长江三角洲地区净生态系统二氧化碳通量及浓度的数值模拟

净生态系统碳通量(NEE)的计算对于准确模拟区域碳通量和大气CO₂浓度的时空变化至关重要。本文利用中尺度大气-温室气体耦合模式WRF-GHG(Weather Research and Forecasting Model with Greenhouse Gases Module),对2010年7月28日至2010年8月2日期间影响长江三角洲地区大气CO₂浓度及时空分布的各种过程进行了详尽模拟。结果表明,植被光合呼吸模型(VPRM)能模拟不同植被下垫面NEE的日变化;WRF-GHG模拟的大气CO₂浓度日变化与观测相吻合,但低估了大气CO₂浓度5~15 ppm(ppm表示10-6),这可能与人为排放源的低估、VPRM参数的不确定性以及气象场模拟的不准确性有关。太湖和植被覆盖较好的地区如浙江北部山区是该地区的主要碳汇,而城市为CO₂的主要排放源。太湖和陆地生态系统对区域内碳循环起到一定的调节作用,减缓区域大气CO₂浓度的升高。此外,局地气象条件如湖陆风对太湖周边地区大气CO₂浓度有显著影响。     

山西省城市大气CO2本底筛分对比及特征分析

基于典型城市站太原站2018年3月—2019年2月的大气CO₂在线观测资料,利用筛分法(Meteorological filtering method, MET)和黑碳示踪法(Black Carbon tracer, BC)进行本底/非本底的筛分,得到了本底浓度的变化特征。结果表明,太原大气CO₂浓度季均值冬季最高,夏季最低;不同季节呈“单峰型”日变化特征,日振幅均在26.0×10^-6以上;4个季节CO₂浓度与地面风速存在显著负相关关系;CO₂浓度抬升区域主要受当地工业布局的影响,最大抬升幅度在秋季达17.4×10^-6;使用气象筛分法(MET)得到年均本底浓度为(431.4±19.9)×10^-6,人为排放等对其影响为23.5×10^-6,年振幅比同纬度其它本底站大,为34.5×10^-6;黑碳示踪法(BC)得到冬季季均本底浓度为(445.0±22.9)×10^-6,比MET筛...     

典型高碳排放城市临汾温室气体时空分布特征及影响因素

利用山西省临汾城市站2013—2018年CO₂、CH₄摩尔分数及气温、相对湿度、风速风向观测资料,以及欧洲中期天气预报中心ERA-5 PBL(planet boundary layer)再分析资料和美国国家环境预报中心GDAS(global data assimilation system)再分析资料,分析高碳排放城市临汾两种温室气体浓度的时空分布特征及影响因素。结果表明：临汾市年平均CO₂和CH₄摩尔分数分别为441.7×10^-6和2359.5×10^-9,均高于全球平均值、青海瓦里关本底站以及上海浦东等城市站,且春、秋、冬季两种气体浓度具有极显著的正相关,临汾市人为碳排放是碳循环的主导因素。临汾市CO₂和CH₄摩尔分数呈明显的“单峰单谷型”月际变化,冬季两种气体摩尔分数均最高,而CO₂夏季最低,CH₄春季最低;CO₂和CH₄...     

2021年3月沈阳地区一次污染过程气溶胶垂直变化特征及成因分析

利用地面大气颗粒物质量浓度观测资料、探空和NECP再分析资料以及地面激光雷达探测资料,对2021年3月13—15日沈阳地区污染事件过程展开分析,探讨大气污染物质量浓度、大气环流背景与气溶胶垂直分布等特征。结果表明: 3月13日PM_2.5质量浓度最高值出现在06:00—07:00,约为220.0—230.0 μg·m^-3,15日12:00开始显著降低,而PM₁₀质量浓度在15:00出现显著增加,为258.3 μg·m^-3。SO₂和NO₂浓度较高值均出现在3月13日10:00时左右,分别为40.1 μg·m^-3和101.3 μg·m^-3。CO质量浓度最高值出现在13日16:00—17:00,约为8.8 mg·m^-3。沈阳地区臭氧的最高值均出现在午后,13日和14日午后（12:00—16:00）臭氧最大值为102.4—113.7 μg·m^-3。蒙古气旋东移过程中逐渐发展加强,其后部西北风将沙尘向东南方向输送。沈阳地区沙尘发展旺盛时存在不稳定层结,同时伴有显著的上升运动,有利于沙尘粒子的垂直混合和向下游输送。3月15日02:00（北京时间15日10:00）气溶胶消光最大值出现在0.7 km处,消光系数约为6.0 km^-1。近地面激光雷达退偏比显著增加至0.4—0.5,近地面以非球形粒子（粗颗粒物）为主的沙尘或浮尘。     

地面风对瓦里关山大气CH4本底浓度的影响分析

使用1994年7月至1996年12月大气CH₄和地面风现场连续观测资料，分析了瓦里关全球大气本底基准站（36°17′N, 100°54′E，海拔3816 m）地面风变化对大气CH₄本底浓度的影响。结果表明，水平风向、风速和垂直风向、风速的变化对大气CH₄观测值的影响在春、夏、秋、冬季有明显不同，水平风向NE—ENE—E为CH₄测量最主要的局地影响非本底扇区，静风及水平风速大于10 m/s、垂直风速大于±1 m/s对观测结果都有较大影响；由的统计平均还给出了此段期间瓦里关大气CH₄在不同季节的浓度分布范围和日变化类型，并分析了可能成因；将地面风数据作为大气CH₄本底资料的过滤因子之一，提出了适用于不同使用目的和要求的我国内陆高原大气CH₄本底数据筛选方法，本底数据留存率约为原始资料量的50%。     

北京城区二氧化碳时空分布及湍流谱特征

利用北京325 m气象塔上安装的7层CO₂涡动相关系统在2014年12月到2015年11月的观测资料,分析了北京城区不同高度上CO₂浓度、通量时空分布及湍流谱的特征。结果表明:城市CO₂浓度日变化除了冬季都呈现双峰型,冬季由于人为碳源排放的大幅增加,双峰型不明显。每层的CO₂浓度、通量都有明显的季节变化:冬季最高,春末、夏季最低。CO₂浓度整体随高度的增加而降低。北京城区是CO₂源,CO₂通量的日变化不如CO₂浓度日变化规律明显。CO₂通量在47 m以下为负,47 m以上为正。通量在140 m以下随高度的增加而增加;140m以上随高度的增加而减少。根据对CO₂时空分布的分析可知:边界层CO₂浓度、通量强烈受到碳源、下垫面植被、大气稳定度、环境温度和天气过程等因素的影响。各变量谱与Kaimal等的研究结果接近:归一化速度谱和CO₂谱在惯性子区有－2/3的斜率,在低频区与稳定度参数（Z/L）有一定的关系。这说明复杂地形的城市下垫面的湍流谱结构与平坦地形相比没有太大的实质性差异。     

贵阳市PM2.5分布特征及气象条件的影响

利用2013~2017年贵阳市10个国控空气质量监测站点PM_2.5逐时监测数据,分析了贵阳市大气污染物污染水平及其时空分布特征。结果表明:(1)贵阳市PM_2.5年均浓度为36.14 ug·m-3,基本处于国家空气质量二级标准范围内,污染程度较轻;(2)贵阳市PM_2.5浓度冬季浓度为一年中最高,最高值出现在12月,夏季浓度最低,最小值出现在7月;(3)气象要素对PM_2.5浓度的影响是显著的,尤其是在分季节的情况下,气象要素对PM_2.5的影响差异较大。PM_2.5浓度与太阳辐射、日照时数、气压呈显著正相关,与降水、相对湿度、风速、气温呈显著负相关。太阳辐射夏季对PM_2.5影响最大,日照时数春季对PM_2.5的影响最大,气温在夏、秋季与PM_2.5浓度呈显著负相关。春季降水对PM_2.5的相关性更为显著,风速对夏、冬季与PM_2.5浓度具有显著负相关性。      

百年尺度不同区域地表气温对CO2浓度非均匀动态分布敏感度的研究

地球系统模式结果表明大气CO₂浓度的快速增加是气候变化重要的原因之一。卫星资料分析结果表明，大气CO₂浓度并非均一的，而是有明显的区域差异，以人类活动为主的碳排放会影响这一区域差异。这种空间差异如何影响区域地表气温对CO₂的敏感度，需要进一步深入系统的研究，利用地球系统模式BNU-ESM(Earth System Model of Beijing Normal University)进行数值模拟，并与观测数据进行比较，结果表明：在试验模拟结果2°C阈值内，非均匀CO₂浓度试验的CO₂浓度增加阈值范围小于均匀CO₂浓度试验结果，偏少约为4.3 ppm(10₆)。在区域尺度上，中国地表气温对CO₂敏感度普遍低于美国、欧洲以及北半球平均水平，这表明CO₂浓度空间差异对地表气温的敏感度的影响存在明显区域差异，很可能是CO₂浓度辐射效应与气候系统反馈过程的共同作用结果，这需要进一...     

北京地区PM2.5的成分特征及来源分析

选用2003—2004年初PM_2.5连续观测资料，统计分析了北京地区PM_2.5的特征、PM_2.5与PM₁₀以及PM_2.5与地面气象要素的相互关系。结果表明:四季中夏季PM_2.5浓度最低，冬、春两季浓度较高。PM_2.5与PM₁₀比值平均为0.55，非采暖期两者比值为0.52，采暖期两者比值为0.62；夏季该比值主要分布在0.3~0.6之间，春、秋两季该比值分布在0.3~0.8之间，冬季采暖期该比值分布在0.4~0.9之间。PM_2.5与PM₁₀比值日变化与气象条件日变化、人们日常生活习惯密切相关，沙尘天气和交通运输高峰期扬起地面粗颗粒物会导致PM_2.5在PM₁₀中的比例下降，而冬季取暖以及夏季光化学反应则会引起PM_2.5的比例升高。PM_2.5的浓度与地面气象要素中本站气压、相对湿度和风速有很好的的相关性，与气温的相关性较差。SO₄2-，NO₃-和NH₄+为北京地区PM_2.5中主要离子。PMF源解析方法确定了北京地区5类细粒子污染源，分别是:土壤尘、煤燃烧、交通运输、海洋气溶胶以及钢铁工业。     

长江下游农业生态区CO2通量的观测试验

利用2001年6月10日~7月20日在安徽省全椒县稻田和2002年6月10日~7月20日在肥西县农作物混作区观测的近地层CO₂和能量通量资料，对农作物混作区和稻田CO₂通量特征进行了比较。结果表明:平均情况下，观测期内稻田白天(夜间)吸收(放出) CO₂为55.16 g·m-2(14.19 g·m-2)；农作物混作区白天(夜间)吸收(放出) C02为22.67 g·m”(12.40 g·m-2)；稻田白天吸收的CO₂通量随水稻生长而逐渐增加，夜间放出的CO₂在拔节期最高；农作物混作区CO₂通量在整个观测期并没有显著改变；稻田和农作物混作区均为大气CO₂的汇。对CO₂通量与光合有效辐射的关系分析表明:白天稻田吸收的CO₂通量与到达地面的光合有效辐射存在着显著的负相关关系。文中结果为数值模拟稻田与近地层大气CO₂交换提供了重要依据。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.