Estimate of productivity in ecosystem of the broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest in Changbai Mountain

We measured soil, stem and branch respiration of trees and shrubs, foliage photosynthesis and respiration in ecosystem of the needle and broad-leaved Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountain by LI-6400 CO₂ analysis system. Measurement of forest microclimate was conducted simultaneously and a model was found for the relationship of soil, stem, leaf and climate factors. CO₂ flux of different components in ecosystem of the broad-leaved Korean pine forest was estimated based on vegetation characteristics. The net ecosystem exchange was measured by eddy covariance technique. And we studied the effect of temperature and photosynthetic active radiation on ecosystem CO₂ flux. Through analysis we found that the net ecosystem exchange was affected mainly by soil respiration and leaf photosynthesis. Annual net ecosystem exchange ranged from a minimum of about ?4.671 μmol·m^?2·s^?1 to a maximum of 13.80 μmol·m^?2·s^?1, mean net ecosystem exchange of CO₂ flux was ?2.0 μmol·m^?2·s^?1 and 3.9 μmol·m^?2·s^?1 in winter and summer respectively (mean value during 24 h). Primary productivity of tree, shrub and herbage contributed about 89.7%, 3.5% and 6.8% to the gross primary productivity of the broad-leaved Korean pine forest respectively. Soil respiration contributed about 69.7% CO₂ to the broad-leaved Korean pine forest ecosystem, comprising about 15.2% from tree leaves and 15.1% from branches. The net ecosystem exchange in growing season and non-growing season contributed 56.8% and 43.2% to the annual CO₂ efflux respectively. The ratio of autotrophic respiration to gross primary productivity (R _a:GPP) was 0.52 (NPP:GPP=0.48). Annual carbon accumulation underground accounted for 52% of the gross primary productivity, and soil respiration contributed 60% to gross primary productivity. The NPP of the needle and broad-leaved Korean pine forest was 769.3 gC·m^?2·a^?1. The net ecosystem exchange of this forest ecosystem (NEE) was 229.51 gC·m^?2·a^?1. The NEE of this forest ecosystem acquired by eddy covariance technique was lower than chamber estimates by 19.8%.     

Kohlenstoffumsatz durch Respiration in der Ilm (Thüringen,Deutschland)

Carbon Turnover by Respiration in the River Ilm (Thuringia, Germany) In the river Ilm, the organic carbon content of water and sediments was analyzed inclusively the C turnover by CO₂-respiration with IR-measurement. A comparison of the unpolluted rhithral (headwater) with the polluted epipotamal (lower course) gives downstream an increase of DOC and CO₂-respiration of 50...100 mg/(m³ · h) C. In the headwater region, the respiration of the sediments is dominant, in the underflow the respiration of the water. Permeable sand and gravel beds are important for the degradation of the organic load. The sediments of the river are covered with a biofilm of 1...2 g/m² C_org. A turnover of the C_org. content from 20...400 days is calculated by the respiration measurements.     

冰封期湖泊溶解氧变化特征及代谢速率

冰封期湖泊与大气的气体交换受冰盖阻碍,影响湖泊溶解氧含量,进而影响湖泊水质.为探究冰封期湖泊溶解氧和新陈代谢速率变化特征及影响因素,本研究通过监测典型季节性冰封湖泊不同深度的溶解氧(DO)、水温和光合有效辐射(PAR),结合水质检测结果,分析冰封期湖泊DO变化及代谢速率影响因素,对湖泊日新陈代谢速率计算方法进行改进并估算冰封期湖泊新陈代谢速率.结果表明：2021年1—3月间,岱海DO浓度平均值为15.49 mg/L,并出现昼夜变化和分层现象.DO在冰封期变化趋势呈现出先逐渐升高,然后保持稳定,进入消融期(2021年3月2—11日)分层现象逐渐消失的规律.岱海冰封期净初级生产力和生态系统呼吸速率平均值分别为0.11和0.10 mg/(L·d),在水温未出现分层时净初级生产力呈现较高水平;之后水温沿水深方向出现分层,净初级生产力明显下降;当冰层融化后,PAR显著上升,净初级生产力又逐渐恢复至0.10 mg/(L·d).统计分析表明,岱海冰封期DO与水温、PAR、总氮等变化具有一定相关关系,且由于湖泊流域生态环境条件及冰封期物候特征不同,岱海与内蒙古其他湖泊相比,冰封期DO变化趋势存在一定差...     

Tidal pumping and biogeochemical processes: Dissolution within the tidal capillary fringe of eogenetic coastal carbonates

Growing evidence suggests microbial respiration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) may be a principal driver of subsurface dissolution and cave formation in eogenetic carbonate rock. Analyses of samples of vadose zone gasses, and geochemical and hydrological data collected from shallow, uncased wells on San Salvador Island, Bahamas, suggest tidally varying water tables may help fuel microbial respiration and dissolution through oxygenation. Respiration of soil organic carbon transported to water tables generates dysaerobic to anaerobic groundwater, limiting aerobic microbial processes. Positive correlations of carbon dioxide (CO₂), radon-222 (²²²Rn) and water table elevation indicate, however, that tidal pumping of water tables pulls atmospheric air that is rich in oxygen, and low in CO₂ and ²²²Rn, into contact with the tidal capillary fringe during falling tides. Ratios of CO₂ and O₂ in vadose gas relative to the atmosphere indicate this atmospheric oxygen fuels respiration within newly-exposed, wetted bedrock. Deficits of expected CO₂ relative to O₂ concentrations indicate some respired CO₂ is likely removed by carbonate mineral dissolution. Tidal pumping also appears capable of transferring oxygen to the freshwater lens, where it could also contribute to respiration and dissolution; dissolved oxygen concentrations at the water table are at least 5% saturated and decline to anaerobic conditions 1–2 m below. Our results demonstrate how tidal pumping of air to vadose zones can drive mineral dissolution reactions that are focused near water tables and may contribute to the formation of laterally continuous vuggy horizons and potentially caves. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Transfer of carbon dioxide and methane through the soil‐water‐atmosphere system at Mer Bleue peatland,Canada

Surface waters associated with peatlands, supersaturated with CO₂ and CH₄ with respect to the atmosphere, act as important pathways linking a large and potentially unstable global repository of C to the atmosphere. Understanding the drivers and mechanisms which control C release from peatland systems to the atmosphere will contribute to better management and modelling of terrestrial C pools. We used non‐dispersive infra‐red (NDIR) CO₂ sensors to continuously measure gas concentrations in a beaver pond at Mer Bleue peatland (Canada); measurements were made between July and August 2007. Concentrations of CO₂ in the surface water (10 cm) reached 13 mg C l^?1 (epCO₂ 72), and 26 mg C l^?1 (epCO₂ 133) at depth (60 cm). The study also showed large diurnal fluctuations in dissolved CO₂ which ranged in amplitude from ～1·6 mg C l^?1 at 10 cm to ～0·2 mg C l^?1 at 60 cm depth. CH₄ concentration and supersaturation (epCH₄) measured using headspace analysis averaged 1·47 mg C l^?1 and 3252, respectively; diurnal cycling was also evident in CH₄ concentrations. Mean estimated evasion rates of CO₂ and CH₄ over the summer period were 44·92 ± 7·86 and 0·44 ± 0·25 µg C m^?2s^?1, respectively. Open water at Mer Bleue is a significant summer hotspot for greenhouse gas emissions within the catchment. Our results suggest that CO₂ concentrations during the summer in beaver ponds at Mer Bleue are strongly influenced by biological processes within the water column involving aquatic plants and algae (in situ photosynthesis and respiration). In terms of carbon cycling, soil‐stream connectivity at this time of year is therefore relatively weak. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Vertical hydraulic exchange and the contribution of hyporheic community respiration to whole ecosystem respiration in the River Lahn (Germany)

To quantify the contribution of hyporheic community respiration to whole running-water ecosystem respiration in a cultural landscape setting, we studied the vertical hydraulic exchange in riffle–pool sequences of the River Lahn (Germany). We used flow through curves from four tracer experiments to estimate flow velocities in the surface and subsurface water. Generally, vertical exchange velocities were higher in riffle sections and a high temporal variability was observed (range of values 0.11–1.08 m day⁻¹). We then used (1) the exchange velocities and (2) time series of dissolved oxygen concentration in surface and subsurface water to calculate hyporheic respiration. Hyporheic respiration was estimated in a range of 10–50 mg O₂ m⁻³ day⁻¹ for the upper sediment layer (first 20 cm). It was much lower in the deeper sediment layer (20–40 cm), ranging from 0 to 10 mg O₂ m⁻³ day⁻¹ (volumes are volumes of interstitial water; the average porosity was 20%). We determined primary production and respiration of the biofilm growing on the sediment by modelling dissolved oxygen concentration time series for a 2,450 m long stream reach (dissolved oxygen concentrations with diurnal variations from 8 to 16 mg L⁻¹). Modelled respiration rates ranged from 2 to 21 g O₂ m² day⁻¹. All information was integrated in a system analysis with numerical simulations of respiration with and without sediments. Results indicated that hyporheic respiration accounted for 6 to 14% of whole ecosystem respiration. These values are much lower than in other whole system respiration studies on more oligotrophic river systems.     

Reconstructing long‐term records of dissolved CO2

The dissolved CO₂ concentration of stream waters is an important component of the terrestrial carbon cycle. This study reconstructs long‐term records of dissolved CO₂ concentration for the outlets of two large catchments (818 and 586 km²) in northern England. The study shows that:

• 1. The flux of dissolved CO₂ from the catchments (as carbon per catchment area), when adjusted for that which would be carried by the river water at equilibrium with the atmosphere, is between 0 and 0·39 t km⁻² year⁻¹ for the River Tees and between 0 and 0·65 t km⁻² year⁻¹ for the River Coquet.
• 2. The flux of dissolved CO₂ is closely correlated with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) export and is unrelated to dissolved CO₂ export from the headwaters of the study catchments.
• 3. The evasion rate of CO₂ from the rivers (as carbon per stream area) is between 0·0 and 1·49 kg m⁻² year⁻¹, and calculated in‐stream productions of CO₂ are estimated as between 0·5 and 2·5% of the stream evasion rate.
• 4. By mass balance, it is estimated that 8% of the annual flux of DOC is lost within the streams of the catchment.

The study shows that the loss of CO₂ from the streams of the Tees catchment is between 3·1 and 7·5 kt year⁻¹ (as carbon) for the River Tees, which is the same order as annual CH₄ flux from peats within the catchment and approximately 50% of the net CO₂ exchange to the peats of the catchment. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

东巢湖沉积物水界面氮、磷、氧迁移特征及意义

以东巢湖近城市湖湾沉积物为研究对象,在沉积物氮、磷营养盐分析的基础上,采用沉积物柱状芯样静态释放模拟法定量评估研究区域沉积物—水界面氨氮、溶解性活性磷酸盐营养盐释放潜力,利用微电极非损伤测定技术获得沉积物—水微界面溶解氧(DO)剖面分布及微界面DO消耗和扩散特征.结果表明:东巢湖近城市湖湾沉积物氮、磷污染物蓄积量较高,受TN、TP污染程度较重.沉积物内源氨氮、磷酸盐释放明显,平均释放速率分别达到32.44 mg/(m~2·d)和1.25mg/(m~2·d),区域内沉积物已成为水柱中氮、磷营养盐的污染源.研究区域上覆水体处于好氧状态,沉积物—水微界面平均DO穿透深度(OPD)达到5.3 mm,平均DO扩散通量为4.56 mmol/(m~2·d),表现出良好的DO扩散能力.沉积物内源氨氮和磷酸盐释放能力与表层沉积物TN/TP物质含量及沉积物—水微界面DO穿透深度有关,在沉积物氮、磷污染较重的情况下,DO穿透深度越低越有利于氮、磷污染物从沉积物向上覆水体释放.     

Isotopic fractionations during oxygen consumption and carbonate dissolution within the North Atlantic Deep Water

The trajectory of the North Atlantic Deep Water is traced from 65°N to 20°N latitude. Along this track the dissolved O₂ decreases, theδ¹⁸O of the dissolved O₂ increases, and the¹⁴C content of the water decreases. From these observations the rate of in-situ O₂ utilization in the deep water is calculated to be 0.10 μmol kg^?1 yr^?1. As was observed previously in the Pacific, theδ¹⁸O data presented here indicate that the utilization is probably caused by bacterial respiration. Carbon dioxide is being added to the water at the rate of 0.07 μmol kg^?1 yr^?1 from the oxidation of this organic matter. An additional 0.12 μmol kg^?1 yr^?1 of CO₂ is derived from the dissolution of particles of CaCO₃.     

Annual budget of benthic production in Mont Saint-Michel Bay considering cloudiness,microphytobenthos migration,and variability of respiration rates with tidal conditions

In order to provide an accurate annual rate of net benthic community production, community photosynthetic response to incident irradiance and respiration were measured at different times of the year, at mid-tide level on the muddiest part of the Mont Saint-Michel Bay. As the water turbidity prevented any photosynthesis by the microphytobenthos during immersion periods, primary production was measured only during emersion periods. In contrast respiration was expected to vary according to the tidal cycle and was measured during both emersion and immersion periods. Primary production and respiration rates under emersion were assessed using in situ infra-red gas analysis of CO₂ exchange measured in a benthic chamber. Respiration rates under immersion were assessed through total CO₂ concentration variations in incubated cores.     

三峡水库澎溪河水-气界面CO2、CH4扩散通量昼夜动态初探

三峡水库温室气体效应近年来备受关注.为揭示三峡水库典型支流澎溪河水-气界面CO₂和CH₄通量的昼夜动态规律,明晰短时间尺度下该水域温室气体释放的影响因素,在2010年6月至2011年5月的一个完整水文周年内,选择4个具有代表性的时段(2010年8、11月和2011年2、5月)对澎溪河高阳平湖水域开展昼夜跟踪观测.结果表明:2010年8、11月和2011年2、5月4次采样的CO₂日总通量值分别为-8.34、73.94、28.13和-20.12 mmol/(m²·d),相应的CH₄日总通量值分别为2.22、0.11、0.32和7.16 mmol/(m²·d),不同时期昼夜变化明显.研究水域CO₂和CH₄通量过程不具同步性:CO₂昼夜通量变化可能更显著地受到水柱光合/呼吸过程的影响,但瞬时气象过程(水汽温差、瞬时风速等)在高水位时期亦可对CO₂通量产生显著影响;CH₄昼夜通量变化与水温条件改变更为密切.     

Dissolved oxygen variations in alpine glacial meltwaters

Recent models of chemical weathering in alpine glacial meltwaters suggest that sulphide oxidation is a major source of solute in the distributed component of the subglacial hydrological system. This reaction requires O₂, and may lower dissolved oxygen levels to below saturation with respect to the atmosphere. This should result in an inverse association between SO₇^2- and dissolved oxygen saturation. However, measurements of O₂ saturation in bulk meltwaters draining the Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland, show that there is a positive association between SO₄^2- and O₂ saturation. The O₂ content of glacial meltwaters depends on the initial content of snow and icemelt, which may be controlled by the rate of melting, and the kinetic balance between O₂ losses (e.g. sulphide oxidation, microbial respiration) and gains (e.g. diffusion of O₂ into solution).     

大型水库分层期和混合期溶存温室气体空间变化及排放通量

水库作为温室气体的重要来源,对区域气候变化有不可忽略的影响。然而,目前对水库溶存温室气体的空间异质性及垂向特征的认知仍然欠缺。为了揭示水库分层期和混合期溶存温室气体空间特征及排放通量,也为厘清水库温室气体产生和排放的关键过程提供重要支撑。研究选择东北地区大型水库——汤河水库为对象,于2021年7—9月和10月(分别代表水库分层期和混合期)对水库不同位置(坝前、库中和库尾)开展溶存温室气体垂向分层监测。研究结果显示,水库CH₄排放通量变化范围为0.018～0.174 mmol/(m²·d),是大气CH₄的源,空间分布为库尾>库中>坝前;CO₂通量为-4.91～58.77 mmol/(m²·d),除分层期东支库尾,其余点位均表现为大气CO₂的源,空间分布为坝前>库中>库尾。时间上,分层期CH₄排放通量(0.071±0.044 mmol/(m²·d))高于混合期((0.027±0.008) mm...     

Respiratory adaptations to oxygen lack in three species of Glossiphoniidae (Hirudinea) in Lake Esrom, Denmark

The weight-specific respiration rate (μl O₂ mg⁻¹ AFDW h⁻¹) of three species of leech from Lake Esrom, Denmark, Glossiphonia concolor, G. complanata and Helobdella stagnalis was measured in a closed stirred chamber with a micro electrode. At declining oxygen concentration (mg O₂ l⁻¹) all three species expressed moderate ability to regulate respiration, in G. concolor and G. complanata down to 2 mg O₂ l⁻¹, in H. stagnalis down to 0.75 mg O₂ l⁻¹. Survival in anoxia was measured in closed bottles. The time to 50% survival (LD₅₀) was 30 days in G. concolor at 20 °C and 30 and 4 days in H. stagnalis at 10 and 20 °C, respectively. The results were discussed in relation to habitat and spatial distribution of the three species in the lake.     

粤东五华河流域的化学风化与CO2吸收

基于对粤东五华河干流和支流水体的物理、化学组成测试数据,应用质量平衡法和相关分析法探讨湿热山地丘陵地区岩石化学风化过程对大气CO₂的吸收.结果表明:五华河水体的总溶解性固体含量(77.11 mg/L)接近于世界河流的平均值(65 mg/L);离子组成以Ca²⁺、Na⁺和HCO₃^-为主,可溶性Si次之.五华河流域化学径流组成主要源自硅酸盐矿物化学风化过程的贡献,碳酸盐矿物的贡献较少;大气和土壤CO₂是流域内岩石化学风化的主要侵蚀介质.与同一气候带其他河流相比较,五华河流域岩石化学风化过程对大气CO₂的吸收通量(2.14×105mol/(km²·a))较低,这主要是由于流域内缺乏碳酸盐岩所导致.     

乌梁素海冰封期溶解氧的平衡性分析

为探明中国北方浅水湖泊乌梁素海冰封期水体溶解氧平衡的内在机理,于2021年1-2月在湖心处布设了一台水质在线监测浮标,收集到包括溶解氧等在内的水质数据.通过对溶解氧数据的小波降噪处理,结合气象资料,模拟分析了冰生长及稳定期内水体溶解氧的变化趋势,定性分析了水体溶解氧的平衡机理.结果表明:湖泊的日均最高产氧速率为7.19 mg/(L·d),最低产氧速率为2.01 mg/(L·d);日均最高耗氧速率为7.13 mg/(L·d),最低耗氧速率为2.37 mg/(L·d).24 h的单位时间平均最高产氧速率为0.55 mg/(L·h),最低产氧速率为0 mg/(L·h);单位时间平均最高耗氧速率为0.36 mg/(L·h),最低耗氧速率为0.08 mg/(L·h).由此说明小时间尺度下溶解氧的补充消耗不均衡导致了大时间尺度下的溶解氧不平衡,进而产生了冬季湖泊的亏氧现象.通过进一步溶解氧驱动因素与水环境因子响应关系的分析发现,浊度、水温与产氧速率呈显著负相关,叶绿素a与产氧速率和耗氧速率均呈显著正相关,表明了这些限制性水环境因子在一定程度上影响了冰下水体的溶解氧平衡.     

Fluxes of inorganic carbon from two forested catchments in the Appalachian mountains

This study uses long‐term records of stream chemistry, discharge and air temperature from two neighbouring forested catchments in the southern Appalachians in order to calculate production of dissolved CO₂ and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). One of the pair of catchments was clear‐felled during the period of the study. The study shows that: (1) areal production rates of both dissolved CO₂ and DIC are similar between the two catchments even during and immediately after the period of clear‐felling; (2) flux of total inorganic carbon (dissolved CO₂+ DIC) rises dramatically in response to a catchment‐wide acidification event; (3) DIC and dissolved CO₂ are dominantly released on the old water portion of the discharge and concentrations peak in the early autumn when flows in the study catchments are at their lowest; (4) total fluvial carbon flux from the clear‐felled catchment is 11·6 t km⁻² year⁻¹ and for the control catchment is 11·4 t km⁻² year⁻¹. The total inorganic carbon flux represents 69% of the total fluvial carbon flux. The method presented in the study provides a useful way of estimating inorganic carbon flux from a catchment without detailed gas monitoring. The time series of dissolved CO₂ at emergence to the stream can also be a proxy for the soil flux of CO₂. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于FVCOM的太湖梅梁湾夏季水温、溶解氧模拟及其影响机制初探

水体中的溶解氧是表征水生生态系统健康与否的重要参数之一.本研究基于太湖2008年8月16 20日的风速、风向、短波辐射等气象场资料以及实测的相关水质参量,利用FVCOM(即非结构化网格有限体积近海海洋模型)模式对太湖梅梁湾三维水温以及水体中溶解氧进行模拟,模拟结果与实测值基本吻合,水温的验证回归方程为y=1.02x,R²为0.690;溶解氧的R²为0.760.同时对溶解氧浓度的时空分布,梅梁湾溶解氧的"源"和"汇"及其贡献进行了分析.结果表明:太阳辐射、风速是影响水温日成层现象的重要因子;受水温和光照的影响,夏季梅梁湾的溶解氧存在垂直差异,呈现出"双峰双谷"的日变化特征;浮游植物光合作用制氧是水中溶解氧的最重要来源,水下光衰减直接控制着初级生产力的垂直分布;浮游植物呼吸及死亡是溶解氧的最大消耗者,余下依次为底泥耗氧、碳化需氧、细菌呼吸耗氧和硝化作用耗氧.     

三峡水库澎溪河消落区土-气界面CO2和CH4通量初探

水库近岸湿地(消落区)温室气体(CO₂、CH₄)产汇是水库温室气体效应问题的重要组成部分.本文以三峡水库支流澎溪河的白家溪、养鹿两处大面积消落区为研究对象,于2010年6 9月水库低水位运行期间,对近岸消落区土-气界面CO₂、CH₄通量进行监测.白家溪消落区土-气界面CO₂通量均值为12.38±2.42 mmol/(m²·h);CH₄通量均值为0.0112±0.0064 mmol/(m²·h).养鹿消落区CO₂、CH₄通量均值分别为10.54±5.17、0.14±0.16 mmol/(m²·h).总体上,6 9月土-气界面CO₂通量呈增加趋势,而CH₄通量水平呈现显著的递减趋势.消落区土地出露后植被恢复,在一定程度上促进了土壤有机质含量的增加,使得6 9月CO₂释放通量的总体趋势有所增加.消落区退耕后,其甲烷氧化菌的活性得到恢复,加之在土地出露曝晒过程中土壤透气性增强,使得消落区土壤对大气中CH₄吸收氧化潜势增强.尽管如此,仍需进一步的研究以明晰消落区土-气界面CO₂、CH₄产汇的主要影响因素.     

The combined effects of oxygen availability and salinity on physiological responses and scope for growth in the green-lipped mussel Perna viridis

Mussels were maintained for 4 weeks under different combinations of dissolved oxygen concentration (1.5, 3.0 and 6.0 mg O₂ l⁻¹) and salinity (15, 20, 25 and 30) in a 3 × 4 factorial design experiment. Clearance rate (CR), absorption efficiency (AE), respiration rate (RR) and scope for growth (SFG) decreased with decreasing salinity and dissolved oxygen concentration (DO), while excretion rate (ER) increased with decreasing salinity and increasing DO. The O:N ratio was <10 at salinities of 15 and 20, irrespective of DO levels. SFG was negative in most of the treatments, except for those under 6.0 mg O₂ l⁻¹ or at a salinity of 30 when DO was lower. The results may help explain the distribution pattern of Perna viridis in Hong Kong waters and provide guidelines for mussel culture site selection.