X射线衍射增强成像的折射角信息提取算法综述

本文简要地介绍了衍射增强成像方法的物理原理,根据折射角信息提取所需要的DEI图像采样的数量进行分类,分别详细介绍了利用两幅DEI图像、三幅DEI图像以及多幅DEI图像进行折射角信息提取的算法,并依次分析了它们的特点及性能.对于不同的实际应用需要,灵活的选择使用这些折射角信息提取方法,可以获得更好的图像效果.     

远程监控报警系统在前兆无人值守台站的应用

使用C++编程语言编写前兆无人值守台站的远程监控实时报警系统,该系统以路由器连接网络摄像头与计算机作为硬件基础,通过设置监控标准图像,以0.04 s为间隔,实时采集远程摄像头监控图像,对比实时监控图像与标准图像,当场地环境与标准图像有差异时发出警告信息,以此实现前兆无人值守台站的远程监控实时报警。     

双能CT诊断膝关节前交叉韧带损伤可行性探讨

目的:探讨双能CT在膝关节前交叉韧带(ACL)损伤中的应用可行性。方法:30例膝关节外伤患者行双能CT和MR检查,观察软组织CT图像、双能CT肌腱伪彩(DETC)图像和MR图像上ACL。以MR图像为参考标准,评估双能CT图像诊断ACL损伤的预测值。结果:MR图像、软组织CT图像、联合软组织CT图像和DETC图像诊断明确的ACL损伤的例数分别为23、11和20。软组织CT图像诊断ACL损伤的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值及准确度分别为47.8%、100.0%、100.0%、36.8%和60.0%;联合软组织CT图像和DETC图像诊断ACL损伤的各预测值分别为82.6%、85.7%、95.0%、60.0%和83.3%。与软组织CT图像相比,联合软组织CT图像和DETC图像诊断ACL损伤的敏感度和准确度均有明显增加(敏感度和准确度相应的χ2值分别为6.133和4.022,P值均<0.05)。结论:联合双能CT的软组织CT图像和DETC图像可诊断ACL损伤,并具有较高的预测值。      

Estimating tree abundance from remotely sensed imagery in semi-arid and arid environments: bringing small trees to the light

The analysis of remotely sensed images provides a powerful method for estimating tree abundance. However, a number of trees have sizes that are below the spatial resolution of remote sensing images, and as a result they cannot be observed and classified. We propose a method for estimating the number of such sub-resolution trees on forest stands. The method is based on a backwards extrapolation of the size-class distribution of trees as observed from the remotely sensed images. We apply our method to a tree database containing around 13,000 tree individuals to determine the number of sub-resolution trees. While the proposed method is formulated for estimating tree abundance from remotely sensed images, it is generally applicable to any database containing tree canopy surface area data with a minimum size cut-off.     

64层螺旋CT血管造影在主动脉夹层动脉瘤中的应用

目的：评价64层螺旋CT血管造影在主动脉夹层动脉瘤中的应用价值。材料与方法：收集主动脉夹层动脉瘤CT血管造影41例,原始横断面图像结合MPR、MIP、VR进行图像分析。结果：原始横断面图像能明确主动脉夹层动脉瘤的诊断,能清晰显示真假腔41例（100%）,分离移位的内膜片41例（100%）、内膜破口37例（90.2%）、...     

遥感影像的分类评价及可视化分析——以平顶山市平煤矿区附近区域为例

选取平顶山平煤矿区附近区域作为研究区,使用无人机进行拍摄,以获悉矿区周边地物种类,补充辅助决策中的居民地、道路等信息,重点研究遥感影像的分析处理.为实现遥感影像分类并增强可视化效果,以无人机影像为源图像,分别采用无人机正射影像的主流处理软件Photoscan和Pix4d,完成图像的预处理及拼接,发现利用Pix4d软件进...     

Imaging coherent backscatter radar studies of equatorial spread F

A new interferometric imaging technique has been used at Jicamarca to study the morphology and dynamics of plasma irregularities occurring during spread F conditions. The technique produces two-dimensional, in-beam images of the coherent scatter from these irregularities, instantaneously mapping the structure of the underlying plasma instabilities in the equatorial plane. We present sequences of images depicting backscatter from bottom-type layers, bottomside layers, and topside plumes drifting and rising through the ionospheric regions illuminated by the Jicamarca radar. The high spatial and temporal resolution of the images permits us to observe dynamical phenomena missed by conventional fixed- and steered-beam techniques. The new images show evidence of intermediate- and large-scale plasma depletions bifurcating and pinching off from the bottomside as they ascend. Analytic models are presented to describe these dynamical effects. The images also differentiate between bottom-type and bottomside spread F layers, the former being shown to have much smaller scale primary waves than the latter. Ample evidence of secondary plasma instabilities appear throughout the images. The consequences of these secondary instabilities and of shear flow are discussed.     

能谱CT参数在评估局部梗死心肌图像质量中的研究

目的:通过研究评价能谱CT(Spectral CT)成像功能参数的有效性,并探讨这些参数在评估局部梗死心肌图像质量中的临床应用价值。方法:收集我院30例冠心病患者,均在一次扫描中行宝石能谱CT常规冠脉CTA(CCTA)扫描模式和宝石能谱成像(GSI)扫描模式。患者均在一周内行心脏MRI扫描。常规混合能量图像上分析冠状动脉的狭窄程度。分别找出1 min和3 min单光子能量水平的图像上梗死心肌与正常心肌的最佳对比噪声比(optimal CNR)以及对应的最佳单能量值和此能量值的图像噪声值,通过单因数方差分析方法与常规混合能量图像的对比噪声比(CNR)和图像噪声值进行比较。在MRI心肌灌注图像上找出梗死心肌并与能谱CT进行相关性对比。结果:宝石能谱CT共检出梗死心肌36个区域,所有梗死心肌在CCTA图像上均有区域供血冠脉50%以上狭窄(71.7%±16.2%),并且找出的梗死心肌与MRI心肌灌注图像有较高的相关性(r=100%,P=0.00)。1 min、3 min单光子能量水平图像上最佳CNR值明显高于常规混合能量图像CNR值(P<0.05)。1 min、3 min最佳单能量值水平的图像噪声值均低于常规混合能量图像(P<0.05)。结论:能谱CT的GSI能谱成像模式较常规混合能量图像能够明显提高图像质量,从而提高了梗死心肌的检测效率。      

Application of random sets to model uncertainties of natural entities extracted from remote sensing images

Remotely sensed images as a major data source to observe the earth, have been extensively integrated into spatial-temporal analysis in environmental research. Information on spatial distribution and spatial-temporal dynamic of natural entities recorded by series of images, however, usually bears various kinds of uncertainties. To deepen our insight into the uncertainties that are inherent in these observations of natural phenomena from images, a general data modeling methodology is developed to embrace different kinds of uncertainties. The aim of this paper is to propose a random set method for uncertainty modeling of spatial objects extracted from images in environmental study. Basic concepts of random set theory are introduced and primary random spatial data types are defined based on them. The method has been applied to dynamic wetland monitoring in the Poyang Lake national nature reserve in China. Four Landsat images have been used to monitor grassland and vegetation patches. Their broad gradual boundaries are represented by random sets, and their statistical mean and median are estimated. Random sets are well suited to estimate these boundaries. We conclude that our method based on random set theory has a potential to serve as a general framework in uncertainty modeling and is applicable in a spatial environmental analysis.     

Morphologic analysis of the temporal change of forest cover

A morphologic analysis of forest cover in a time span of twelve years is presented in this work. Two multispectral LANDSAT TM-4 images of the years 1989 and 2001 were used. These images cover a forest area where significant changes have occurred in such years. These images were expanded in terms of canonical-expansion variables that describe the spatial-spectral response of the forest masses. The images were modeled as a vector field of as many dimensions as the number of bands employed in the analysis. A vector field was constructed using canonical-variable bands. The set of canonical variables for each year was used to quantify a vector change of the forest masses. This vector change quantifies the degree of alteration of the forest masses. A region-growth algorithm was used to segment the areas occupied by the forest. This algorithm uses as input the canonical variables. The result of such segmentation is a binary image named the bitmap. From this bitmap, a morphologic analysis of the area occupied by the forest was undertaken. A DEM generated from a radar interferometric pair of the RADARSAT 1 satellite, was used to perform a cross-reference with the bitmaps. This cross-reference leads to the derivation of the elevation of occurrence of changes in the forest masses.     

工业X射线CT中基于深度学习的射束硬化伪影抑制方法

利用工业CT进行无损检测时,由于实际X射线源的宽能谱特性,目前现有的大部分重建算法得到的图像含有射束硬化伪影。射束硬化伪影降低了图像的质量,影响了CT图像应用,如CT图像诊断等。本文提出一种基于深度学习的减少硬化伪影的方法,用大量含有硬化伪影的断层图像作为输入,用相应的在固定能量下重建的不含硬化伪影的图像作为输出来训练卷积神经网络。通过建立含有硬化伪影的断层图像与不含硬化伪影的断层图像之间的映射关系,来抑制硬化伪影。实验结果证明了本文所提方法在降低CT图像硬化伪影上的有效性。      

Mouths of world rivers in the atlas of space images

This article characterizes the atlas prepared at the Faculty of Geography, Moscow State University; 87 mouths of the largest world rivers are presented in space images. The atlas has 325 pages, 95 maps, 425 images and six printer’s sheets of explanatory text. The atlas is based on space images in the Internet galleries with data representation at different territorial levels (river mouth area-delta, estuary or their complex-typical delta reaches). The atlas shows specific features of river mouth areas, their hydrological and morphological structure, including estuaries and river deltas, their long-term and seasonal dynamics, landscapes and delta land use, hydraulic structures in deltas, ports, cultural and historical monuments, as well as recreation objects.     

EEFIT mission to Haiti following the 12th January 2010 earthquake

The M _w =  7.2 Haiti earthquake of 12th January 2010 caused extensive damage to buildings and other infrastructure in the epicentral region in and around Port-au-Prince. The Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team (EEFIT), which is based in the United Kingdom, organised a field mission to Haiti with the authors as the team members. The paper presents the geotechnical findings of the team including those relating to soil liquefaction and lateral spreading and discusses the performance of buildings, including historic buildings, and bridges. Unprecedented use was made of damage assessments made from remote images (i.e. images taken from satellites and aircraft) when planning the post-earthquake relief effort in Haiti and a principal objective of the team was to evaluate the accuracy of such assessments. Accordingly, 142 buildings in Port-au-Prince were inspected in the field by the EEFIT team; damage assessments had previously been made using remote images for all these buildings. On the basis of this survey, the tendency of remote assessments to underestimate damage was confirmed; it was found that the underestimate applied to assessments based on oblique images using the relatively new technique of Pictometry, as well as those based on vertical images, although to a lesser degree. The paper also discusses the distribution of damage in Port-au-Prince, which was found to be strongly clustered in ways that appear not to have been completely explained.     

红外热成像技术在震后房屋损坏快速鉴定中的应用研究.

本文引入了目前地震现场房屋快速安全性鉴定工作的辅助手段——红外热像无损检测技术,借用图像处理手段、数学统计方法等,探讨了震后房屋破坏红外图像的表现效果,分析了红外图像与各影响因素的关系.文中以汶川地震现场建筑物的典型震害为代表,重点分析了框架结构、砖混结构、简单结构房屋的红外图像表现.本文所涉及的建筑材料主要有水泥砂浆、钢筋混凝土、红砖、黏土、楠木、石棉瓦、水泥板等:表面装饰层材质有红漆、白色抹灰、黄色涂料、白色壁纸、红色瓷砖、白色瓷砖等.材料的物理性质不同,其表现出的红外图像特征差别较大.统计相关分析结果显示:图像的表现效果在下午时段优于中午时段和上午时段;晴天拍摄图像的表现效果最佳,雨天次之,阴天最差.同时,要考虑红外热像无损检测技术检测漏水破坏的优势,充分利用雨天对建筑物破坏的影响;光照射情况与红外图像表现效果的关系为:直面照射条件优于倾斜照射和不能照射;破坏程度相关分析统计结果显示,构件的“基本完好、轻微破坏、中等破坏”这3个破坏等级,随着破坏程度的递进,图像的表现效果增强;而构件的“中等破坏、严重破坏、毁坏”这3个破坏等级,随着破坏程度的递进,图像的表现效果无显著变化;对结构类型数据统计结果显示,底框架结构图像的表现效果优于砖混结构、框架结构和简单结构;装饰层材质分类相关统计分析结果显示,图像表现效果与材质性质、颜色、表面粗糙状况等因素有关.     

Multiscale study for stochastic characterization of shale samples

Characterization of shale reservoirs, which are typically of low permeability, is very difficult because of the presence of multiscale structures. While three-dimensional (3D) imaging can be an ultimate solution for revealing important complexities of such reservoirs, acquiring such images is costly and time consuming. On the other hand, high-quality 2D images, which are widely available, also reveal useful information about shales’ pore connectivity and size. Most of the current modeling methods that are based on 2D images use limited and insufficient extracted information. One remedy to the shortcoming is direct use of qualitative images, a concept that we introduce in this paper. We demonstrate that higher-order statistics (as opposed to the traditional two-point statistics, such as variograms) are necessary for developing an accurate model of shales, and describe an efficient method for using 2D images that is capable of utilizing qualitative and physical information within an image and generating stochastic realizations of shales. We then further refine the model by describing and utilizing several techniques, including an iterative framework, for removing some possible artifacts and better pattern reproduction. Next, we introduce a new histogram-matching algorithm that accounts for concealed nanostructures in shale samples. We also present two new multiresolution and multiscale approaches for dealing with distinct pore structures that are common in shale reservoirs. In the multiresolution method, the original high-quality image is upscaled in a pyramid-like manner in order to achieve more accurate global and long-range structures. The multiscale approach integrates two images, each containing diverse pore networks – the nano- and microscale pores – using a high-resolution image representing small-scale pores and, at the same time, reconstructing large pores using a low-quality image. Eventually, the results are integrated to generate a 3D model. The methods are tested on two shale samples for which full 3D samples are available. The quantitative accuracy of the models is demonstrated by computing their morphological and flow properties and comparing them with those of the actual 3D images. The success of the method hinges upon the use of very different low- and high-resolution images.     

三维速度结构的研究现状和展望

本文评述了三维速度图像研究的现状,简要地叙述了在全球尺度、大尺度和区域尺度内三维速度图像重建所取得的主要成果.笔者在介绍了三维速度图像同地球科学其它领域的关系之后,在对未来的展望中认为,为板块构造和地球动力学这样一些基本的地学问题提供直接的地震学的证据将是一个长期的目标,并为此提出了三个要解决的问题,还针对我国现有条件提出了供选择的参考课题.     

ENHANCED MIGRATION OF SEISMIC DATA1

The so-called ‘enhanced migration’ which uses diffraction tomography as the ‘repair tool’ for correction of amplitudes (reflection coefficients) of migrated sections is discussed. As with any linearized procedure, diffraction tomography requires knowledge of the initial model. It is suggested that the initial model is taken as the migrated image. It will be demonstrated that diffraction tomography applied to the data residuals improves the amplitudes of the migrated images. Migration is redefined as the reconstruction of the wavefront sets of distributions (reflection interfaces), and the inversion process as tomographic correction of migrated images.     

基于太湖气溶胶类型分区的环境一号卫星CCD大气校正

由两颗卫星组成的环境卫星星座系统所提供的CCD数据具有较高的时间分辨率,使其在内陆湖泊水环境遥感监测中具有较大的应用潜力,对其有效的大气校正方法的研究则是其定量化参数反演的前提.基于准同步的MODIS数据辅助,根据气溶胶的差异性,将太湖划分为北部湖区、其他湖区两块区域,利用辐射传输模型,研究太湖环境一号CCD数据大气校正的方法,并对2009年4月17、21、25日数据进行大气校正.研究结果表明,该大气校正方法直接使用较为成熟的MODIS各类产品,克服了传统大气校正中依赖于现场同步测量大气参数的缺陷,能够快速、有效地完成环境一号CCD数据的大气校正.基于气溶胶类型对太湖进行分区后,所求算的遥感反射率精度高于6S模型和暗像元等大气校正方法得到的结果.     

石嘴山地震台伸缩仪典型异常图像及形成原因浅析

通过对石嘴山台伸缩仪2008年至今资料的分析,绘制一系列典型异常图像,主要从自然、仪器、人为、不明原因等四方面简要总结了各种干扰的形成原因,此外从同震记录方面分析总结了伸缩仪典型异常图像形成的机理。     

建筑物震害多源遥感特征与机理分析

随着遥感信息源的不断增加,多种遥感数据被用于详细判读建筑物的震害情况.为准确判读震害等级与建立震害自动识别模式,本文收集整理了汶川地震震区的震害遥感图像,通过目视判读、图像处理、统计分析,重点分析了各类震害建筑物在光学影像中的特征表现、在合成孔径雷达图像中的成像机理特征以及在激光雷达图像中的三维特征.在此基础上构建了建筑物简化模型,并联合光学影像和雷达图像对震害建筑物的影像特征剖面予以分析.结果显示:光学遥感图像色彩信息符合人眼色觉原理,具有较好的直观判读效果;合成孔径雷达图像能够记录地物侧面、表面的粗糙程度和角反射特点,信息量丰富但不直观;激光雷达图像能获取建筑物的三维信息,因此震害评估工作中需有效地综合利用多源遥感数据,才能实现最佳的判识效果.