渤海污染风险与生态系统功能价值评价研究

为制定更为有效的环境保护策略,提出将污染风险与海洋生态系统功能价值分别进行评估,然后将两者相结合进行海洋环境综合评价,进而确定评价海域的管理优先级。通过对渤海内各海湾污染风险和海洋生态系统功能价值的综合评价,得到辽东湾管理优先级最高,其次是莱州湾及渤海湾,依此可制定相应的环境保护策略。上述综合评价方法和管理策略可供政府有关部门制定海洋环境保护政策时参考。     

象山港海湾生态系统服务价值评估

在以建设海洋牧场为主要策略修复海湾资源与环境的背景下,基于象山港海湾生态系统的基本特征,采用市场价格法、替代成本法、收益转移法等评估方法,构建了海湾生态系统服务价值评估框架,对供给、调节、文化3类服务10项子服务进行货币化评估.结果表明：2010年象山港海湾生态系统服务价值的总量约为27.16×108元/a,单位面积海域生态系统服务的价值约为482.16×104元/（km2·a）;供给服务总体比例较高,占62.83%,体现了维持渔业资源稳定持续供给的重要性;文化服务其次,占25.31%,调节服务比例偏低占11.86%,对控制非点源污染、改善生境条件提出了迫切需求.研究表明评估结果尚属偏低的保守值,有待于进一步完善,并探讨分析建设海洋牧场所起到的积极作用,对持续动态的价值评估与适应性管理提出展望.     

渤海潮混合数值模拟——Ⅲ.渤海污染物潮扩散的数值计算

长期以来,人们直接或间接地把海洋作为处理废物的垃圾箱,大量的污染物质直接或间接地注入海洋,使海洋受到污染,致使水产资源遭到破坏,影响人体健康。 渤海为我国内陆海湾。在渤海周围,每年都有大量的工业、农业和民用污染物被排放到海湾内。研究排放到渤海污染物的分布规律是制定排放措施的依据之一,也是开展环境质量评价和预报的重要手段。因此,研究渤海污染物扩散分布规律,对保护海洋环境非     

环渤海典型海湾沉积物重金属环境特征与污染评价

对渤海典型海湾近年来沉积物重金属数据分析的结果表明,Hg,Cu,Cd质量浓度的平均值均超过中国海域的平均值,其中Hg和Cd超标,高值区主要分布在锦州湾、大连湾附近海域,南堡镇和曹妃甸以南海域以及东营、莱州沿岸海域。地累积指数法的评价结果显示,沉积物重金属Cd污染属于轻度污染,其余重金属未发生污染。渤海典型海湾生态危害风险最大的重金属元素为Cd,Hg次之,其余Pb,Cu,As,Cr,Zn这5种重金属均为低生态危害等级。辽东湾海域重金属生态危害风险的顺序为CdHgPbAsCuZnCr;渤海湾海域重金属生态危害风险的顺序为CdHgPbCuAsCrZn;莱州湾重金属生态危害风险的顺序为CdHgPbAsCuCrZn。目前辽东湾沉积物重金属总潜在生态危害程度相对严重,主要分布在长兴岛、秦皇岛至锦州湾沿岸;莱州湾重金属生态危害程度一般,潍坊沿岸部分地区总潜在生态危害程度相对较高;渤海湾重金属污染生态危害程度相对较轻。     

渤海溢油污染高风险岸滩判别及清理技术研究

渤海海上油气的开发增大了沿岸岸滩环境的溢油污染风险,针对溢油污染岸滩采取高效的油污清理技术对岸滩环境保护具有重要意义。文章对岸滩类型及其常用清理技术进行介绍,在对渤海溢油污染高风险岸滩进行判别的基础上,针对性地提出各区段岸滩的溢油清理技术手段,如利用油污真空回收车、低压水冲洗和铺设天然吸附物、高低压冷热水冲洗、高压热水冲洗和喷洒消油剂或表面清洗剂等,为渤海沿岸岸滩可能发生的溢油污染的处置工作提供辅助决策。     

美丽海湾的概念、科学理解、行动框架和发展建议

海湾是保护与利用矛盾最突出的区域,是生态环境保护研究关注的焦点区域。“十四五”期间,生态环境管理部门将以海湾为抓手,稳步推进美丽海湾建设。但是目前美丽海湾的相关概念和理论尚不完善,鉴于此,文章在回顾国内外海洋生态环境治理发展历程的基础上,梳理了国内外在海湾生态环境治理方面的主要经验教训,在此基础上完善了美丽海湾的概念以及对概念的科学理解,提出了美丽海湾的行动框架,并对我国建设美丽海湾提出了做好顶层设计,完善法规制度;制定清晰的目标,并层层分解落实;做好陆海统筹,注重以海定陆;注重科技支撑,科技参与决策;发动公众积极参与美丽海湾建设等建议,以期为美丽海湾建设提供技术支撑。     

渤海水环境无机氮污染风险研究

渤海海域污染日趋严重, 无机氮是主要的污染因子, 对无机氮未来趋势的预测及风险空间分布的分析可为减缓和管理渤海海域污染提供依据。本文基于2000 到2011 年渤海无机氮的趋势性监测数据, 用IDW 插值和回归分析方法对其发展趋势进行预测, 并根据其发展趋势预测今后5 年渤海海域无机氮含量, 划分了渤海无机氮污染的高、中、较低和低风险区, 为渤海无机氮污染控制提供科学依据。     

渤海环境污染治理对策研究 ——以濑户内海为参考

渤海作为我国唯一的内海,自然资源极其丰富,渤海沿海地区有着浑厚的工业基础以及绝佳的地理优势,海洋经济发展速度十分迅猛。但随着经济的迅速发展,生态环境与开发利用之间的矛盾也日益激化,海洋资源开发强度高、利用方式粗放,陆源污染物排放总量久居不下,重点海湾环境质量未见根本好转,环境风险压力有增无减,生态环境整体形势依然严峻。文章介绍了渤海地区的发展现状,分析渤海与濑户内海的相同与不同之处,以便于借鉴日本濑户内海的治理措施以及立法经验,深刻剖析我国海洋环境保护立法的不足,并提出健全制度体系建设、完善海洋环境管理体制、调整渔业发展、提升海洋生态预警能力监测等建议,以期总结出适合我国渤海环境治理的海洋规划方案,从而挽救渤海的生态环境,恢复渤海往日的生机。     

加强渤海海洋环境保护管理

渤海作为海洋污染治理的重点,已列入国家33211工程。渤海湾是渤海污染治理的重点对象。本文从强化区域治理的角度出发,对整个渤海湾区间海洋环境保护管理进行探讨。     

陆源污染生态损害评估及其补偿标准研究——以象山港为例

陆源污染是半封闭海湾环境恶化的主要原因,评估海湾地区陆源污染的生态损害,对目前迫切需要制定的海洋生态损害补偿政策以及生态修复计划具有重要的现实意义。本文以象山港为研究区域,运用生态恢复评估与生态服务价值评估相结合的方法,构建陆源污染生态损害评估模型,进行陆源污染对海湾生态服务损害评估与补偿标准研究。结果显示:(1)象山港陆源污染造成的生态服务损害价值为38 342.81万元,执行损害评估的费用约为20万元;以生态损害评估的总费用作为补偿标准,生态补偿费用共计38 362.81万元,单位面积补偿价值为0.42万元/hm~2·a。(2)象山港陆源污染所导致的海洋生态系统初始性修复成本为零,恢复期内损害价值主要以养分循环和净化环境为主,分别为19 740.72万元和13 938.13万元;美学景观损害价值为3 798.59万元,占比为9.91%;生物多样性维持损害价值598.66万元,占比为1.56%;食物生产的损害价值最小,为266.72万元。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.