A geochemical investigation of crude oils and source rocks from Biyang Basin, China

China has a number of petroliferous lacustrine sedimentary basins of varying salinity and age (mainly Eocene). A geochemical investigation has been undertaken on several oils and source rocks from the Eocene lacustrine Biyang Basin. The distributions of n-alkanes, isoprenoids, steranes, and terpanes have been studied and used to characterize the sedimentary environment of deposition, maturity, biodegradation and undertake possible correlations. The ratios of C₃₀-hopane/gammacerane, 4-methyl-steranes/regular steranes, steranes/hopanes, C₂₁ tricyclic/C₃₀ hopane are proposed to be indicative of the depositional environment whereas ß-carotane appears to be a source related indicator. The geochemical data obtained in this study suggest that the major source rocks in the Biyang Basin were deposited in a saline/hypersaline depositional environment.     

转换型陆缘——尼日尔三角洲盆地成因类型再认识

尼日尔三角洲盆地是世界上规模最大、油气最为富集的陆缘三角洲盆地之一, 过去普遍被认为是起源于白垩纪三叉裂谷的伸展型被动大陆边缘盆地。本文综合前人研究, 剖析贝努埃槽和非洲陆上断裂体系及其相关盆地构造-地层结构, 认为冈瓦纳大陆裂解前(侏罗纪-早白垩世)陆内存在巨型走滑断裂系, 先期裂开的南大西洋和中大西洋沿该断裂系贯通形成赤道大西洋; 提出了尼日尔三角洲盆地为受先存大型走滑断裂体系影响的转换型陆缘盆地, 具有明显的窄洋陆过渡带特征, 致使现今三角洲主体沉积于新生洋壳之上; 重建了尼日尔三角洲盆地裂陷期、过渡期和陆缘期的形成演化历程, 提出因边缘脊和洋底转换脊的遮挡作用, 在过渡期转换型陆缘更有利于形成局限的海洋环境, 为形成大面积优质烃源岩创造了良好条件, 大幅度地提升了转换型陆缘盆地的油气勘探前景。

     

崖城地区渐新统不同沉积相带烃源岩生物标志物组合特征及其烃源意义

基于40余个不同岩性烃源岩及原油饱和烃组分的GC/MS和GC/MS/MS分析资料,揭示了琼东南盆地崖城地区渐新统不同沉积相带烃源岩的生物标志物组合特征,并与崖城油气田原油进行油源精细对比,提出了新的认识。研究结果表明,海岸平原沼泽相煤及碳质泥岩呈姥鲛烷优势(Pr/Ph>5.0),三环萜烷以低碳数化合物为主(C₁₉/C₂₃>3.0),甾烷丰度低(藿烷/甾烷>5.0), C₂₉甾烷优势显著(>60%),指示高等植物为主要的有机源,且沉积于氧化环境。浅海相泥岩中Pr/Ph值大多在1.0~2.5,表征弱还原-弱氧化环境;其三环萜烷以C₂₁或C₂₃为主峰,甾烷呈"V"字型分布,藿烷/甾烷比值小于3.0,具陆源和水生双重有机质生源。煤及碳质泥岩中奥利烷和双杜松烷等陆源标志物均较少,而泥岩中却普遍富含这些化合物,反映了近岸海相沉积有机质的特殊性。因而,在近海盆地地层中奥利烷和双杜松烷丰度并不能代表总体有机质中陆源的输入比例,更可能是指相标志。通过与烃源岩的分子地球化学对比表明,崖城油气田的主体原油兼具煤成烃和泥岩所生油的生物标志物组成,为混源油,来自渐新统不同沉积相带烃源岩。     

尼日尔三角洲盆地泥收缩构造发育特征及对沉积的控制

泥收缩构造是发育在尼日尔三角洲盆地深水区的典型构造样式,属重力滑脱冲断构造,主要构造类型有冲断裂、塑性泥构造及相关褶皱和正断裂。基于地震地质解释,结合构造发育史分析,认为泥收缩构造主要受塑性泥构造控制,在中新世托尔托纳(Tortonian)晚期开始活动,中新世墨西拿期(Messinian)—上新世赞克勒期(Zanclean)达到最强,之后构造活动逐渐减弱,但至今仍在活动。通过古构造恢复,结合沉积展布分析,认为中新世托尔托纳晚期沉积开始受构造活动控制,托尔托纳阶上部及以上地层具有明显的同沉积特征,泥收缩构造相关的冲断裂上升盘厚度明显小于下降盘厚度,褶皱两翼的地层厚度明显厚于中间背斜顶部的地层厚度。     

海拉尔盆地贝尔凹陷原油芳烃化合物组成和分布特征

通过色谱-质谱分析,对海拉尔盆地贝尔凹陷35个原油样品进行聚类分析,将之分成4类.Ⅰ类原油是贝尔凹陷原油主体,占分析样品的77%,特点足菲系列含量高,平均值为64.7%,三芳甾类化合物和三芴类化合物含量次之,分别为11.42%和11.81%.Ⅱ类原油为高三芳甾类原油,三芳甾类化合物占芳烃化合物的53.9%,是该类原油的主要成份,非系列化合物含量较低,为32.5%,萘系列含量和三芴化合物含量最低,分别为0.6%和3.54%.Ⅲ类原油为高菲系列和高萤蒽含量原油,菲系列为64%,萤蒽含量高达11%,是其它原油的16倍以上.Ⅳ类原油具有高萘、高三芴化合物和低菲系列化合物的特点,分别占原油芳烃馏分的30%、32%和26%,三芳甾类化合物含量低,占3.6%.这充分说明海拉尔箍地烃源岩沉积期间有不同的沉积环境,原油有不同的牛烃母质.Ⅱ类原油以藻类为主要生烃母质,Ⅲ类原油以高等植物为主,Ⅰ类原油介于Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类原油之间,为混合型生烃母质.Ⅳ原油沉积环境和前三类原油明显不同,为咸水强还原湖相沉积环境.     

Application of the monoterpane ratio (MTR) to distinguish marine oils from terrigenous oils and infer depositional environment in northern Tarim Basin,China

Six monoterpenoid hydrocarbons including two acyclic, two monocyclic and two aromatic components were identified and quantified in 49 oil and condensate samples using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC–TOFMS). Among them, 2,6-dimethyloctane (2,6-DMO) and 2-methyl-3-ethylheptane (2-M-3-EH) are the most abundant compounds and geochemically significant. Used in conjunction with other geochemical parameters such as pristane/phytane (Pr/Ph) and dibenzothiophene/phenanthrene (DBT/P) ratios, the 2-M-3-EH/2,6-DMO ratio (monoterpane ratio, MTR) provides a useful tool for distinguishing marine oils and condensates from those of terrigenous origin. Oils and condensates derived from marine source rocks have high MTR (> 0.4), low Pr/Ph and high DBT/P values, whereas those generated from terrigenous source rocks have lower MTR (< 0.3), higher Pr/Ph and lower DBT/P values. Differences in MTR values are mainly caused by variations in the concentrations of 2-M-3-EH as the concentrations of 2,6-DMO are in the same range in different sample groups. The 2-M-3-EH is enriched in marine oils and condensates from highly anoxic depositional environments, but depleted in terrigenous oils and condensates from oxic/sub-oxic depositional environments. The MTR may serve as a new parameter for assigning the source rock depositional environment. MTR values higher than 0.4 may indicate reducing conditions while MTR values lower than 0.3 may suggest an oxic/sub-oxic condition.     

深水沉积差异及其对油气分布影响

尼日尔三角洲盆地深水油气资源丰富,其中盆地东部深水区已发现的亿顿级油气田数量和累计油气可采储量均约为西部深水区的两倍,东、西部深水区油气差异巨大,开展尼日尔三角洲盆地深水沉积特征和差异研究具有重要的生产意义和学术价值。通过对该盆地大量地震、测井和岩心等资料的分析,提出了西部深水扇主要是由三角洲提供物源,通过大型峡谷的运输,在深水平原区形成树枝状发散的深水扇,又称作“有根深水扇”;东部深水扇也是由三角洲供源,但由于缺乏大型峡谷的运输,沉积物沿大陆斜坡滑移至半深海—深海平原,形成根部不发育的“扇面状”深水扇,又称作“无根深水扇”。尼日尔三角洲盆地东西部深水区油气分布差异,除构造等因素外,其最主要的原因为有/无峡谷作为物源运输通道,分别形成的不同沉积类型,进而分别形成两种样式的深水圈闭类型,最终造成东西部深水区油气分布的巨大差异。     

准噶尔盆地三叠系生源油藏的发现及其意义

首次在准噶尔盆地发现了来源于三叠系烃源岩的典型原油，其地球化学特征与以往发现的石炭系、二叠系和侏罗系烃源岩生成原油均不同。该原油全油碳同位素δ^13C值为-3l‰左右，与石炭系和侏罗系原油差异很大；生物标志物中富含重排甾烷、Ts、C29Ts及C30重排藿烷，而伽马蜡烷和β-胡萝卜烷含量低，与三叠系烃源岩抽提物中生物标志物的分布十分相似，而与二叠系和侏罗系明显不同。二叠系、三叠系和侏罗系烃源岩的地球化学特征对比分析研究表明，三叠系是仅次于二叠系的良好烃源岩，具有较高的生烃潜力，是该盆地中又一套重要的烃源岩层系。油源对比表明该原油来源于三叠系烃源岩。三叠系生源原油的发现对该盆地油气勘探具有十分重要的意义。     

Constraining the genetic relationships of 25-norhopanes,hopanoic and 25-norhopanoic acids in onshore Niger Delta oils using a temperature-dependent material balance

Analysis of oil samples from the Niger Delta (Nigeria) revealed a range of structurally related hopanes, including 25-norhopanes, and hopanoic and 25-norhopanoic acids. 25-Norhopanes were detected in all medium and heavily biodegraded oils and were most abundant in the heavily degraded oils. Hopanoic acids (C₃₀-C₃₃) and 25-norhopanoic acids (C₃₀-C₃₁) were most abundant in moderately degraded oils and occurred in reduced concentration in heavily degraded oils but were absent from, or in trace concentration in, slightly degraded oils. Consideration of the structures suggests that 25-norhopanoic acids form via carboxylation of 25-norhopanes or demethylation of hopanoic acids. Mass balance for the onshore Niger Delta oils suggests that formation of 25-norhopanes operates independently of 25-norhopanoic acid formation and that 25-norhopanoic acids are likely transient intermediates for only a small proportion of the 25-norhopanes.     

层序地层地球化学在海拉尔盆地呼和湖凹陷烃源岩评价中的应用

呼和湖凹陷是海拉尔盆地未来油气勘探的新战场,目前勘探程度较低,关于烃源岩的认识比较薄弱,精细评价该区烃源岩对有利区带预测具有重要意义。以层序地层学和地球化学理论为指导,综合运用有机碳(TOC)、生烃潜量Pg(S1+S2)、氯仿沥青"A"、干酪根元素特征、岩石热解特征和干酪根类型指数(KTI)及显微组分特征、镜质组反射率(Ro)和源岩甾萜烷特征等方面资料,从不同层序和同一层序不同体系域对呼和湖凹陷的烃源岩特征进行综合评价研究。结果表明,呼和湖凹陷烃源岩非均质性特征明显,烃源岩生烃的层位主要分布于Sq4、Sq3和Sq2层序的湖侵体系域和高位体系域,尤其是Sq3和Sq2层序的湖侵体系域中。应用这一方法进行烃源岩评价,不仅对呼和湖凹陷的油气勘探工作具有重要的意义,同时对于勘探程度低、钻井稀少的含油气盆地中的烃源岩评价工作更为有效。     

准噶尔盆地滴南凸起含油储集岩分子与碳同位素地球化学研究

从滴南凸起10个含油储集岩样品分步提取了自由态油气组分、束缚态油气组分和油气包裹体组分,各组分进一步做色谱、色谱-质谱和正构烷烃单体碳同位素分析。根据生物标志物组成,可将10个含油储集岩样分为两类：第一类包括D2-1和D18-12个侏罗系油砂样,第二类包括其他8个采自侏罗系、二叠系和石炭系含油储集岩样。两类样品生物标志物组成差异主要有：（1）第一类样品各类油气组分三环萜烷含量明显低于第二类样品;（2）第一类样品 C20、C21和 C23三环萜烷含量比较接近,其分布模式为 C20＆lt;C21＆gt;C23,第二类样品这3个化合物含量差异较大,且分布模式为C20＆gt;C21＆gt;C23;（3）第一类样品伽马蜡烷和β-胡萝卜烷相对含量高于第二类样品;（4）第一类样品C27甾烷含量较低而C28甾烷含量较高,第二类样品则相反。可以推断第一类样品自由态组分、束缚态组分和油气包裹体均来源于二叠系烃源岩而第二类样品各类油气组分则来源于石炭系烃源岩。第一类样品油气包裹体成熟度明显高于自由态组分和束缚态组分,表明早期充注原油的成熟度高于晚期充注的原油,总体上各类油气组分成熟度位于生油高峰阶段（Ro 0.8%~1.1%）。第二类样品从自由态组分、束缚态组分至油气包裹体成熟度依次降低,表明早期充注原油的成熟度低于晚期充注的原油,总体上各类油气组分成熟度位于高-过成熟阶段（Ro〉1.25%）。第一类样品各类油气组分正构烷烃单体碳同位素组成相对较轻,第二类样品各类油气组分正构烷烃单体碳同位素组成有一定的差异,组成较轻者与第一类样品各类油气组分接近。     

Geochemical investigation of oils and source rocks from Qianjiang depression of Jianghan basin, a terrigenous saline basin, China

Six oils and seven suspected source rocks from the Jianghan saline basin, in the central eastern part of China, have been examined using a variety of geochemical techniques. The results from this study show that oils from the third and fourth sections of the Qianjiang Formation (Eocene) are derived from similar source materials but have a different source from the oils of Xingouzui Formation (Eocene) in the same basin. The oils of the Xingouzui Formation (Eocene) are more mature, and probably have a greater input of terrigenous source material and in all probability have migrated greater distances than the Qianjiang oils. Oils from these sections are derived from an environment characterized as being extremely anoxic, strongly reducing and highly saline. The suspected source rocks examined in the study were from the Qianjiang Formation and were generally mature, except for the shallowest sample. The biomarker distributions in the suspected source rocks examined from the Qianjiang Formation were very different from those of the oils present in the same sections. It is proposed that oils from the Qianjiang Formation have sources in addition to, or exclusive of, the suspected source rocks examined in this study.     

苏北盆地部分古生界原油来自第三系源岩的证据

苏北盆地LT1井、D7井、7．43井和L1井等古生界原油的地球化学特征研究表明，它们来自古新统阜宁组源岩。“新生石储”现象主要是新生界源岩与古生界储层呈断层接触造成的。     

Potential source rocks, organic geochemistry and thermal maturation in the southern depocenter (Kipourio–Grevena) of the Mesohellenic Basin, central Greece

The study area is the southern depocenter (depth > 4200 m) of the Mesohellenic Basin which extends between Kipourio and Grevena, central Greece. The Mesohellenic Basin is a Middle-Tertiary intramontane basin developed within the Hellenide orogen. Previous studies have focused on the depositional environments, configuration and hydrocarbon potential of the basin. In this paper we present additional geochemical and petrographic data from outcrop samples of the basin's southern depocenter, which is considered the most promising area, in terms of hydrocarbon prospectivity. A total number of thirty six samples were analysed: Rock-Eval pyrolysis, maceral analysis, vitrinite reflectance and thermal alteration index, bitumens extraction, liquid chromatography, and GC-MS. The samples were collected from deltaic deposits and submarine fan sediments of Late Eocene to Late Oligocene age. The TOC values of the analysed samples range between rich and very rich and the organic matter consists mainly of type III kerogen and the organic matter consider to be predominately gas prone. The thermal maturity assessed from T_max and vitrinite reflectance shows an immature stage of the organic matter along with the presence of layers having reached the very early mature stage. Vitrinite reflectance measurements and maturity calculations (applying the Lopatin modeling), reveal that the lower part of the depocenter sediments falls within the ‘oil window’. The extractable organic matter (EOM) (mg bitumens/g TOC) indicate the existence of samples (from deltaic deposits) with high ratio of transformation (EOM) (> 100 mg bitumen/g TOC). The GC and GC-MS analyses of the biomarkers indicate mainly the occurrence of terrestrial organic matter reflecting oxidizing conditions and both immature and very early mature stages. The results of the Rock-Eval pyrolysis and the distribution of the isoprenoids support the assumption of the input of an organic matter mixture.     

松辽盆地南部上白垩统烃源岩和原油中正构烷烃的氢同位素组成研究

以松辽盆地南部上白垩统的烃源岩及原油为研究对象,对烃源岩抽提物和原油中正构烷烃的单体氢同位素组成进行了测定。生物标志化合物和正构烷烃的碳氢同位素组成特征表明,在未成熟—成熟阶段正构烷烃的单体氢同位素组成受热成熟度的影响不明显,可以作为油源对比的一个有用的辅助指标。氢同位素组成在母源判识以及重建古沉积环境方面可以提供更多的信息,与碳同位素组成结合应用具有一定的优势。     

柴达木盆地原油碳同位素组成的主控因素与成因类型

对采集于柴达木盆地16个油田的40个原油进行了碳同位素测定,研究了它们碳同位素组成特征、主控因素及其成因类型。结果表明,柴达木盆地西部地区和北部地区原油碳同位素组成具有显著的差别,西部地区原油富集13C,北部地区原油富集12C。研究发现,成油环境(如盐度和湿度)是决定西部盐湖相原油碳同位素组成及其变化的主要因素,母源性质则控制了北部淡水湖沼相原油的碳同位素组成和变化。根据原油的碳同位素组成和Ph/nC₁₈比值特征,将柴达木盆地原油划分为五种成因类型。     

松辽盆地林深3 井火山岩的锆石U——Pb 年龄与Hf 同位素组成

根据松辽盆地北部林深3 井火山岩的岩相、全岩主微量元素、锆石U--Pb 同位素和锆石Hf 同位素特征的分析结果,探讨了该火山岩的形成时代和岩浆源区。锆石LA--MC--ICPMS U--Pb 研究结果表明: 林深3 井火山岩形成时代约为120 Ma,处于早白垩世中晚期,属于营城组火山岩。锆石的LA-- MC--ICPMS Hf 同位素研究显示,本区火山岩的锆石εHf ( t) 全部为较高的正值,二阶段Hf 模式年龄为789 ～ 1 494 Ma,表明其主要起源于中--新元古代增生的地壳物质,暗示中--新元古代时期兴蒙造山带东段存在地壳增生事件。     

阿姆河右岸中-下侏罗统烃源岩地球化学特征及其沉积环境研究

阿姆河盆地是中亚地区天然气资源最丰富的盆地。阿姆河右岸区域的主力烃源岩存在于中-下侏罗统的煤系地层中,但烃源岩的地球化学特征、有机质来源及沉积环境还需进一步明确。本文以阿姆河盆地右岸地区侏罗系烃源岩为对象,在利用烃源岩样品开展系统的地球化学测试的基础上,对样品有机碳、镜质体反射率、饱和烃与芳烃气相色谱及有机碳同位素等数据进行了分析。结果表明：1）阿姆河右岸中-下侏罗统烃源岩的有机质丰度及生烃潜力较高,有机质类型以Ⅱ₁与Ⅱ₂型为主,存在少量Ⅲ型干酪根,烃源岩整体处于成熟—高成熟阶段;烃源岩以生油为主,兼生气。2）阿姆河右岸中-下侏罗统烃源岩大部分沉积于高盐度的强还原环境,少数沉积于低盐度氧化环境中。3）阿姆河右岸中-下侏罗统烃源岩中有机质母质的来源主要为低等浮游生物,部分有机质来源于高等植物。

     

松辽盆地及外围地区石炭系—二叠系烃源岩的特征

松辽盆地及外围地区晚古生代构造层因长期以来被视为中—新生代盆地的变质褶皱“基底”而受到油气勘探界的忽略。近4年的野外调查和室内研究结果表明,本区上古生界除局部遭受不同程度的动力接触变质或热力变质外,并没有发生区域变质作用。初步查明本区石炭系—二叠系在区域上分布4套烃源岩,自上而下为：上二叠统(林西组、索伦组)、中二叠统(哲斯组、吴家屯组)、上石炭统—下二叠统(本巴图组、阿木山组)和下石炭统(白家店组、红水泉组)。其中上二叠统和中二叠统中的暗色泥岩单层最大厚度达百余米、累计厚度达数百米至千余米,区域分布广,依据有机地球化学主要指标(有机碳、成熟度、干酪根类型),综合评价为中等—好烃源岩,是本区上古生界2套区域主力生烃层系,具有良好的油气资源远景,可望构成松辽及外围地区油气勘探战略接替新层系。     

松辽盆地及外围地区石炭系—二叠系烃源岩的特征

松辽盆地及外围地区晚古生代构造层因长期以来被视为中—新生代盆地的变质褶皱“基底”而受到油气勘探界的忽略。近4年的野外调查和室内研究结果表明,本区上古生界除局部遭受不同程度的动力接触变质或热力变质外,并没有发生区域变质作用。初步查明本区石炭系—二叠系在区域上分布4套烃源岩,自上而下为：上二叠统(林西组、索伦组)、中二叠统(哲斯组、吴家屯组)、上石炭统—下二叠统(本巴图组、阿木山组)和下石炭统(白家店组、红水泉组)。其中上二叠统和中二叠统中的暗色泥岩单层最大厚度达百余米、累计厚度达数百米至千余米,区域分布广,依据有机地球化学主要指标(有机碳、成熟度、干酪根类型),综合评价为中等—好烃源岩,是本区上古生界2套区域主力生烃层系,具有良好的油气资源远景,可望构成松辽及外围地区油气勘探战略接替新层系。