广东沿海经济带海洋资源-环境-经济系统承载力时空耦合研究

推动海洋资源-环境-经济系统协调联动是提升沿海地区海洋承载力的必要途径,也是建设海洋强国的重要议题。基于海洋资源-环境-经济系统承载力评价指标体系,运用极差非零标准化、熵值法、状态空间模型以及耦合协调度函数模型,对2008—2018年广东沿海经济带海洋资源-环境-经济系统承载力时空耦合特征进行比较分析。结果表明：广东沿海经济带海洋资源-环境-经济系统综合承载力指数在时序上呈波动下降态势。其中,海洋经济系统承载力水平较高且主导效应明显,相反,海洋资源系统、环境系统承载力水平相对较低,长期处于满载状态。各地市承载力水平空间差异较大,粤西沿海地区的湛江、阳江综合承载力水平最高,粤东沿海地区的潮州、揭阳综合承载力水平最低。从耦合协调度时序变化来看,耦合度、协调度呈波动上升态势,表明海洋资源-环境-经济系统内部相互作用及各子系统间发展的同步性有所强化;耦合协调类型空间差异显著,以高耦合、高协调类型为主,耦合协调度较高的区域主要集中在粤西沿海的阳江、湛江等地区,东莞、潮州等地区为低值区。     

我国沿海地区海洋经济社会发展的近海水质影响研究

为促进我国沿海地区海洋经济社会和海洋生态环境协调可持续发展,文章采用成熟的海洋经济社会系统评价指标体系,综合运用环境库兹涅茨曲线、耦合协调度模型和逐步回归法,测算2006-2016年我国沿海地区海洋经济社会发展指数,分析海洋经济社会系统与近海水质间的拟合关系、弹性、耦合度和耦合协调度,并从系统、状态和指标3个层面解析影响近海水质的海洋经济社会因素。研究结果表明：2013年以前海洋经济社会发展与近海水质基本呈反向变化关系;近海水质的海洋经济社会系统弹性自2014年开始转为正值,但二者的耦合度和耦合协调度均较低;海洋社会发展对近海水质存在明显负向影响,海洋第三产业发展、海洋科技成果转化和海洋自然保护区建设有利于近海水质改善。建议严控陆源排污入海,提高海洋科技成果转化效率,优化海洋产业结构,持续加强海洋自然保护区建设,提升近海水质。     

江苏省海洋经济与区域经济耦合协调性研究

伴随着海洋资源开发和海洋科技进步,海洋产业在国民经济中扮演着日益重要的角色,海洋经济与区域经济的协调发展成为研究热点。江苏省是沿海地区经济发展强省,但其海洋经济发展优势并不突出,为了对其海洋经济与区域经济的耦合协调发展状态及耦合发展的制约因素进行研究,文章在探析海洋经济系统与区域经济系统耦合发展机理的基础上,借鉴物理学耦合度函数构建了海洋经济与区域经济的耦合协调度模型,并对2006~2012年江苏及其他沿海省市海洋经济与区域经济的耦合协调度进行了评价。结果表明2006~2012年间,江苏省海洋经济与区域经济的耦合协调度不断提高,逐步迈入了磨合发展的关键期,但海洋产业发展模式落后和海陆互动性弱等因素导致其与沿海其他省市相比仍有较大差距。本研究能够为江苏海洋经济发展提供科学建议。     

辽宁沿海经济带滨海旅游与城市发展耦合协调度评价研究

文章从旅游水平、经济水平、社会发展、城市环境四方面建立了滨海旅游与城市发展耦合协调评价指标体系。通过运用熵值法、耦合度模型及耦合协调度模型对辽宁沿海经济带滨海旅游与城市发展的耦合协调水平进行了评价和分析。结果表明:①从旅游发展水平来看,依次为:大连、丹东、锦州、盘锦、营口、葫芦岛,就城市发展水平来看,依次为:大连、盘锦、营口、锦州、丹东、葫芦岛;②大连、丹东属于城市化发展滞后型,锦州、盘锦、营口、葫芦岛为旅游发展滞后型;③处于高水平耦合阶段的城市有大连、丹东、锦州、盘锦,处于拮抗阶段的城市为营口,处于低水平耦合阶段的城市为葫芦岛;④处于高水平耦合协调阶段的为大连,较高水平耦合协调阶段的为丹东,低水平耦合协调阶段的有锦州、盘锦、营口,较低水平耦合协调阶段的为葫芦岛。     

江苏省城市化与海洋经济耦合协调发展研究

城市化与海洋经济相互作用和相互影响,二者的协调发展对于促进社会经济可持续发展具有重要意义。文章在阐述耦合作用机制的基础上,构建江苏省城市化和海洋经济系统综合评价指标体系,利用变异系数法、综合评价函数和耦合协调度模型对二者的综合发展水平和耦合协调度进行实证分析,并提出发展建议。研究结果表明：科技发展水平、就业结构、交通运输能力、居民消费水平以及投资规模和经济发展水平是影响城市化发展的重要因素,海洋生态环境对海洋经济发展的影响较大;2006-2019年江苏省城市化和海洋经济的综合发展水平和耦合协调度均有所提升,耦合协调发展从濒临失调逐渐转为良好协调,但海洋经济综合发展水平仍较低且严重滞后于城市化发展水平;在未来的发展中,应大力推动空间城市化、加快海洋产业结构优化以及发挥陆海产业联动作用。     

环渤海地区海洋资源承载力与海洋经济发展潜力耦合关系研究

海洋资源环境承载力和海洋经济发展潜力之间存在着正向关联关系。采用熵值法测度了环渤海地区海洋资源环境承载力和海洋经济发展潜力,运用耦合度模型和耦合协调度模型衡量了两者之间的耦合协调程度,并运用变差系数法分析其地域差异及其演进规律。研究结果表明:环渤海地区海洋经济发展潜力与海洋资源环境承载力耦合度普遍高于0.8,较少年份出现低于0.8现象。空间上表现出天津市和山东省耦合度及耦合协调度双高的稳定耦合协调状态,河北省和辽宁省耦合度较低且波动大,地区间差异明显。计算地区间耦合度变异系数得出,变异系数值不断下降,地区间差异有明显下降趋势。     

我国数字经济和海洋经济高质量发展的耦合协调分析

数字经济与海洋经济高质量发展互相影响。文章通过熵值-TOPSIS法构建我国数字经济和海洋经济高质量发展两个子系统共21个二级指标,运用耦合协调度模型得出我国2013—2019年11个沿海省（自治区、直辖市）的数字经济与海洋经济高质量发展的耦合协调水平以及耦合协调类型。研究发现：我国11个沿海省（自治区、直辖市）的数字经济发展呈现逐步上升的态势,海洋经济高质量发展趋势则比较稳定;2013—2019年多数沿海地区数字经济和海洋经济高质量发展两大系统的耦合度表现稳定,保持良好的动态关联关系;在数字经济与海洋经济高质量发展互动性增强的同时,两大系统的整体发展水平也有所提高。     

我国沿海地区海洋经济、海洋科技创新和海洋生态环境的耦合协调关系探究

为加强海洋生态环境保护,大力提高海洋科技创新能力,推动海洋经济、海洋科技创新和海洋生态环境三者协调发展,文章以我国沿海11省（自治区、直辖市）为研究对象,选取22个评价指标,采用综合评价模型和耦合协调模型,评价2016年各沿海地区海洋经济、海洋科技创新和海洋生态环境的协调发展状况,并提出发展建议。研究结果表明:广东和山东处于中级耦合协调状态,上海和福建分别由于海洋生态环境和海洋科技创新的制约而处于初级耦合协调状态,天津等4个地区处于勉强耦合协调状态,河北处于轻度失调衰退状态,海南和广西处于中度失调衰退状态;各沿海地区在发展海洋经济的同时要提高海洋科技创新能力,守住海洋生态环境的底线,推动海洋经济系统、海洋科技创新系统和海洋生态环境系统的协调发展。     

高质量发展目标下海洋经济复合系统协调发展研究——以辽宁省为例

海洋经济复合系统的协调对于实现海洋经济高质量发展具有重要意义。在高质量发展目标和要求下,构建海洋经济复合系统协调发展评价指标体系,文章采用距离型协调度评价模型,以辽宁省为例,计算其2006—2016年海洋经济复合系统的协调度及各子系统之间的协调度,分析影响协调的因素,并利用基尼系数模型对其协调发展进行预警研究。结果表明：①海洋生态子系统仍是实现海洋经济复合系统协调发展的关键环节;②2006-2016年,辽宁省海洋经济复合系统实现了从严重失调到中度协调的转变,这期间复合系统协调度未超出基尼系数警戒值。     

沿海城市经济与环境协调关系的时空演变分析

运用耦合协调模型和空间相关性模型研究了2006—2016年53个沿海城市的经济发展与生态环境协调关系的时空演变趋势、重心迁移、空间相关性。结果表明:我国沿海城市经济发展与生态环境的协调发展状况总体呈向好态势,但总体协调度不高,仍处于协调发展的初级阶段;协调度发展存在严重的空间不均衡性,且呈逐步扩大态势,高值区域主要分布在省会城市和计划单列市,而其他大部分城市仍处于失调状态;2006—2016年协调度重心均位于浙江省金华市,并逐步向西南方向迁移;全局Moran’sI指数和局部Moran散点图显示协调度在空间上呈现明显的正相关,空间集聚性较强。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.