南海沉积物中黏土矿物及其在古气候中的应用研究进展

黏土矿物作为海洋细粒陆源碎屑沉积物中最重要的组成部分,近年来在南海沉积物物源示踪和古气候研究方面取得了重要进展。系统总结了前人对南海沉积物中黏土矿物研究的成果,主要包括南海表层沉积物中黏土矿物物源、分布及其影响因素,及其在古气候研究方面的应用,阐述了地质时间尺度黏土矿物组合的变化,对同时期物源区气候变化和物源区供给或洋流变化的指示意义。指出了该领域存在的一些问题,并展望了其未来的发展趋势。     

珠江口SX97孔7000aB.P.以来石英矿物含量反映的气候变化

珠江口北岸SX97孔的石英矿物含量变化与该孔孢粉数据及华南沿海其它地质地貌资料所揭示的古气候古环境演化能很好对应。古气候古环境通过控制物源区的植被发育、风化强度和侵蚀能力及河口沉积区的进退，对河口沉积物中石英矿物含量有很好的调控作用。在华南沿海地区，河口沉积物中的石英矿物含量可能是指示气候环境演化的一个方便和实用的指标。     

沉积物源判别的地球化学方法

对沉积物源判别的地球化学方法进行了分类总结,并分析了各类方法中存在的问题,进一步给出了应用建议,以期更加实用。综合分析表明,常量元素（组分）主要用于表征化学风化程度和判断源岩类型;微量元素组成不仅可以示踪物源区,还可以判别构造环境,其中蛛网图和三角图是最有效的判别图解,Ce异常是判断古海洋氧化还原环境的常用指标,Eu异常常用于区分基性岩和热液流体与酸性岩和陆源物质;直接指示物源的同位素指标以Sr、Nd、Pb同位素组成及其特征值最为有效,不仅可用于追踪沉积物源,还可用于确定沉积物的年龄、划分沉积地层和反映区域性或全球性的地质事件。古气候变化是影响生物碎屑碳酸盐中C、O同位素组成变化的重要因素,而古气候直接影响物源供给。因此,生物碎屑碳酸盐中C、O同位素组成可以间接反映物源供给情况。此外,石英δ¹⁸O对于河流、沙漠、黄土和风尘等沉积物的物源分析以及陆海源汇效应的研究具有重要意义。在利用地球化学方法进行物源分析时,运用单一方法往往存在一定的局限性,应当充分利用各类方法的优势,考虑各种造成误判的因素,利用多种方法综合分析,必要时还应考虑沉积环境的其他要素。     

皖南第四纪风尘堆积序列粒度特征及其意义

通过系统采样与粒度测试，在同北方黄土充分对比的基础上分析和讨论了皖南第四纪风尘堆积序列的粒度特征，并根据堆积物的粒度与古气候－环境之间的内在联系，对该地区气候环境的演变及风尘堆积物的物源变迁等问题进行了初步探讨和分析。     

马里亚纳“沟−盆”深水沉积环境稀土元素特征与物源约束

通过对西太平洋帕里西维拉海盆东南部的C-P19柱状样和马里亚纳海沟南坡的L3柱状样进行粒度和稀土元素地球化学分析,探讨了二者物源的异同。结果表明:研究区沉积物的稀土元素含量基本不受沉积物粒度控制,主要受控于物源变化。物源判别结果指示二者的物源具有同源性,其中西马里亚纳海脊剥蚀下来的火山物质对研究区的物质来源贡献最大。火山物质中的重矿物可以影响到稀土元素的含量,例如锆石的含量和稀土元素总量(ΣREY)的相关系数可达0.86。来自中国内陆黄土的陆源风尘物质对两个研究区的物源供给也有一定贡献,但其贡献程度较小。由于马里亚纳海沟南坡更加远离大陆且纬度更低,其接受的亚洲风尘也比帕里西维拉海盆和挑战者深渊更少。此外,南极底层水流经研究区,对海盆和海沟的沉积物都造成一定影响,而且在马里亚纳海沟南坡更加活跃,因而帕里西维拉海盆东南部的沉积物比马里亚纳海沟南坡更易于保存。     

长江流域风成黄土研究进展与展望

中国黄土是第四纪古气候–古环境研究的重要载体,除黄土高原外,中国其他地区还零星分布有风成黄土堆积。在长江流域,从上游到下游,分布有川西、金沙江、巫山和下蜀黄土,探讨这些湿润区风成黄土的风尘来源、动力传输过程以及沉积后土壤化过程等可为研究长江流域东亚季风环流特点提供证据,对探究过去湿润区风尘风化固碳过程和效益也具有重要意义。虽然对长江流域各地区黄土已有较多的研究,但是不同地区黄土物源、物质传输过程等方面的相互联系及其在风化固碳中的作用还不清楚。本文在综述了川西、金沙江、巫山、下蜀风尘黄土的形成年代、物源等最新研究进展的基础上,提出川西、巫山、下蜀三地黄土的发育与青藏高原在青藏运动B幕、昆仑-黄河运动和共和运动3个阶段的隆升有重要对应关系;并且发现在冰期和间冰期,长江流域风成黄土的风化程度均比黄土高原黄土强,且在古土壤发育期更强;认为长江流域黄土风化过程对陆地固碳的影响及其与古气候变化的相互关系是今后湿润区黄土研究的重点。     

日本海第四纪沉积记录及其海陆联系的研究进展

日本海作为西北太平洋一个主要的边缘海,其巨厚的海底沉积物不仅记录了海盆的古海洋演化信息,而且可用以重建晚新生代东亚大陆古气候演变。根据物质来源,日本海沉积物组成主要包括5类:风尘、河流碎屑、火山碎屑、冰筏沉积物以及海洋自生物质。其中陆源碎屑物质主要由大气环流(东亚冬季风和西风急流)和水动力过程(河流、海冰和洋流等)自东亚大陆(内陆干旱粉尘区和东部大河黄河和长江)、朝鲜半岛以及日本岛弧等源区搬运而来。过去气候演变使碎屑物质的源区和搬运动力强度等均发生变化,相应地,日本海中这些沉积物的物理化学组成、粒度及通量等也随之变化。第四纪时期,海平面的频繁升降变化成为影响冰期-间冰期旋回中日本海底层水环境以及沉积物自生组分特征改变的主要因素。基于近20年来日本海沉积物的来源及其古气候方面的研究进展综述,提出一些关于日本海区域沉积物以及古气候研究方面存在的科学问题。     

东海浪岗山岛屿黄土的粒度与磁性特征及其环境意义

通过对东海浪岗山岛屿黄土剖面系统采样和粒度、磁化率测试,在同其他地方黄土充分对比的基础上,分析和讨论了浪岗山第四纪风成沉积的粒度与磁性特征：浪岗山黄土剖面中,10～50 μm粒组富集,分布均匀,符合黄土的风成特性;但粗颗粒（〉50 μm）含量均超过10%,显示该剖面除了接受来自西北内陆的远源风尘物质外还接受来自东海陆架的近源风尘物质;磁化率相对较高,但变化不大.根据沉积物的粒度与古气候环境的内在联系,结合磁化率变化情况,对该地区风尘沉积物的物源变迁及环境演变进行了初步探讨和分析.     

西太平洋风尘沉积记录研究进展

研究海底风尘组份、来源和通量的地质记录,对于理解风尘在行星辐射平衡、全球大洋的营养盐供应及碳循环中的作用,以及源区古气候和古大气环流重建有着非常重要的意义。作为全球第二大风尘源区的亚洲内陆,其风尘产物主要被东亚冬季风及西风带携带至西太平洋。现有西太平洋风尘沉积记录的工作主要集中在冰期-间冰期时间尺度,尤其近几年在西菲律宾海和赤道太平洋第四纪风尘物源及通量变化方面取得了重要的进展,在日本海中新世以来的长期风尘记录及其驱动机制方面也获得了重要认识。至少在晚第四纪以来的冰期-间冰期时间尺度上,从高纬度到赤道甚至南极的全球范围,风尘通量在冰期约高出间冰期2—3倍,表明冰期风尘源区更加干旱而风力更为强劲。在新生代以来,西太平洋的长期风尘输入主要反映了亚洲内陆干旱逐渐增强,是受到青藏高原隆起和全球变冷的共同影响。但是,总体上西太平洋风尘沉积的研究程度非常低,突出反映在以下几个方面:风尘从源到汇搬运和沉积过程的现代观测的缺乏、大洋风尘组分含量及通量定量化中的误区、西太平洋风尘沉积长期演变特征、机制及风尘长期输入对大洋生产力及全球碳循环的影响方面的研究亟待加强。     

石英示踪物源研究进展

综述了石英的性质和它作为有效指示剂来示踪物源的理论基础,进而详细介绍了使用扫描电镜、质谱、电子自旋共振和阴极发光等仪器对石英矿物的表面微结构、氧同位素比值、形成年龄和阴极发光颜色等特征进行研究来追踪物源的方法以及这些方法的可行性。还根据近年来研究者应用石英矿物来示踪物源的研究进展提出了今后利用石英研究物源需要注意的4个问题。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.