海水钝顶螺旋藻藻胆蛋白的初步研究

对海水钝顶螺旋藻Spirulina platensis Geitler藻胆蛋白进行分离、纯化及光谱测定,其种类和吸收光谱与淡水钝顶螺旋藻相似。光强和氮源是影响藻胆蛋白的重要因子,低光强可诱导海水钝顶螺旋藻藻胆蛋白含量大幅度(19.7％)增加;氮源不足或缺乏可导致藻胆蛋白大量降解,随后补充氮源则可使藻胆蛋白含量得到恢复,因而证明藻胆蛋白在海水钝顶螺旋藻中亦可起“氮库(nitrogen pool)”的作用。海南三亚室外生产的海水钝顶螺旋藻干品的藻胆蛋白含量随季节呈现周期性变化,光强可能是主要的影响因子。     

钝顶螺旋藻多糖提取工艺的研究——三氯乙酸(TCA)法的正交实验优化

研究了用三氯乙酸(TCA)脱除蛋白质提取钝顶螺旋藻(Spirulina platensis)多糖的工艺,并以提取率、样品糖含量与蛋白含量为指标,应用正交实验设计优化了提取液pH值、提取温度及提取时间3个因素。结果表明,在提取液pH值为12、提取温度为90℃及提取时间为8h的最佳条件下,所得螺旋藻多糖为白色粉末,提取率为3.10%,糖质量分数为81.79%,蛋白质量分数为0.57%。     

3种植物激素对螺旋藻生长和代谢产物含量的影响

用单因素分析法研究6一苄基氨基嘌呤(6-BA)、萘乙酸(NAA)和赤霉素(GA)3种植物激素对螺旋藻生长和代谢产物含量的影响.结果显示,添加NAA(0.4 mg/L)和GA(1.0 mg/L)分别使钝顶螺旋藻(Speruli-na pzatensis)和极大螺旋藻(Spirulina maximum)生物量达到最大值,与对照相比提高了49.1%和65.2%,比生长速率增加了66.7%和28.6%.同样,激素可以显著地影响螺旋藻的代谢产物含量.对于钝顶螺旋藻,GA(0.1 mg/L)使胞外总糖含量增加5倍;GA(0.3 mg/L)使胞内总糖含量提高5倍;6-BA(0.2 mg/L)使胞内蛋白含量提高27.8%;NAA(0.2 111g/L)使SOD酶比活力提高3.47倍.对于极大螺旋藻,GA(0.3 nlg/L)使胞外总糖含量增加1.32倍,使胞内总糖含量提高2倍;NAA(1.6mg/L)使胞内蛋白含量提高66.7%,6-BA(1.6 mg/L)使SOD酶比活力提高3.47倍.因此植物激素对螺旋藻生长和代谢产物合成有明显的促进作用,该结果为高密度规模化生产奠定基础.     

硒硫比值对钝顶螺旋藻有机化硒的影响及藻体中硒的形态、价态构成

在培养基中添加亚硒酸钠、硫酸钾培养钝顶螺旋藻,研究硒、硫不同克分子比(Se∶S)对钝顶螺旋藻有机化硒的影响,用2,3-二氨基萘荧光分光光度法测定藻体中总硒、有机硒、4价硒及6价硒含量,分析藻体中硒的形态、价态构成.结果显示,一定范围内Se∶S对钝顶螺旋藻产率影响不大,但硒浓度为3.80mmol/L、Se∶S=0.812时螺旋藻产量、总硒及有机硒含量均最高,富硒钝顶螺旋藻中以有机硒为主,无机硒以4价硒为主.     

钝顶节旋藻高产藻株的诱变选育

本文运用亚硝基胍(Nitrosoguanidine,NTG)诱变,并结合乙酰辅酶A羧化酶抑制剂喹禾灵筛选,获得了2株能够稳定遗传的高产钝顶节旋藻突变株623-8和623-16。与钝顶节旋藻出发株623相比,突变株的藻丝更长,更易聚集成团。在pH=8.5、光照强度45μmol·m-2·s-1和培养温度28℃的条件下,突变株623-8和623-16的生物量分别比出发株提高67.86%和46.43%。蛋白含量分别比出发株623提高1.98%和0.84%;脂类含量提高8.54%和4.88%;乙酰辅酶A羧化酶活性提高31.82%和11.36%。研究结果表明,以亚硝基胍诱变结合喹禾灵筛选,可筛选出生长速度快、蛋白含量高等性状优良的钝顶节旋藻藻株,在工业生产中有实用意义。     

海藻多糖生物活性研究新进展

多糖是所有生命有机体的重要组分 ,并在控制细胞分裂和分化、调节细胞生长和衰老以及维持生命有机体的正常代谢等方面有重要作用。因此 ,关于多糖的研究越来越受到研究人员的关注。研究表明 ,海藻中含有丰富的多糖。例如，庞启深等１９８９年报道 ,从螺旋藻中分离纯化的螺旋藻多糖 (ｐｏｌｙｓａｃｃｈａｒｉｄｅｏｆＳｐｉｒｕｌｉｎａ ,ＰＳ)其分子量为１２５９０ ,是由甘露糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖及葡萄糖醛酸等４种不同单糖构成的多糖 ,相对含量分别为３１．２ % ,２９．７ % ,２２．６ %和１６．５ %。从钝顶螺旋藻的热水分馏物中提取的一…     

60Co-γ诱变坛紫菜的海区栽培选育及品质性状初步分析

采用不同剂量的60Co-γ辐射诱变野生坛紫菜原生质体,对获得的诱变株进行实验室品质性状初步筛选后,挑选其中的6个样品进行丝状体室内采苗、海区栽培试验、主要品质性状测定及活体吸收光谱检测.结果显示:总蛋白、藻胆蛋白、叶绿素和活体吸收光谱等在不同紫菜样品间存在显著差异.人工诱变的坛紫菜No.5蛋白质含量为(32.89±1.37)×10-2(m/m,干重),优良栽培品种GL1的蛋白质含量为(31.42±0.94)×10-2(m/m,干重);叶绿素含量最高的为No.9[(0.636±0.017)×10-2(m/m,干重)],最低的为No.2[(0.411±0.022)×10-2(m/m,干重)].藻胆蛋白含量与总蛋白含量呈正相关.     

钝顶螺旋藻对恒定剂量无机碲的吸收转化作用

在钝顶螺旋藻 ( S. platensis ) 生长期内 ( 1 ～ 11 d ) 添加无机碲 ( Na2TeO3 ),每天的碲剂量水平χTe 分别为 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4,观察 S. platensis 对不同剂量水平无机碲的吸收转化作用,同时考察χTe 为 0.4 的实验组螺旋藻中碲与生物大分子 ( 蛋白质、多糖、核酸和脂类 ) 的结合情况.结果表明,当χTe < 0.3 时,碲对 S. platensis 的生长有促进作用;当χTe > 0.3 时,S. platensis 的生长受到明显的抑制.无机碲进入藻体后一部分被转化成有机碲并进入生物分子中,而绝大部分却以气态碲 ( 甲基化碲 ) 的形式排出,且占添加碲的 86.7 % ～ 91.6 %,气态碲的产生可能是螺旋藻对碲的主要解毒方式.气态碲的含量随着碲剂量的增加而增加,而有机碲的含量随着碲剂量的增加而减少.碲与 S. platensis 中的 3 种组分 ( 组分 1:固体残余物,组分 2:水溶性蛋白,组分 3:非蛋白质水溶性物质 ) 有不同程度的结合,不同组分中的碲相对含量随着碲剂量的变化有明显的变化:当χTe ≤ 0.1 时,组分 2和组分 3 的碲含量较大;当χTe ≥ 0.2 时,组分 1 和组分 2 中的碲含量较大.进入生物大分子的碲主要与蛋白质相结合.     

刺参肠道微生物组成分析及产酶、溶血性试验

对野生和人工养殖刺参的肠壁及内容物中的菌群数量、种类组成进行了研究;并结合产酶试验和溶血性试验,对刺参肠道益生菌做了初步的体外筛选。结果表明,野生刺参肠壁及内容物中的细菌数量分别为(3.30±0.41)×107 cfu/g、(6.39±0.32)×107 cfu/g,养殖刺参肠壁及内容物中的细菌数量分别为(2.83±0.31)×107 cfu/g、(5.67±0.53)×107 cfu/g。野生刺参肠道优势菌为弧菌属(Vibrio),次优势菌为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和希瓦氏菌属(Shewanella);养殖刺参肠道优势菌为弧菌属(Vibrio),次优势菌为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)。在224株细菌中,共有160株细菌具有产酶能力,所占比例为71.43%,其中具产蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶能力菌株分别为114株、114株、108株,所占比例分别为50.89%、50.89%、48.21%。99株细菌中有23株具有溶血性,所占比例为23.23%。综合分析实验数据,确定6株细菌作为刺参肠道潜在益生菌,菌株代号分别为HS1(Pseudomonas)、HS5(Bacillus)、HS7(Shewanella)、HS8(Vibrio)、HS10(Vibrio)、HS11(Vibrio)。     

6株高产油微拟球藻的中试培养评价研究

用50L密闭式吊袋光生物反应器,采用连续培养模式,对6株微拟球藻(Nannochloropsis oceanica)进行产油性能的中试筛选。从藻种的比生长速率、总脂含量、油脂产率,甘油三酯(TAG)含量和脂肪酸组成等方面评价藻种的产油性能。经过10d的连续培养,筛选到2株生长速率快、油脂产率高的优良能源微藻藻株:3-25和75B1,它们的总脂含量分别达到细胞干重的33.49%和29.36%;油脂产率分别为10.04和8.07mg·(L·d)~(-1);它们的C16与C18之和分别占到了总脂肪酸含量的72.71%和68.05%,且以饱和脂肪酸C16∶0及单不饱和脂肪酸C16∶1为主,适合生物柴油的生产。尽管藻株4-38的油脂产率较低,但其甘油三酯含量较高,C16和C18之和高达76.32%,其脂肪酸组成也非常适合生物柴油的生产。研究结果表明,3-25、75B1和4-38这3株微拟球藻有望作为生产生物柴油的候选藻株。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.