: (a) Spl₁ + Crd₁ = Spr_{1 (2:2:1)} (b) Phl (in Bt₁) + Crn₁ = East (in Bt₂) + Spr_{2 (7:9:3)} + Crd₂ (c) Bt₂ + Crd₁ + Crn₁ = Spr_{2 (7:9:3)} + Kfs + H₂O (d) Crd₁ + Spl₁ + Crn₁ = Spr_{2 (7:9:3)}. The P-T evolution of these sapphirine granulites has been constrained through the use of THERMOCALC program. Temperature of formation of sapphirine-spinel assemblages is high, around 800 °C, and pressure ranges from 5–7 kbars, suggesting that sapphirine formation took place during decompression stage.     

贵州镇远煌斑岩风化壳中稀土-铌的富集特征与赋存状态

贵州东南部广泛分布规模不等的煌斑岩体,其风化壳中常发育多种关键金属元素(REE、Nb等)的显著富集.本文以镇远马坪、白坟、思南塘煌斑岩为主要研究对象,对煌斑岩风化壳中稀土、铌元素的富集特征和赋存状态进行研究.结果表明,马坪煌斑岩风化壳中w(∑REE)、w(Nb)总体较高,平均达1313.9×10-6和388.5×10-6,白坟岩体相比最低,其w(∑REE)平均745.5×10-6,w(Nb)平均152.3×10-6.思南塘岩体风化壳∑REE含量较高(w(∑REE)平均1245×10-6),但w(Nb)较低(平均160.5×10-6).元素赋存状态研究表明,不同岩体风化壳中发现较多稀土元素独立矿物独居石,另有部分稀土组分可能以离子吸附形式赋存于粘土矿物中;铌则更多地赋存在钛金云母,锐钛矿、金红石及粘土矿物中.     

Petrology of a new basalt occurrence in Hungary

Summary A new occurrence of basalt (minimum K/Ar age 57.9 ± 2.2 m.y.) is reported from Budaliget, near Budapest. Major and minor element concentrations show that the basalts are alkaline and potassic in nature ranging from olivine tholeiite to moderately undersaturated basanite. High mg-values and concentrations of Ni and Cr indicate that some of the samples may represent primary compositions. High pressure accidental xenoliths, xenocrysts and cognate megacrysts are frequent and the chemical zoning patterns of olivine and pyroxene phenocrysts indicate a complex evolution and polibaric conditions for the crystallization. The discovery of the new basalt occurrence is important from a geodynamical point of view: prior to the last two major geodynamical events (Plio-Pleistocene rifting with associated alkali basaltic volcanism and collision of microplates with associated Miocene calk-alkaline volcanism) the continental lithosphere below NE Transdanubia may have experienced another rifting period in the Paleocene or Upper Cretaceous.With 7 Figures     

A history of neotectonic studies in Ontario

First observations of geologically young rock faults and folds in New York in the late nineteenth century were shortly followed by others in Ontario. Remapping of the Paleozoic rocks began in the 1930s, and Quaternary geology mapping became organized in the 1950s, leading to further discoveries of faults and folds in the bedrock. Engineering works in the Niagara and Hamilton areas from the 1890s to the 1970s encountered repeated problems of rock squeeze. The separate geological and engineering experiences were linked in the 1970s, and with heightened awareness, discoveries of rock disturbances (mainly popups) greatly increased in the 1970s and 1980s. Understanding centered on high horizontal stress in the bedrock, which became quantified through rock testing and modeling. The creation of the Multi-Agency Group for Neotectonics in Eastern Canada (MAGNEC) in 1986 brought together a diverse group interested in all aspects of neotectonics, including the distribution and causes of rock stress and the potential implications for seismic risk. The existence of nuclear power plants sensitive to variations in the stress environment and high population densities near the Great Lakes provided motivation for further attention, and Prince Edward County was designated for special study. Recent suggestions of reduced seismic activity under ice sheets and increased activity associated with isostatic uplift during their retreat lead to the question whether seismic risk is slowly decreasing as uplift rates decline.     

A paleomagnetic investigation of the sudbury basin offsets, Ontario, Canada

The Sudbury offsets are a series of dike-like structures that appear either to radiate out from, or parallel the main Sudbury irruptive. In an attempt to establish the tectonic and magmatic relationship of these offsets to the main irruptive over 50 sites from 8 offsets were sampled for a paleomagnetic survey. From the over 10,000 measurements it is possible to derive a number of conclusions. First, the offsets are the end product of at least four separate intrusive pulses exactly the same as the main irruptive. The initial formation of the offsets coincides with the intrusion of the norite in the main irruptive. Second, the oldest remanence direction from the offsets exhibits the same directional differences between the north and south ranges as is seen in the norite component of the main irruptive. The offsets must therefore have suffered the same magnitude and sense of tectonic rotations as the immediately adjacent sector of the main irruptive. Three remanence components appear to be intimately associated with the distribution of sulfide rich zones. Of these three, one undoubtedly records a period of magmatic sulphide deposition. The other two appear to be recording mineralization events which require longer periods of remanence blocking and possible models include remobilization and redeposition of pre-existing deposits, and secondary hydrothermal introduction of a new generation of sulphides.     

南岭热带一亚热带风化壳中稀土元素赋存形式的初步研究

通过对南岭及海南岛热带－亚热带地区几十个风化壳剖面中稀土元素分布特征的研究表明，ＲＥＥ有如下五种主要赋存形式：①呈可交换状态赋存于粘土中；②富集于次生铁锰氧化物中；③呈次生稀土矿物或类似的富稀土微质点；④风化残余稀土（或含稀土）副矿物；⑤赋存于残留造岩矿物碎屑中。控制化学风化条件下ＲＥＥ淋滤、沉淀的主要因素是原岩中稀土赋存矿物的稳定性、介质环境的ｐＨ和Ｅｈ条件、ＲＥＥ的电子层结构及其化学键性质以及