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1.
Riassunto L'Autore in questa Nota confronta un procedimento grafico, proposto ed illustrato in precedenti ricerche, con le formole delloSchweydar che sono senza dubbio le più adoperate attualmente nella valutazione delle correzioni topografiche da apportare agli elementi rilevati con la bilancia di torsione, e richiama, fra l'altro, l'attenzione sulle condizioni di applicabilità degli sviluppi e sull'espressione generale dei coefficienti che entrano nella formazione di questi. Completano il lavoro alcune relazioni per il controllo del calcolo dei coefficienti.
Zusammenfassung Der Verf. vergleicht ein graphisches Verfahren, welches von ihm in früheren Untersuchungen angegeben und erläutert worden ist, mit den Formeln vonSchweydar, welche zweifellos in der Berechnung der topographischen Korrektionen der Grössen die mit der Drehwaage gemessen werden die mehr gebrauchten sind. Ausserdem, gibt er die Anwendungsbedingungen für die Entwicklungen und über den allgemeinen Ausdruck der Koeffizienten welche in der Bildung jener Entwicklungen auftreten. Zuletzt, ist die Arbeit mit einigen Verbindungen zur Kontrolle der Berechnung der Koeffizienten ergänzt.
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2.
Riassunto La nota accenna agli inconvenienti dell'igrometro tipoAlluard-Chistoni ed alla possibilità di ridurli. Si considera l'influenza della temperatura dell'etere, della velocità dell'aria e del tempo sulle modalità di inizio e progresso dell'appannamento della superficie speculare di un igrometro del suddetto tipo, al quale sono state apportate, alcune modifiche. A conclusione si esaminano la sensibilità e precisione massime significative nella determinazione dell'umidità relativa.
Summary The paper outlines briefly some of the inconveniences of theAlluard-Chistoni hygrometer and the possibilities of reducing same. The influence of ether temperature, air speed and time on the ways of starting and progressing of the dew on the polished surface of the above mentioned hygrometer, to which some changes have been brought, is discussed. Finally the highest significative sensitivity and accuracy on relative humidity measurements are examined.
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3.
Riassunto Nelle misure di elettricità atmosferica già altri AA. (L. Koenigsfeld & Ph. Piraux) si sono serviti di valvole ad elettrodi invertiti (placca pilota), accorgimento che eleva a qualche centinaia di volt la tensione di controllo senza ricorrere a resistenze di riduzione. Partendo da tale impiego di una valvola elettronica opportuna, gli AA. hanno costruito un elettrometro per la registrazione del potenziale atmosferico che presenta le principali caratteristiche seguenti: 1) la valvola elettrometrica fa corpo unico con la sonda radioattiva di captazione del campo, il che elimina le difficoltà di isolamento; 2) con una opportuna controtensione, l'apparecchio è atto a registrare sia il campo positivo come quello negativo, con diversi valori scala; 3) lo strumento, completo di captatore elettrometrico, registratore e batterie, è completamente autonomo e facilmente trasportabile.
Summary A recording electrometer for atmospheric potential is described. It makes use of a special triode with inverted electrodes (controlled by the anode, as already made byL. Koenigsfeld & Ph. Piraux). Among the improvements realised, the following chief characteristics are to be noted; 1) The difficulties of electric insulation are overcomed because the electrometric tube is built as a whole with the radioactive eollector; 2) Both the positive and the negative field can be recorded with different sensitivity by a convenient back-voltage; 3) The instrument operates with dry batteries alone and, also in account of its light weight, can be carried about quite easily and quickly installed.


Comunicazione presentata l'll Aprile 1953 alla Prima Assemblea Generale della Società Italiana di Geofisica e Meteorologia (Genova, 10–12 Aprile 1953).  相似文献   

4.
Sommario In alcuni moderni procedimenti per lo studio delle anomalie della gravità figura come elemento essenziale la divergenza del gradiente superficiale del modulo della gravità (secondo parametro differenziale diBeltrami) su di una superficie di livello del campo. Tale divergenza è espressa semplicemente mediante gli elementi geometrici e dinamici del campo, in particolare mediante le derivate seconde del modulo della gravità secondo le linee di forza. Nella presente Nota si applicano le formule generali al campo diSomigliana, riferito alle sue coordinate intrinseche e si calcolano i valori numerici di tale divergenza e di altri elementi del campo normale, di 10° in 10° di latitudine.
Summary In some modern procedures for the study of gravity anomalies, the divergence of the surface gradient of gravity (second differential parameter ofBeltrami) on a level surface is considered. Such divergence is connected with the geometrical and dynamical elements of the field by simple relations, in particular to with second derivatives of gravity along the lines of force. In the present paper the general formulae are applied toSomigliana's field referred to its intrinsic coordinates, and the values of the surface divergence and other elements of the normal field are given from 10° in 10° in latitude.
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5.
Summary Two definitions of solar intensity are discussed. It is shown, thatK. Wegener's definition, which includesBoltzmann-radiation of the instrument and the atmosphere, leads to conclusions opposite to representative measurements. The usual definition basing on energy-flux is proved by different methods and in very different climates. Yet there are still many problems to resolve before the solar constant will be known by an accuracy of ±1%.
Résumé On discute deux définitions de l'intensité du rayonnement solaire. On met en évidence que la définition deK. Wegener qui inclut le rayonnement thermique (Boltzmann) et de l'instrument et de l'atmosphère conduit à des conclusions contraires à l'expérience. La définition classique qui se base sur le flux d'énergie tient l'épreuve dans des climats très différents et ne dépend pas de la methode employée. Pourtant ils restent encore beaucoup de problèmes à résoudre jusqu'à ce que la constante solaire soit connue au ±1% près.
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6.
Summary To connect the continents, especially the European with the American one by geodetic measurements with regard to geophysical interest, the triangulation with movable high lights seems to be of a good prospect. In this method a single matter hitherto has not yet been sufficiently treated. To bring together the two parts of the principle figure on the place of the flares with higher accuracy, theLaplace' condition for three following points of the figure is specialized here, furnishing so a formula for the «bowing correction». Furthermore the technical observation methods are explained and some conclusions are added.
Résumé Au sujet de la connection géodésique du continent Européen au continent Américain par rapport à l'intérêt géophysique, la triangulation avec des lumières mouvantes a de bonnes chances de succès. Pour aider la réalisation il faut expliquer un sujet jusque là omis. Pour la jonction des deux parts de la figure principale au lieu des lumières d'une exactitude plus grande, la condition deLaplace a été spécialisée à trois points successives de la figure, résultant ainsi la formule pour la «correction de torsion». En outre la technique des observations a été traitée, jointe aux conclusions générales.
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7.
Riassunto È un terremoto già studiato su dati sismografici daP. Caloi che ha ottenuto una profondità ipocentrale di 18 Km. in disaccordo con i 37–51 calcolati con analoghi metodi per altri terremoti precedenti pure del Veneto. L'A. ha rideterminato la profondità ip. per il terremoto in questione con procedimento macrosismico, deducendo soltanto 4–5 Km. D'altra parte riesaminando i metodi delCaloi si è convinto che i suoi 18 Km. sono quanto mai incerti ed anche in forte contrasto col valore ottenuto pure microsismograficamente dalloSchmerwitz di 43 Km. Al riguardo l'A. ricorda e discute altre notevoli contraddizioni che intervengono in importanti questioni sismologiche.
Summary The above mentioned earthquake was already investigated byP. Caloi only by seismographic data obtaining a depth of 18 Km., while others shocks in the same zone, investigated with similar methods, should have been originated in depths of 37–51 Km. Therefore, the A. has undertake a new determination using a macroseismic method and became a value of only 4–5 Km. The discrepance is particularly great on account of the value of 43 Km. obtained bySchmerwitz also with microseismic methods. The unreliability of similar results for the solution of some important seismologic problem is analised.
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8.
Summary A formula is derived, which allows to calculate the vertical gradient of gravity from gravity anomalies with consideration of the whole gravitational field of the earth. It is shown that the formula given byEvjen for a plane surface in practical cases is nearly always sufficient. The accuracy of calculation is to be checked with regard to the geophysical applications. Two examples give an idea of the variations of the vertical gradient at the earth's surface. FurthermoreEvjen's method of direct structural calculation by means of the vertical gradient is discussed.
Résumé On déduit une formule qui permet de calculer, par rapport au champ total de gravité de la Terre, le gradient vertical de la pesanteur résultant des anomalies gravimétriques. Il s'en suit que la formule donnée parEvjen pour une surface plate est presque toujours suffisante dans les cas pratiques. On examine la précision du calcul à l'égard des applications géophysiques. Deux examples nous donnent une idée des variations du gradient vertical sur la surface de la Terre. Enfin on discute la méthode d'Evjen de calculer directement la structure a l'aide du gradient vertical.
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9.
Résumé Les observations des variations luni-solaires de la gravité en divers points du globe ne donnent pas des valuers très concordantes pour le facteur lié au module de rigidité de la Terre. On démontre ici que la répartition croissante des densités vers le centre de la Terre a pour conséquence d'amplifier encore les effets dus à l'élasticité. En adoptant la répartition deBullen, on aurait =1+0.244h>1, (h étant le premier nombre deLove). En outre une relation simple lie les facteurs et (déviations de la verticale). La valuer deh déduite de telles observations ne peut conduire directement à une valeur significative du module de rigidité du globe car il faut encore tenir compte des variations de la période et de l'amplitude du mouvement chandlérien du pôle.
Summary Observations of luni-solar variations of gravity at various points of the Earth do not give values in agreement for the factor bound to the Earth's modulus of rigidity. It is shown here that the law of increasing of density toward the center of the Earth emphasizes the effect of elasticity: following the law ofBullen, we should have =1+0.244h>1, (h is the firstLove's number). Further, there is a simple relation between the factors and (deviations of the vertical). The value ofh deduced from such observations could not give directly a significative value of the modulus of rigidity because we must take into account the variations of period and amplitude of the chandlerian motion of the pole.

Riassunto Le osservazioni delle variazioni luni-solari della gravità in diversi punti della Terra non dànno valori concordanti per il fattore legato al modulo di rigidità del Globo. Si dimostra che la ripartizione crescente della densità verso il centro della Terra ha per conseguenza di amplificare ancora gli effetti dell'elasticità; adottando la legge diBullen, abbiamo =1+0.244h>1, (h essendo il primo numero diLove). Inoltre, una semplice relazione lega i fattori e (deviazioni della verticale). Il valore dih dedotto da tali osservazioni non può condurre ad un valore significativo del modulo di rigidità del Globo poiché bisogna considerare anche le variazioni del periodo e dell'ampiezza del moto polare diChandler.
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10.
Riassunto Viene mostrato come sia possibile dare pratiche applicazioni alle formule diEötvös sulle relazioni fra anomalie gravimetriche e magnetiche, in modo da ricavare le proprietà magnetiche delle rocce che causano l'anomalia. Da ciò l'opportunità di eseguire sempre unitamente a misurazioni con la bilancia di torsione anche misure magnetiche.
Summary It is shown how is possible to give pratical applications toEötvös' formulas on relations between gravitational and magnetic anomalies, in such a way as to obtain informations on magnetic properties of rocks that cause the anomaly. It follows the opportunity of executing together with torsion balance measures, in as much as possible, also magnetic measurements.
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11.
Summary The determination of the swingtime of a pendulum by means of measurement and adjustment of a whole curve of coincidences has been practically examined. The earlier method of evaluating records of coincidences, like theSterneck subjective operation, only employed several time signals in the neighbourhoud of the time axis. By means of the whole evaluation of the coincidence curve is demonstrated now a ten times higher accuracy in swingtime with respect to the former method. This can be applied to determine not only one value ofT, but 10–20 values in two hours during the same swing of the pendulum. That seems to be of importance not only for acceleration of field application, but chiefly to the analysis in absoluteg-determination by pendulums.
Résumé La détermination du temps d'oscillation d'un pendule par ajustement d'une courbe enrégistrée de coincidences a été examinée. La méthode précédente, fondée directement sur l'opération deSterneck, employa seulement quelques signaux pendulaires auxiliaires, immédiatement voisins à l'axe du temps. Maintenant on a utilisé tous les signaux d'une courbe de coincidences enrégistrée et par là et par un ajustement sévère on a atteint une exactitude dix fois plus grande. On pourrait employer cet agrandissement à la dérivation 10–20 fois en deux heures du temps d'oscillation pendant la même oscillation pendulaire. Celà offre la possibilité d'accélerer les mesures en campagne, comme l'analyse des mesures absolues gravimétriques pendulaires.
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12.
Summary The largest members in longitude and latitude of the theoretical movement of the earth's moon, developped byHill 1891 fromDelaunays theory of the moon, have been here calculated with new, now better known numerical values. Effectively a highly better accordance of the observed values with the theoretical ones has been obtained. This method will be able to give an important contribution to the determination of the figure of the earth with regard to the geometrical and the static flattening, specially by moons observation material of 1850–1950.
Résumé Les membres les plus grands en longitude et latitude du mouvement théorique de la lune développés parHill 1891, fondés sur la théorie deDelaunay, sont ici calculés avec de nouvelles valeurs numériques de meilleure connaissance. C'est pourquoi une bonne accordance est obtenue des valeurs observées avec les valeurs théoriques. La méthode donne une contribution importante à la détermination de la figure de la terre par rapport à l'aplatissement géométrique et l'aplatissement statique, principalement par égard aux observations de la lune 1850–1950.
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13.
Summary The backside picture of the Moon has revealed the surprising fact, that the northern part of the frontside only contains a large complex of «mare», while nearly the whole surface else seems to be «continent». This anisotropy which is widely conform with that of the earth's sialic cover, contradicts to a birth of the Moon from the earth and demands a new discussion about the origin of the Pacific basin. Such a parallelism of Earth and Moon might be compatible with the known theories of an Earth pear (G. Darwin, Pickering, Poincaré), the rupture of which would have made each of the two fragment-bodies retain a hole in its sialic cover. Unfortunately the energy balance given byJeffreys has completely refuted the possibility of such a disjunction. An ejection of the Moon's material, caused by a large meteorite, only remained discussable since. But the expulsed matter, after being disturbed into the room, would not have gathered to a body with a single large hole at its cover. A theory therefore is needed which explains the Moon's mare-complex as well as the Pacific basin. The theory, proposed byJeffreys andVening Meinesz, of a primary convection current which passed the centre of the Earth and in spreading around the globe produced the original distribution of the Earth's sialic cover, is worth increased attention.
Résumé La photo de l'arrière de la lune a révélé le fait surprenant, que seulement la partie nord du devant de la lune contient un large groupe de «mare», tandis que presque tout le reste de la surface semble être continent. Cette anisotropie, qui est assez conforme à celle de la distribution sialique sur la terre, contredit à ce que la lune soit née de la terre et met de nouveau en discussion le problème du Pacifique. Un tel parallélisme entre terre et lune aurait pu se concilier avec les théories connues d'une terre poire (G. Darwin, Pickering, Poincaré), dont la rupture aurait fait tous les deux corps fragmentaires retenir un seul grand trou dans leur couverture sialique. Malheureusement la balance d'énergie donnée parJeffreys a prouvé l'impossiblité absolue d'une telle disjonction. Il restait la théorie d'une éjection du matériel de la lune, causée par un grand météorite. Mais ce matériel, après s'être dispersé explosivement dans l'espace, ne se serait pas ramassé à un corps portant une couverture avec un tel grand trou. Il faut donc une théorie propre à expliquer en même temps le groupe lunaire de mare et le bassin pacifique. La théorie proposée parJeffreys etVening Meinesz, d'un courant primaire de convection, qui traversait le centre de la terre, produisant la distribution originaire du sial sur la terre, nous semble mériter dès maintenant une considération remarquable.
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14.
Summary The chief object treated here relates to the proposals of the author, to modify the wellknown thread-pendulum apparatus (FP), constructed byBessel 1826 at Königsberg, aiming at the introduction of modern physical methods and materials. This method seems to be the single one comparable in exactitude with reversion pendulum (RP). Further more the free fall method (FF) has been shortly discussed with regard to the expectable mean errors, for purpose of comparison with the two others. The FF-method seems not to be able to control the RP-measurements.
Résumé L'objet principal de l'article se rapporte à des propositions de l'auteur ayant le but de modifier le bienconnu appareil à fil (FP), construit parBessel en 1826 à Königsberg. Les propositions tendent à l'introduction de méthodes et de matériaux physiques modernes. La méthode est probablement la seule comparable en exactitude aux pendules de reversion (RP). En outre la méthode de la chute libre (FF) a été discutée relativement aux erreurs moyennes expectables, au but de la comparaison avec les deux autres. La méthode FF est trouvée incapable à contrôler les mesures RP.
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15.
Riassunto E'stato calcolato il valore medio dello spessore ottico dell'atmosfera () in funzione degli elementi meteorologici al suolo, riconoscendo che esso può ritenersi praticamente indipendente da questi. Poichè i valori delle intensità delle radiazioni diffuse dall'atmosfera, ricavati dalla teoria delChandrasekhar, sono, per una data altezza del sole e per ogni direzione della visuale, funzioni soltanto di e dell'albedo, si deduce che queste intensità risultano indipendenti dalle condizioni meteorologiche. Il che porta a concludere che: 1o) o effettivamente le intensità della luce diffusa dalle molecole d'aria non dipendono dai fattori meteorologici; 2o) oppure la teoria delChandrasekhar, completa per quel che riguarda le diffusioni multiple, non risponde in pieno alle condizioni reali. — Il confronto delle curve teoriche della polarizzazione della luce-diffusa dalla volta celeste con quelle ottenute in base ad osservazioni eseguite all'Osservatorio Vesuviano, non dà un accordo accettabile. Pur non escludendo che il mancato accordo sia da attribuire, almeno in parte, alla diffusione non molecolare, si è portati verso la seconda alternativa.
Summary The average optical atmospheric thickness () as a function of the meteorologic ground elements has been calculated, obtaining a result which shows its inependence from those elements. The intensity of the radiations scattered by the atmosphere, as deduced fromChandrasekhar's theory for a given hight of the suns and for every direction, being a function only of and of the albedo, it follows that these intensities are independent from the meteorologic conditions. Then it can be concluded that: 1st) either the intensity of the light scattered by the air molecules does not depend from the meteorologic factors, 2nd) orChandrasekhar's theory, adequate for the computation of the effect of multiple scattering, does not entirely represents the real phenomenon. — Comparing the theoretic patterns for the polarization of sky scattered light with the experimental data obtained in the Vesuvian Observatory, an acceptable agreement has not be found. Although taking into account the scattering of other than molecular origin, the second hypothesis seems more probable.
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16.
Zusammenfassung Auf der Magadinoebene (Südschweiz) wurden ein Jahr lang Niederschlagsmessungen mit drei Pluviometern in verschiedenen Aufstellungen vorgenommen; 1. Normale, windgeschützte Aufstellung auf 1.50 m hohem Pfosten, 2. Aufstellung auf 1.50 m hohen Pfosten ohne Windschutz, 3. Niederschlagsmesser im Boden versenkt. Obwohl die Windgeschwindigkeiten auf der Magadinoehene klein sind, zeigt sich doch schon der Einfluss des Windes auf die Messergebnisse ganz eindeutig. Der im Boden versenkte Niederschlagsmesser gab die grösste Menge, dann folgte der windgeschützte, während der ohne Windschutz die kleinste Menge aufwies. Diese Ergebnisse stehen in Uebereinstimmung mit denen vonKoschmieder.
Summary Measuring tests on precipitations were carried out during one year on the Plain of Magadino (Southern Switzerland) by means of three pluviometers in different positions: 1) normal windprotected position on posts 1.50 meters high, 2) position on posts 1.50 meters high without protection, 3) rain-gauge sunk into the soil. Although windvelocities on the Plain of Magadino are low, the influence of the wind on measuring results is distinctly noticeable. The sunken rain-gauge produced the greatest amount, then followed the one protected from the wind, wheareas the one without wind protection showed the smallest amount. These results are in accordance with those ofKoschmieder.

Riassunto Sul Piano di Magadino (Svizzera meridionale) si eseguirono per un anno intero misure delle preciptazioni usando tre pluviometri in posizioni diverse: 1) posizione normale, protetta dal vento, su un palo alto m 1.50, 2) posizione su un palo alto m 1.50 senza protezione peril vento, 3) Pluviometro affondato nel terreno. Sebbene le velocità del vento sul Piano di Magadino siano piccole, l'influsso di esso sui risultati delle misure è notevole. Il pluviometro nel terreno dà la maggiore quantità, segue poi quello protetto dal vento, mentre quello senza protezione presenta la minor quantità. Questi risultati concordano con quelli diKoschmieder.
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17.
Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Verteilung der Kondensationskerne auf der Messplatte des kleinenScholz-Zählers untersucht. Die Ergebnisse sind die folgenden: 1) Mit zunehmender Expansionsgeschwindigkeit und Kerndichte verstärkt sich die Wirbelbildung im Rezipienten und führt zu einer ungleichmässigen Verteilung der Kerne auf der Messplatte. 2) Der Einfluss der Expansionsgeschwindigkeit kann dann vernachlässigt werden, wenn die Luftprobe so dosiert wird, dass etwa 5–8 Tropfen auf den Quadratmillimeter fallen. 3) Der Rührflügel ist notwendig. Er muss jedoch so angebracht werden, dass er keine zusätzliche Wirbelbildung verursacht.
Summary In this paper results of researches which have been carried out on the distribution of the condensation nucleus on the ruled plate of the small counter-Scholz are presented. They are as follows: 1) The quicker the expansion and the greater the number of the nucleus, the stronger the vortex in the receiver. This vortex causes an irregular distribution of the nucleus on the ruled plate. 2) The influence of the velocity of expansion can be disregarded when the quantity of dust-laden air is chosen in such a manner, that no more than 5–8 droplets fall upon the ruled plate. 3) The stirrer is absolutely necessary, but its construction must not cause any new vortexes.

Riassunto Nella presente ricerca si studia la distribuzione dei nuclei di condensazione sulla lastra di misura del piccolo contatoreScholz. I risultati sono i seguenti: 1) Con l'aumento della velocità di espansione e della densità dei nuclei, si rafforza la formazione di vortici nel recipiente e si ha una distribuzione irregolare dei nuclei sulla lastra di misura. 2) L'influenza della velocità di espansione può essere trascurata quando il provino d'aria vien dosato in modo che su un millimetro quadrato cadano pressapoco 5–8 gocce. 3) La paletta per rimescolare l'aria è necessaria. Deve però essere applicata in modo che non provochi una formazione supplementare di vortici.
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18.
Résumé La comparaison des mesures de radioactivité et de concentration de l'ozone en un même lieu, montre que l'approvisionnement, dans les deux cas, se fait par arrivées discontinues; ainsi se trouve confirmée l'hypothèse deG. Lambert d'injections à partir de la basse stratosphère à l'occasion de ruptures momentanées de la barrière de la tropopause, conformément aux calculs deStaley. D'autres exemples montrent comment les données fournies par l'ozone et la radioactivité se complètent pour préciser les grands mouvements de l'atmosphère.
Summary We have compared the measurements made at the same location on artificial radioactivity of the air and ozone concentration; the results show that in both cases, these products reach ground level by discrete periods of time and not continously. This is in agreement withG. Lambert's assumption of injections from the lower stratosphere throught the tropopause barrier when this barrier is temporarily opened according toStaley's computations. Other examples show how ozone and radioactivity data give complementary information in the field of movements of the atmosphere.
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19.
Riassunto Nel riesaminare i risultati cui sono pervenuti altri studiosi nella determinazione della profondità alla quale furono originati alcuni terremoti, l'A. ha dovuto riconoscere che le conclusioni dei loro calcoli non sono attendibili. Lo stesso è avvenuto recentemente per il terremoto veneto dell'8-6-1934, pel quale il prof. P. Caloi aveva trovato 37 km, basati su dati sismografici. Adoperando invece il metodo della decrescenza dell'intensità con la distanza, l'A. ha ottenuto ca. 10 km. Tale grave disaccordo lo ha indotto a riesaminare i vari metodi adottati dal Caloi — specie quello dell'angolo di emergenza delle onde sismiche — ed è giunto alla conclusione che la profondità di 37 km, in apparenza assai lusinghiera tanto da presentare un errore medio di soli 0,4 km, è ben lontana da raggiungere tanta esattezza.
Summary The methods for estimate the depth of a earthquake are examined again by the Author, who come to the conclusion that some results of calculation are unreliable. This is explain for the earthquake of 8th June 1934 (Veneto), already examined by P. Caloi, who found a depth of 37 km, by means of elements deduced from seismological diagrams only. Instead, the A., using the method grounded on the decreasing of the intensity with the distance, has obtained 10 km. The analysis of this great discrepance show that some methods, as that of the angle of emergency, should be applied with prudence and limitation to assure reliable results.

Zusammenfassung Der Verf. überprüft die Ergebnisse erhalten in der Tiefe-Bestimmung eines Bebens und zeigt wie einige Schlussfolgerungen unzulässig sind. Das wird ausführlich für das Erdbeben vom 8. Juni 1934 (Venetien) gezeigt, welches P. Caloi schon untersucht hat, erhaltend eine Tiefe von 37 km und zwar allein auf Grund von mikroseismischen Elementen. Dagegen, mit Anwendung des Verfahrens der Intensität-Abnahme mit dem Abstand, hat der Verf. eine Tiefe von nur 10 km erhalten. Diese grosse Verschiedenheit wird da me stesso studiato (1): di Costantinopoli del 1894 dal franceseLacoine (4) e (5); dei Colli Laziali del 1911, 1927 e 1928 dall'Oddone (2) e (34); dell'Istria del 29-VIII-1931, del Friuli del 25-XII-1931, di Belluno del 27-XII-1933, tutti studiati dalCaloi (14), (21), (23); quello Calabro-Siculo del 1938 dal rumenoDemetrescu (6) e (7).
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20.
Résumé En utilisant un radar fonctionnant sur une longueur d'onde de 3.2 cm et dont le faisceau explorateur horizontal a une ouverture de 3 degrés, on a constaté parfois la présence d'échos au dessus de la mer, à des distances comprises entre 5 et 35 milles marins, par temps clair, en l'absence complète de nuages.Ces échos se présentent sous la forme de rubans sinueux ou d'amas. Ils apparaissent pendant des durées variables entre quelques minutes et quelques heures. Ils sont plus fréquents pendant l'été et n'ont pas jusqu'ici été observés en hiver.Ces échos anormaux sont toujours accompagnés d'échos de vagues proches. Lorsqu'on les observe au-delà de l'horizon, il arrive qu'on observe également des obstacles tels que des bateaux ou des iles dans des directions très voisines, mais rien au-delà. Ils seraient dus à une réfraction super-normale du faisceau hertzien et à une réflexion sur les vagues. On discute les conditions de température, pression et surtout d'humidité, qui conduisent à une loi de distribution verticale de l'indice susceptible de produire la superéfraction. On considère même la loi de distribution qui aboutit à une focalisation du faisceau telle qu'elle est parfois observée.
Summary By using a radar (3.2 cm wave-length) with an horizontal beam having a 3° aperture cone, peculiar echoes have been observed above the sea surface, coming from ranges between 5 and 35 nautical miles, for clear weather, without any clouds. These echoes affect the form of sinuous ribbons or of clusters. They last for various lengths of time, from a few minutes to a few hours. They are more frequent during summer and, until now, they were never observed in winter. These unusual echoes are always accompanied with sea echoes from proximate waves. When they are coming from beyond the horizon, it may happen that targets such as ships or islets lying in nearly the same direction are observed, but nothing is observed beyond these echoes. They are ascribed to supranormal refraction of the hertzian beam together with reflection on the sea waves. Temperature, pressure and chiefly humidity conditions leading to a vertical distribution law of the refraction index consistent with superrefraction are discussed. The distribution law leading to the focusing of the beam which sometimes occurs is also considered.


Sujet traité dans une conférence faite parM. E. Vassy le 10 Avril 1953 à la lère Assemblée de la «Società Italiana di Geofisica e Meteorologia» (Genova, 10–12 Avril 1953).

Lieutenant de VaisseauJean Broc, Musée Océanographique deMonaco (Monte-Carlo).  相似文献   

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