铁路空心墩抗震性能的拟静力试验研究

铁路桥梁空心墩在铁路建设中普遍使用,空心墩与实体墩有较大差异,空心墩塑性铰区域的长度能否直接采用实体墩的研究结果尚不明确,采用缩尺模型进行模拟试验是一种比较理想的手段。本文以大瑞铁路的空心桥墩为原型,制作了3个大比例尺的缩尺模型,采用拟静力试验方法进行了截面合理配筋、地震破坏模式及塑性铰区域长度研究,得到了空心高墩在水平反复荷载作用下的骨架曲线、滞回曲线、塑性铰区长度及破坏特征。试验结果表明,现有设计配筋率下模型桥墩呈现延性破坏,破坏特征体现为混凝土的压碎,有明显的塑性铰区域;模型桥墩的塑性铰区域长度与墩底截面受力方向尺寸相近。采用数值模拟得到单调加载骨架曲线和试验骨架曲线,与试验得到曲线能较好地吻合。     

地下结构抗震性能土工模型箱拟静力试验中土体尺寸的影响研究

随着地下空间的开发和地铁、隧道等地下结构的大规模建设,地下结构的抗震性能受到重视。相比于地上结构抗震性能研究的丰富成果,地下结构抗震性能的研究还远远落后,试验成果相对缺乏。地下结构土工模型箱拟静力试验可以较为合理地反映土与结构的相互作用,是一种适用于地下结构抗震性能研究的试验技术手段。在该试验中,模型箱内土体的尺寸是重要的试验参数,可能会对试验结果产生重要影响。因此,如何确定合理的土体尺寸是地下结构土工模型箱拟静力试验中应该研究的重要内容之一。文中以地下单跨结构为例,通过数值模拟研究了地下结构土工模型箱拟静力试验中土体尺寸对试验结果的影响。结果表明,地下结构土工模型箱拟静力试验中土体尺寸对地下结构抗震性能产生影响,地下结构抗震性能拟静力试验中结构周围的土体不宜忽略;在这一试验中存在一个合理的土体尺寸取值范围,当模型箱内的土体尺寸控制在该范围内时,既可以有效反映土体对地下结构的约束作用,又可以合理地反映地下结构的受力状态,确保获得可信的试验结果,同时有助于适当减小试验中的用土量。文中通过对比分析,给出了典型地下单跨结构拟静力试验中土体尺寸的建议取值。研究结果对地下结构土工模型箱拟静力试验...     

数据中心典型开关电源柜抗震性能拟静力试验研究

开关电源柜是数据中心(IDC)的重要设备,其在地震作用下的功能和性能表现对数据中心震后功能正常工作有重要影响。本文对一种典型开关电源柜进行了拟静力试验,研究其在水平地震荷载作用下的损伤特征,获得相关力学性能参数,为准确建立开关电源柜有限元分析模型提供依据。试验所用的开关电源柜包括交流柜、整流柜和直流柜三个柜体,试验中对三个柜体分别沿其抗震弱方向进行低周往复加载,逐级增大柜顶位移直至柜体发生严重破坏或丧失使用功能,观察柜体损伤发展过程及特征损伤现象,研究破坏机理,获得承载力-变形滞回曲线。由试验结果分析可知：在加载初期,柜门在柜体内起到了“斜撑”作用,是柜体抗侧力的主要贡献;当柜门的“斜撑”作用失效后,柜体钢框梁柱节点焊缝开裂并逐步延展和柱脚压曲,继而抗侧力框架发生严重破坏,承载力丧失。     

部分预应力混凝土扁梁框架节点的拟静力试验研究

本文进行了四个部分预应力混凝土扁梁框架节点的拟静力试验研究。通过四个不同试件的试验研究分析了节点的变形能力、耗能能力、延性和刚度退化等抗震性能，同时分析了低周反复荷载作用下预应力混凝土框架节点的破坏机理。     

自密实高性能混凝土框架结构抗震性能试验研究

本文分别用自密实混凝土和普通混凝土制作了两榀相同尺寸和配筋的单层单跨钢筋混凝土框架，采用MTS电液伺服加载系统进行低周反复荷载下的拟静力试验，研究自密实高性能混凝土框架结构的抗震性能。试验结果表明，自密实高性能混凝土框架的抗震性能符合规范要求，与普通混凝土框架相比相差不大。     

火电厂主厂房结构异型节点抗震性能试验研究

为掌握火电厂新型主厂房框排架结构中异型节点的抗震性能,对由两侧梁高不等、柱截面突变及错层引起的异型节点进行了6个1/5比例试件拟静力试验研究及含有该类节点的空间结构试验研究。研究了节点的受力破坏模式、滞回耗能性能、强度和刚度退化规律及承载力计算方法。结果表明:该类节点初裂与极限荷载较常规节点显著降低,易发生小核心剪切破坏和柱端压弯剪复合破坏;异型节点中剪力墙的设置可以有效改善节点的抗震性能,提高其延性和耗能能力;通过分析节点受力机理并根据不同的破坏形态,提出针对SRC异型节点的承载力计算方法,为该类节点的实际设计提供参考。     

基于位移设计的钢筋混凝土桥墩抗震性能试验研究(Ⅰ):拟静力试验

通过拟静力试验研究了基于位移设计钢筋混凝土桥墩的抗震性能。利用基于位移抗震设计方法和桥梁抗震规范方法设计了各2根和1根1：2．5比例钢筋混凝土桥墩试件,对低周反复荷载作用下试件试验破坏形态、承载力、位移延性、滞回耗能、刚度退化等方面进行了比较分析,可以认为基于位移设计的钢筋混凝土桥墩能够达到预期的延性抗震要求,并且在相对耗能能力（与理想弹塑性模型相比）、刚度退化性能方面与现行规范抗震设计方法设计的桥墩相当。试验表明建议的钢筋混凝土桥墩基于位移的抗震设计方法是实际可行的。     

新型节能复合混凝土空心砌块砌体抗震性能的试验研究

本文通过2片开窗洞加窗台梁节能复合混凝土小型空心砌块墙体和2片不开窗洞墙体的水平低周反复荷载试验,研究了节能复合混凝土小型空心砌块砌体墙的受力全过程、开裂部位、裂缝发展情况以及破坏形态,分析了墙体的滞回特性、延性、耗能能力,刚度退化曲线等抗震性能,同时,考察了墙体外叶保护层的受力性能、破坏程度以及与墙体的共同工作机理,探讨了不同构造措施以及开窗洞对墙体抗震性能的影响。研究结果表明:复合混凝土小型砌块砌体从开始加载到最终破坏,砌块保护层都没有明显的鼓凸和脱落现象,说明聚苯层及横向拉结筋能够提供可靠的连接,保证外叶保护层在水平剪力和竖向荷载共同作用下和墙体整体工作,此外,开窗洞对墙体的抗震性能削弱较大。     

Modelling of shear keys in bridge structures under seismic loads

Shear keys are used in the bridge abutments and piers to provide transverse restraints for bridge superstructures. Owing to the relatively small dimensions compared to the main bridge components (girders, piers, abutments, piles), shear keys are normally regarded as secondary component of a bridge structure, and their influences on bridge seismic responses are normally neglected. In reality, shear keys are designed to restrain the lateral displacements of bridge girders, which will affect the transverse response of the bridge deck, thus influence the overall structural responses. To study the influences of shear keys on bridge responses to seismic ground excitations, this paper performs numerical simulations of the seismic responses of a two-span simply-supported bridge model without or with shear keys in the abutments and the central pier. A detailed 3D finite element (FE) model is developed by using the explicit FE code LS-DYNA. The bridge components including bridge girders, piers, abutments, bearings, shear keys and reinforcement bars are included in the model. The non-linear material behaviour including the strain rate effects of concrete and steel rebar are considered. The seismic responses of bridge structures without and with shear keys subjected to bi-axial spatially varying horizontal ground motions are calculated and compared. The failure mode and damage mechanism of shear keys are discussed in detail. Numerical results show that shear keys restrain transverse movements of bridge decks, which influence the torsional–lateral responses of the decks under bi-axial spatially varying ground excitations; neglecting shear keys in bridge response analysis may lead to inaccurate predictions of seismic responses of bridge structures.     

底框结构中带暗支撑剪力墙抗震设计研究

介绍了带暗支撑剪力墙在底框结构中的应用情况，给出了暗支撑的设计原则，分析了结构抗震性能及其在经济上的可行性。     

结构地震临界荷载的上、下限问题研究

本文介绍了利用变分原理推导的拟势能原理和拟余能原理，把拟势能原理和拟余能原理应用到结构地震临界荷载分析中，从而提出了一种计算结构地震临界荷载的新方法，同时从理论上论述了为什么利用拟势能原理和拟余能原理可以分析结构地震临界荷载的上、下限问题．     

竖向地震荷载下人字批顶结构石窟的稳定性分析

我国部分石窟的空间建造采用了人字批顶形式,体现了中国传统建筑形式与佛教石窟建造形式上的融合.选取莫高窟典型的人字批顶结构的254号石窟作为研究对象,建立了三维的石窟计算模型,考虑了竖向地震荷载作用,通过输入不同地震加速度时程,计算了4种模型情况下石窟岩体的拉应力分布情况.结果表明,石窟的人字批顶处易形成较大拉应力区,易遭受地震破坏;石窟中心塔柱可以有效地提高所在石窟岩体的抗震能力,但对下部窟体的上部岩体会产生应力集中,是窟体防护加固的重点部位.同时,对于洞窟密集而又分上下几层的石窟群,在抗震防护中应充分考虑竖向地震荷载的作用.     

边坡动力响应的非线性特征分析

以节理岩质边坡作为研究对象,采用离散单元法,分析了边坡在地震作用下的变形特征,根据边坡演化过程中所表现出的非线性特征,应用相空间重构理论证明边坡的演化过程是混沌序列,边坡动力失稳过程包含2次分岔,边坡失稳的本质是分岔.     

地震荷载作用下黄土地基震陷研究

在某大型企业的地震安全性评价工作中,采用随机地震荷载输入动三轴进行了黄土震陷试验,探讨了该场地黄土在不同动荷载作用下的震陷特性。并对该场地地基未来可能发生的震陷灾害进行了评价,为工程地基抗震处理提供了依据。     

Optimal seismic design of reinforced concrete structures under timehistory earthquake loads using an intelligent hybrid algorithm

A reliable seismic-resistant design of structures is achieved in accordance with the seismic design codes by designing structures under seven or more pairs of earthquake records. Based on the recommendations of seismic design codes, the average time-history responses(ATHR) of structure is required. This paper focuses on the optimal seismic design of reinforced concrete(RC) structures against ten earthquake records using a hybrid of particle swarm optimization algorithm and an intelligent regression model(IRM). In order to reduce the computational time of optimization procedure due to the computational efforts of time-history analyses, IRM is proposed to accurately predict ATHR of structures. The proposed IRM consists of the combination of the subtractive algorithm(SA), K-means clustering approach and wavelet weighted least squares support vector machine(WWLS-SVM). To predict ATHR of structures, first, the input-output samples of structures are classified by SA and K-means clustering approach. Then, WWLS-SVM is trained with few samples and high accuracy for each cluster. 9- and 18-storey RC frames are designed optimally to illustrate the effectiveness and practicality of the proposed IRM. The numerical results demonstrate the efficiency and computational advantages of IRM for optimal design of structures subjected to time-history earthquake loads.     

Parameter identification of inelastic structures under dynamic loads

The generalized model of differential hysteresis contains 13 control parameters with which it can curve‐fit practically any hysteretic trace. Three identification algorithms are developed to estimate the control parameters of hysteresis for different classes of inelastic structures. These algorithms are based upon the simplex, extended Kalman filter, and generalized reduced gradient methods. Novel techniques such as global search and internal constraints are incorporated to facilitate convergence and stability. Effectiveness of the devised algorithms is demonstrated through simulations of two inelastic systems with both pinching and degradation characteristics in their hysteretic traces. Owing to very modest computing requirements, these identification algorithms may become acceptable as a design tool for mapping the hysteretic traces of inelastic structures. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mechanics and performance of a tied-back wall under seismic loads

In this paper the stability of a tied-back wall subjected to seismic loads is analysed for a predetermined mode of failure (rotation about the top of the wall) and the analysis is compared with data from tests on this type of wall using the seismic simulator at the State University of New York at Buffalo. We carried out a pseudo-static analysis of the problem using the Mononobe-Okabe earth pressure coefficients, wherein the dynamic effects due to the seismic loading are converted into equivalent static loads. The acceleration ratio at which the wall fails by rotation about the top was obtained by considering the moments due to the various lateral earth pressure resultants and the inertial forces induced in the soil due to the seismic loading. We found that the presence of wall friction on the passive side significantly enhances the stability of the flexible retaining wall under seismic loads. Thus, flexible retaining walls supporting dry cohesionless soil can be very efficient during earthquakes. Under moderate earthquakes, an increase in the depth of embedment increases the dynamic factor of safety significantly. However, beyond a certain acceleration ratio for a soil with a particular value of ø, any increase in the depth of emdedment has no effect in impeding failure, irrespective of any change in the geometry of the system. Seismic design charts are presented to evaluate the stability of, and to design, flexible retaining walls embedded in dry cohesionless soils under seismic loading.     

一种新的巨型-子结构控制体系在非平稳地震作用下的反应分析

本文研究了一种新的控制结构体系——巨型-子结构控制体系。根据控振结构体系的特点和通过对该结构的变形分析:主框架采用弯曲模型,而次框架采用剪切模型的集中质量模型,据此推导了控振结构的运动方程。利用复模态方法,对它和普通巨型框架结构进行了2种非平稳地震作用下的对比分析。研究结构表明:这种新的结构体系能有效控制地震响应,结构安全性和舒适度均有明显提高。