云南省2001年上半年地震活动综述

据云南数字地震台网测定 ,2 0 0 1年上半年云南省共记录到 3级以上地震 5 5次 (不含余震 ) :其中 3～ 3 9级地震 44次、 4～ 4 9级 5次、 5～ 5 9级 5次。 2 0 0 1年上半年云南地区地震活动最显著的特点是历史上少见的中强震连发 (表 1 )。表 1　云南地区 2 0 0 1年上半年 5级地震目录编号发震时间震中位置年月日农历时分秒北纬东经地名 震源深度震级ＭＬ ＭＳ精度12 0 0 1 2 19廿七 2 3-5 1-362 1°2 6′ 10 2°5 0′老挝 10ｋｍ 5 2 42 2 0 0 1 2 2 0廿八 0 3-0 2 -5 12 1°2 2′ 10 2°5 4′老挝 8ｋｍ 5 432 0 0 1 3 12十八 16-5 7…     

1999年9月14日四川省绵竹清平5.0级地震前区域地震活动

1　空间分布我们采用四川省地震台网目录资料 ,选取发生在北纬 3 0°3 0′～ 3 0°5 0′,东经 1 0 3°5 0′～1 0 5°1 0′德阳及邻区内的地震 ,对 1 970年以来的资料进行了分析。据统计 ,1 970年至 1 999年1 0月 ,该区发生 3 .0级以上地震共 85次 (图1 )。 1 999年 9月 1 4日绵竹清平 5 .0级地震为图 1　德阳地区 M≥ 3.0地震分布图近 3 0年来的最大地震 ,其次是 1 970年 3月 2 2日什邡、绵竹九顶山间 4.9级地震。历史上最大的地震为 1 95 8年 2月 8日绵竹 (微观震中 )6.2级地震 ,宏观震中为北川 ,震害较为严重。2　频次异常从 M-t、 N -…     

2001年云南地区地震活动概述

1　地震活动概况据昆明区域数字地震台网测定 ,2 0 0 1年 1月至 1 2月云南地区 (2 1°～ 2 9°Ｎ ,97°～ 1 0 6°Ｅ)共发生Ｍ≥ 3 0级地震 1 88次 (不含余震 ) ,其中 3 0～ 3 9级地震 1 49次 ,4 0～ 4 9级地震 2 7次 ,5 0～ 5 9级地　　图 1　 2 0 0 1年云南地区Ｍ≥ 3 0级地震Ｍ -ｔ图震 1 1次 ,6 0级地震 1次。 2 0 0 1年云南省内共发生Ｍ≥ 5 0级地震 7组 9次 ,分别是 3月 1 0澜沧 5 0级地震 ,4月 1 0、1 2日和 6月 8日施甸 5 2、 5 9和 5 3级地震 ,5月 2 4日宁蒗 5 8级地震 ,7月 1 0日楚雄 5 3级地震 ,7月 1 5日江川5 0…     

2000年1月15日云南省姚安县发生5.9、6.5级强震

据云南省地震遥测台网测定 :2 0 0 0年 1月 1 5日 0 6时 0 9分 0 1秒和 0 7时 37分 0 5秒分别在 2 5°34′Ｎ ,1 0 1°0 5′Ｅ ;2 5°35′Ｎ ,1 0 1°0 7′Ｅ ,距姚安县城西北约 1 0ｋｍ处先后发生了 5 9级和 6 5级两次强震 ,震源深度初定为 30ｋｍ。截至 2月 9日共记录到 1级以上地震共 463次 ,其中 1～ 1 9级 2 80次 ,2～ 2 9级 1 56次 ,3～ 3 9级1 6次 ,4～ 4 9级 7次 ,5 9、 6 5级各一次 ,最大余震为 4 7级 ,余震震中高度集中于 7× 8(ｋｍ2 )范围内。现场考察结果显示极震区长轴为Ｎ1 2°Ｅ的椭圆。极震区烈度为ＶＩＩＩ度 ,位于姚安…     

2000年9月12日兴海6.6级地震宏观烈度及地震构造

2 0 0 0年 9月 1 2日青海省海南州兴海县发生 6 6级地震 ,宏观震中位于温泉乡的博荷沁沟及扎麻隆沟分水岭地带 ( 3 5°2 4′N ,99°3 2′E)。极震区烈度为Ⅷ度 ,震害以地震地表裂缝、山体崩塌及房屋倒塌为主。主震的发震断裂为鄂拉山 -温泉断裂带     

1999年青海省三次5级以上地震震源机制

1999年 5月 30日、9月 2 7日、11月 2 6日分别在青海省的唐古拉 (32°5 1′N,93°34′E)、河南县 (34 .6°N,10 1.4°E)和玛沁 (34°30′N,99°48′E)发生 5 .6、5 .1和 5 .0级地震。震后收集了青海省地震台网、甘肃省地震台网和全国基准台网的部分 P波初动符号 ,做出震源机制及其参数见下表和图 1。参　数 A节面 B节面 P轴 T轴 N轴倾向倾角倾向倾角走向倾角走向倾角走向倾角唐古拉 5.6 2 2 3° 76° 6 1° 16° 4 8° 35° 2 15° 6 5° 30 8° 8°河南县 5.12 81° 4 7° 10 5° 4 3° 2 83° 2° 14 7° 87° 13° 2°玛沁 5.0 2 74…     

2000年4月15日青海省杂多5．3级地震震源机制

20 0 0年 4月 1 5日 1 7时 3 2分在青海省玉树州杂多县发生了 5 3级地震 ,微观震中 ( 3 3°1 8′Ｎ ,95°1 8′Ｅ)。震后收集了全国基准台网及青海省台网记录有Ｐ波初动符号的十个台站的资料 ,作出了该震的震源机制解 ,见图表 ,初动符号矛盾比为 2 0 %。从震源机制解看出 ,该震是近ＮＳ向受压 ,近ＥＷ向受张 ,走滑性逆冲错动。　表 1杂多 5 3级地震源机制参数　　　　节面Ⅰ　　　　　　　　节面Ⅱ　　　　　　Ｐ轴　　　　Ｔ轴　　　　Ｂ轴　　 矛盾比走向倾向倾角走向倾向倾角方位仰角方位仰角方位仰角1 4 3° 2 3 3° 62° 55° 3 2 5° …     

张北6.2级地震前后地震波速比在源区与场区的变化特征

计算了 1 991年～ 1 999年发生在北纬 3 9°0 0′～ 42°0 0′,东经 1 1 2°3 0′～ 1 1 6°0 0′范围内的ML≥ 2 .0级地震的波速比 ,分析了张北 6 .2级地震前后源区与场区波速比的时空变化特征及其差异 ,发现 6 .2级地震前源区和场区波速比在时间分布上都出现较明显的低值异常 :下降—低值—平静—恢复—发震过程。在空间分布上低值异常比较集中和同步。对计算结果进行了 t检验 ,源区与场区波速比的时空变化及 t检验表明 6 .2级地震前源区与场区波速比异常非常明显 ,场区 1 995年开始出现波速比在正负之间比较大的变化后持续低值。 6 .2级地震后源区和场区的波速比计算结果一致 ,时空变化均为正常     

1991年柯坪6．5级地震余震序列分析

前言1 991年 2月 2 5日 ,新疆维吾尔自治区柯坪县发生 6.5级强烈地震。该地震发生在柯坪断裂与北西向扭张断层交汇部位附近 ,是柯坪断裂带近 1 5年来发生的最大一次地震 ,给柯坪县及巴楚附近地区造成了不同程度的破坏 (详细烈度区划见文献 [1 ])。根据新疆地震局地震台网测定 ,该地震微观震中位置位于北纬 40°2 0′,东经 79°0 1′,震源深度为 2 2 km;现场考察结果确定宏观震中位置为北纬 40°2 3′,东经 79°0 4′,震源深度为 2 2 km左右 ,两者相当接近。笔者通过对柯坪地震的余震频度衰减、能量释放、余震的空间分布特征等进行分析 ,总结…     

台湾南投7.6级地震地下流体远场异常及其前兆意义

深入分析了 1999年 9月 2 1日 0 1时 47分台湾南投 (2 3°42′N ,12 1°0 6′E) 7 6级地震时浙江省地下流体观测井出现的显著中、短期前兆异常。异常出现时间早 ,持续时间长 ,阶段性变化明显 ,特征明显 ,易于识别 ,与本区 (震中距≤ 40 0km)地震前兆异常有明显的区别 ,是具有预测意义的地震前兆异常。震中距约 70 0km左右 ,微动态异常基本没有显示 ,属场兆异常     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.