马蹄形隧洞考虑支护滞后过程的应力分析

基于平面弹性复变函数中的保角变换方法,推导出带有衬砌的非圆形隧洞在原始地应力作用下的应力解析解。根据衬砌内边界的应力边界条件及围岩衬砌接触面上的应力和位移连续条件,获得求解围岩和衬砌解析函数的基本方程,计算了围岩和衬砌中的应力和位移。在求解过程中,考虑了支护滞后于开挖的力学过程,并认为围岩和衬砌之间紧密接触,不会相互分开和相对滑动。以马蹄形隧洞为例,获得了围岩开挖边界和衬砌内外边界的切向应力及围岩与衬砌接触面上的接触应力分布规律,并与ANSYS数值方法结果对比,算例表明两种方法的计算结果吻合很好。     

厦门海底隧道顶板厚度选择及其开挖稳定性分析

在厦门海底隧道轴线的地质剖面图上,选取了4个典型的剖面,应用多裂隙岩体三维弹塑性本构关系和损伤演化方程进行数值分析研究,得到了应力分布、洞周位移、塑性区、损伤区等结果。通过对应力扰动区的分析,以及隧道轴线位置、轴线升高或降低后各剖面应力扰动范围与弱风化层厚度的对比,很容易确定厦门海底隧道的最小顶板厚度;根据应力分布、洞周位移、塑性区、损伤区结果,评价了海底隧道的开挖稳定性。二者的有机结合,说明了将设计方案的轴线位置提高4 m后隧道是稳定的。     

Analytical Solutions for the Construction of Deeply Buried Circular Tunnels with Two Liners in Rheological Rock

The construction of underground tunnels is a time-dependent process. The states of stress and strain in the ground vary with time due to the construction process. Stress and strain variations are heavily dependent on the rheological behavior of the hosting rock mass. In this paper, analytical closed-form solutions are developed for the excavation of a circular tunnel supported by the construction of two elastic liners in a viscoelastic surrounding rock under a hydrostatic stress field. In the solutions, the stiffness and installation times of the liners are accounted for. To simulate realistically the process of tunnel excavation, a time-dependent excavation process is considered in the development of the solutions, assuming that the radius of the tunnel grows from zero until its final value according to a time-dependent function to be specified by the designers. The integral equations for the supporting pressures between rock and first liner are derived according to the boundary conditions for linear viscoelastic rocks (unified model). Then, explicit analytical expressions are obtained by considering either the Maxwell or the Boltzmann viscoelastic model for the rheology of the rock mass. Applications of the obtained solutions are illustrated using two examples, where the response in terms of displacements and stresses caused by various combinations of excavation rate, first and second liner installation times, and the rheological properties of the rock is illustrated.     

新疆西部北天山深埋特长隧道工程区应力场数值模拟

采用隧道工程区应力实测数据、北天山地区现代震源机制解、区域地质构造资料以及岩体物理力学参数作为物理模型边界条件和载荷,对北天山隧道工程区进行三维应力场数值模拟,获得了整个工程区特别是隧道工程重要部位岩体应力分布规律,并依据隧道区应力场模拟结果,结合地质资料进行了隧道工程稳定性分析。      

正交各向异性岩体中非圆形水工隧洞的解析解

将围岩和衬砌分别视作均质、连续的线弹性正交各向异性和各向同性体,并充分考虑衬砌的支护滞后效应和隧洞运行时的内水压力作用,运用复变函数方法中的幂级数解法,提出了正交各向异性岩体中任意形状水工隧洞的力学解析方法。以直墙半圆拱形水工隧洞为例,所获得的解析解可精确满足衬砌内边界的应力边界条件以及围岩与衬砌接触面的应力、位移连续条件,同时还将解析结果与ANSYS数值结果对比分析,吻合良好。利用获得的解析解,讨论了围岩开挖面上不同的各向异性程度、不同的弹性对称面角度以及隧洞内不同的水压荷载对衬砌以及围岩上应力和位移分布的影响。     

Application of extended Kalman filter to back analysis of the natural stress state accounting for measuring uncertainties

In this work, we present a numerical procedure for determining the nature stress state in the rock mass around a tunnel. A finite element method is applied for analyzing the direct problems of tunneling during the back analysis of parameter estimation, in which a no‐tension elastic–plastic model is used to simulate the elastic–tensile and elastic–plastic‐tensile failure states which often occur in the cases of underground excavation in heavily jointed rock masses. By considering the natural stress state as random parameters of the tunneling system, the Kalman filter method is employed for feedback analysis to modify the parameter values in a statistical context, which uses the prior information in the process of estimation and employs a set of displacements obtained from field measurements. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method of inverse analysis, the developed numerical procedure is applied to a synthetic example of deep tunnels in yielding rock masses. The relative importance of the a priori and updating information is investigated, as is the importance of their uncertainty. The results show great potential of the proposed approach. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of Tunnel Shape and Support System on Stability of a Tunnel in a Deep Coal Mine in China

Stability level of tunnels that exist in an underground mine has a great influence on the safety, production and economic performance of the mine. Ensuring of stability for soft-rock tunnels is an important task for deep coal mines located in high in situ stress conditions. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of tunnel shape and support pattern on the deformation, failure zone and stability around a tunnel located in a coal rock mass in China and to select an appropriate tunnel shape and a support pattern to provide a stable stress-deformation condition around the tunnel. Using the available information on stratigraphy, geological structures, in situ stress measurements and geo-mechanical properties of intact rock and discontinuity interfaces, a three-dimensional numerical model was built using the FLAC software to simulate the stress conditions around the tunnel in the coal rock mass. Analyses were conducted for several tunnel shapes and rock support patterns. Results obtained for the distribution of failed zones, and stress and displacement fields around the tunnel were compared to select the best tunnel shape and support pattern to achieve the optimum stability conditions. Also, a comparison is given between the numerical predictions and field deformation monitoring results.     

三维快速拉格朗日法在安全顶板厚度研究中的应用

为了合理选择厦门海底隧道的最小顶板厚度。在厦门海底隧道轴线的地质部面图上，选取了6个典型剖面，在不同的剖面及同一剖面的隧道的不同深度，应用三维快速拉格朗日法，分两个步骤：第1步，在较大的深度范围内初选隧道的顶板厚度：第2步，在第1步初选结果的基础上，在较小的深度范围内，进一步选择。通过对开挖后的应力分布、洞周位移、塑性区等的分析，最后得出厦门隧道的最小顶板厚度。同时，得到一些对后续施工和其他工程有一定指导意义的有益结论。     

海底隧道围岩位移全曲线研究

限于施工现场条件,目前的隧道量测位移均是隧道实际位移的一部分,而隧道量测全位移则少有研究。以厦门海底隧道工程为依托,对隧道开挖各部拱顶下沉监测数据进行了回归分析,得出了海底隧道CRD1和CRD3部拱顶下沉未监测到位移的第1部分Y1。采用三维有限差分程序研究海底隧道各部位移全曲线,得出了掌子面到达研究断面前发生位移所占比例。根据实测资料得出海底隧道CRD1部和CRD3部拱顶下沉未监测到的位移第2部分Y0。将Y0和Y1与实测部分Ym相加,即得到隧道位移全曲线。     

Analytical and Numerical Study of the Mechanics of Rockbolt Reinforcement around Tunnels in Rock Masses

Summary  This paper addresses the problem of quantifying the mechanical contribution of rockbolts installed systematically around tunnels excavated in rock masses. The mechanical contribution referred to here is that of increased stress confinement and decreased tunnel convergences as compared with corresponding stresses and displacements obtained for non-reinforced tunnels. The problem is treated analytically first by presenting a closed-form solution for stress and displacement distributions around a circular tunnel excavated in elastic material and reinforced by grouted or anchored rockbolts. The analytical solution assumes that rockbolts are regularly spaced around the tunnel and that axi-symmetry conditions of geometry and loading apply. The results obtained with the closed-form solution are shown to be equivalent to the results of the same problem solved with traditional numerical methods. Based on the analytical and numerical results and by introducing dimensionless ratios that allow to quantify the increase of radial stresses and the decrease of radial displacements in the reinforced region of the tunnel, the paper shows that reinforcement can have a significant mechanical effect (i.e., increasing the confinement and decreasing the convergences) in tunnels excavated in rock masses of poor to very poor quality. The paper analyzes then the mechanical contribution of rockbolt reinforcement when the rock mass is assumed to behave elasto-plastically. For this case, it is shown that rockbolt reinforcement can also have a critical effect in controlling the extent of the plastic failure zone and the convergences of the tunnel. Correspondence: C. Carranza-Torres, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota, Duluth Campus, 1305 Ordean Court, Duluth, USA     

金华山软岩铁路隧道施工过程围岩屈服接近度分析

隧道施工过程中围岩处于复杂应力状态下,隧道围岩屈服区演化特征的确定对于围岩稳定性分析和开挖支护方案优化具有重要的意义。采用屈服接近度指标衡量围岩破坏接近程度可以合理地描述复杂应力状态下围岩的应力危险性,对Mohr-Coulomb类岩体材料的屈服接近度函数进行了相应的推导,并在非线性有限元用户子程序上编程予以实现。介绍了赣州-龙岩铁路DKl33+095～DKl38+237段软弱围岩单线隧道正台阶步施工方案以及湿喷纤维混凝土支护方案。为了对该隧道施工过程中隧道围岩屈服区的演化特征进行合理评价,采用非线性有限元法对软弱围岩条件下的铁路隧道施工过程进行了数值模拟,分析了施工过程中隧道围岩屈服接近度分布特征,判定了隧道台阶步施工过程中隧道围岩的稳定性。分析结果表明:该隧道施工过程中围岩破坏区主要发生在下台阶步施工过程中;屈服接近度指标比传统的塑性区分布提供的信息更加丰富,有利于工程技术人员定量地评价隧道开挖支护方案。     

深部层状节理岩体分区破裂模型试验研究

随着地下工程开挖深度的增加,深部洞室围岩将产生不同于浅部洞室的分区破裂现象。为深入研究深部岩体分区破裂现象的形成机制和影响因素,以淮南矿区丁集煤矿的深部巷道为工程背景,利用模型相似材料和高地应力真三维加载模型试验系统,首次开展了带有软弱夹层的层状节理岩体的真三维地质力学模型试验。结果表明：（1）在满足一定应力条件下,带有软弱夹层的层状节理试验模型出现明显的分区破裂现象;（2）软弱夹层是影响层状节理岩体分区破裂现象的重要因素,在相同的应力条件下,软弱夹层使得巷道围岩的径向位移和应变明显增加;并且软弱夹层的间距越小,洞周破裂区的层数越多,范围越大;（3）洞周破裂区的形状近似为圆形,与是否存在软弱夹层及软弱夹层间距均无关。模型试验结果有效揭示了分区破裂的影响因素,为深入研究高地应力深部岩体的非线性变形破坏特征奠定了坚实的试验基础。     

An improved numerical approach in surrounding rock incorporating rockbolt effectiveness and seepage force

The solutions of stress and displacement of a circular opening excavated in brittle and strain-softening rock mass incorporating rockbolts effectiveness and seepage force are presented in this study. The evolution equation is reconstructed for the strength parameters that incorporate these factors. Based on the evolution equation, an improved numerical method and stepwise procedure are presented which are compatible with the Mohr–Coulomb (M–C) and the generalized Hoek–Brown (H–B) failure criteria, respectively. Then given three interaction mechanisms between rockbolts and surrounding rock, solutions for stress and displacement are proposed in line with the improved numerical method and numerical stepwise procedure. The proposed approach can be reduced to Fahimifar and Soroush’s (Tunn Undergr Space Technol 20:333–343, 2005) solutions for special cases. The proposed method was validated by field monitoring data and FLAC results of Yanzidong tunnel. Examples under the M–C and generalized H–B failure criteria for rock mass are generated through MATLAB programming. Moreover, parametric studies are conducted to highlight the influence of rockbolts effectiveness in combination with seepage force on the stress and displacement of very good, average, and very poor surrounding rock. Results show that in this case, stress confinement is higher and tunnel convergences are lower than the corresponding stresses and displacements obtained in non-reinforced tunnels. Displacement and plastic radius are also higher than those without considering seepage force.     

糯扎渡水电站1#导流隧洞三维非线性有限元开挖模拟分析

糯扎渡水电站1#导流隧洞开挖经过F3断层,开挖过程中,F3断层影响带附近的岩体力学参数直接控制着围岩的变形和应力分布。为了评判后续Ⅱ,Ⅲ层开挖围岩的稳定性,首先利用隧洞第Ⅰ层开挖的位移监测数据反演出F3断层附近围岩的岩体力学参数和初始地应力场;然后,利用反演得到的初始地应力场和岩体力学参数进行Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ层开挖模拟分析,得到了F3断层附近围岩的应力变形情况。计算结果表明：随着开挖的不断进行,隧洞F3断层周围岩体的约束逐渐解除,围岩的应力逐渐增大,隧洞周边的位移也不断增大,并且隧洞周围应力变形在F3断层中心区域有明显的错动现象,说明F3断层对隧洞的开挖影响比较大,有必要对此区域后期变形加强观测和分析。     

考虑中间主应力影响水底隧道围岩与衬砌流固耦合弹塑性解

裂隙岩体在渗流水荷载作用下的裂隙围岩流-固耦合研究是隧道工程研究的热点问题,而计及中间主应力影响的隧道围岩流-固耦合应力计算鲜见介绍。采用双剪统一强度理论屈服模型,计及中间主应力影响,分析了在渗流水荷载作用下隧道围岩处于弹性、软化、塑性流动时的流-固耦合问题,并给出了含水围岩、衬砌应力、位移与变形区界面半径解析计算式。其结果对水底隧道围岩稳定分析与衬砌结构设计计算具有工程实用意义。     

确定流变岩体的参数及地应力的位移反分析法

在隧道设计和施工中,工程师需要确定岩体的力学参数和地应力场。对于软弱地层,我们还将遇到流变问题。具体地说,我们在作工程设计前就需要确定地应力分量、岩体的弹性模量以及反映岩体流变特性的粘滞系数等重要参数。一般而言,这需要在野外作相应的岩体力学试验来确定。     

Numerical Analyses of the Influence of Blast-Induced Damaged Rock Around Shallow Tunnels in Brittle Rock

Most of the railway tunnels in Sweden are shallow-seated (<20 m of rock cover) and are located in hard brittle rock masses. The majority of these tunnels are excavated by drilling and blasting, which, consequently, result in the development of a blast-induced damaged zone around the tunnel boundary. Theoretically, the presence of this zone, with its reduced strength and stiffness, will affect the overall performance of the tunnel, as well as its construction and maintenance. The Swedish Railroad Administration, therefore, uses a set of guidelines based on peak particle velocity models and perimeter blasting to regulate the extent of damage due to blasting. However, the real effects of the damage caused by blasting around a shallow tunnel and their criticality to the overall performance of the tunnel are yet to be quantified and, therefore, remain the subject of research and investigation. This paper presents a numerical parametric study of blast-induced damage in rock. By varying the strength and stiffness of the blast-induced damaged zone and other relevant parameters, the near-field rock mass response was evaluated in terms of the effects on induced boundary stresses and ground deformation. The continuum method of numerical analysis was used. The input parameters, particularly those relating to strength and stiffness, were estimated using a systematic approach related to the fact that, at shallow depths, the stress and geologic conditions may be highly anisotropic. Due to the lack of data on the post-failure characteristics of the rock mass, the traditional Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion was assumed and used. The results clearly indicate that, as expected, the presence of the blast-induced damage zone does affect the behaviour of the boundary stresses and ground deformation. Potential failure types occurring around the tunnel boundary and their mechanisms have also been identified.     

Lined Circular Tunnels in Elastic Transversely Anisotropic Rock at Depth

Closed-form solutions for displacements and stresses of both the liner and the rock are presented for a deep circular tunnel excavated in transversely anisotropic rock above or below the water table subjected to static or seismic loading. The solutions are obtained with the assumption of elastic response of rock and liner, tied contact between rock and liner, impermeable liner, plane strain conditions along the tunnel axis and simultaneous excavation, and liner installation. The liner of a tunnel placed below the water table must support, in addition to the rock stresses, the full water pressure, while a tunnel located above the water table must support only the rock pressures. The solutions presented for static loading show, however, that displacements and stresses of the liner and rock are the same when the tunnel is placed above or below the water table as long as the total far-field stresses are the same. With rapid loading, e.g. seismic loading, excess pore pressures may be generated in saturated rock, which induce a different response than that of a tunnel excavated in dry rock. The analyses indicate that stresses and displacements are more uniform when excess pore pressures are produced, which seems to indicate that pore pressure generation tends to reduce non-uniform response in anisotropic rock.     

西南地区某隧道围岩岩爆预测研究

岩爆预测一直是地下工程领域中的世界性难题。本文以西南某隧道工程为例,从岩爆形成的3个条件:岩石岩爆倾向性、岩体完整性和高地应力环境3个方面着手,应用最大储存弹性应变能指标Es和岩石脆性系数B,对深埋隧道区段内可能发生岩爆的石英砂岩、灰岩岩体进行岩爆倾向性分析预测; 基于地应力测量数据资料,采用地质过程动态模拟的有限元分析方法,反演分析隧道工程区岩体地应力场,对隧道高应力区段作出判断; 根据现场所取样品试验结果综合分析隧道围岩的物理力学性质、岩石单轴抗压强度等。在分析和总结前人岩爆预测预报方法的基础上,以工程地质分析为基础,详细阐明隧道岩爆发生的条件,并以岩体力学和非线性科学理论为指导,采用地质综合分析、应力强度比法对隧道可能发生岩爆的部位及其强度进行综合预测。     

丹巴水电站引水隧洞高地应力软岩段三维开挖方案优化研究

采用摩尔-库仑弹塑性模型的有限元分析方法和岩体开挖卸荷理论, 并考虑地应力对隧洞的作用机制,建立丹巴水电站双洞四机引水隧洞软岩段三维开挖大型三维模型并进行岩体力学计算,分别以不同的掌子面推进深度进行开挖,从洞口开挖至一定深度。统计不同掌子面推进深度下各步开挖不同关键点处的位移变化情况,进行比选,建议工程实际应当选用的最佳掌子面推进深度;在该推进深度下,统计不同洞段不同位置的各向位移预留量,为超前支护的必要性提供依据和超前支护的施工提供数据支持,以保证工程施工的顺利进行,为后续类似工程设计提供参考。