琼东南盆地深水区LS33-1-1钻井岩心微量元素地球化学特征及其沉积环境

为了研究琼东南盆地深水区的沉积环境及物源,对琼东南盆地深水区LS33-1-1钻井岩心样品的微量元素地球化学特征进行了分析,结果表明:研究区自渐新世以来沉积环境多变,物源复杂;在崖三段沉积早期,物源主要为当地或附近的基性玄武质火山碎屑,可能来自南海扩张引起的岩浆喷发活动;自崖三段沉积晚期(早于31.5Ma)以来,物源以陆源和海洋自生沉积为主,其中火山岩风化产物占有相当的比例。LS33-1-1钻井岩心沉积物的微量元素地球化学特征在距今31.5、28.4、25.5、23、16、8.2、5.5、2.7Ma均发生明显突变,表明沉积环境及物源均发生了明显的变化,反映了构造运动的影响。各地球化学指标在崖三段底部4 207m左右的突变,反映了琼东南盆地发生了较大规模的构造运动,造成了沉积物源由以基性火山碎屑为主转变为以陆源碎屑为主。在渐新世-中新世界线(23MaBP)附近,各项指标均表现出明显的突变,表明在ODP1148站及珠江口盆地深水区发现的物源突变事件(白云运动)也影响到了琼东南盆地深水区。     

琼东南盆地物源和沉积环境变化的重矿物证据

基于11口钻井岩心样品的重矿物数据,结合古生物学、元素地球化学和地震资料,对琼东南盆地的物源及沉积环境演变进行了分析.结果表明,盆地基底沉积以陆相沉积为主,自渐新世起,盆地逐渐接受海侵,大致经历了海陆过渡→滨浅海→浅海→半深海的沉积环境演变过程,水深总体呈逐渐增大的趋势且在同一时期南部区域水深整体上大于北部.随着沉积环境的变化,各地层(崖城组至莺歌海组)物源呈现出多源性特征,经历了原地→近源→远源的演变过程.在渐新世早期,物源以近源玄武质火山碎屑和邻区陆源碎屑为主,之后演变为远源的陆壳碎屑,物源区包括北部海南岛、南部永乐隆起、东北部神狐隆起、西部红河、西南部中南半岛乃至更广的区域.海南岛物源自早渐新世便开始发育,至中中新世成为盆地最主要的物源,并持续至现今;永乐隆起和神狐隆起物源在晚渐新世至早中新世期间最为发育,于中中新世逐渐消退;红河物源于晚中新世大规模加入,为中央峡谷的主要沉积物源,影响至上新世结束;中南半岛莺西物源自上新世发育,影响至更新世时期.此外,自生组分对盆地(尤其是南部区域)的沉积贡献也不容忽视.     

琼东南海域表层沉积物常量元素地球化学及其地质意义

对琼东南海域88个表层沉积物的常量元素进行了统计分析,结果表明:琼东南海域表层沉积物中含量最高的两种组分是SiO2和CaO,其平均含量分别为41.15%和15.66%;琼东南海域表层沉积物以陆源碎屑为主,同时生物沉积作用也较发育;陆源物质源区较复杂,主要的陆源物质可能由古红河水系携带而来;因子分析结果表明,该区表层沉积物的常量元素可分为4组,第1组包括SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3、MgO、K2O、TiO2,第2组包括CaO、CaCO3、烧失量,第3组包括P2O5和有机碳,第4组包括Na2O和MnO,分别代表了陆源碎屑沉积、钙质生物沉积、海洋化学沉积以及火山碎屑沉积。     

琼东南盆地深水区中央峡谷黄流组物源特征

物源分析作为岩相-古地理研究的前提和基础,物源体系决定了砂体的展布和储集性能。为明确中央峡谷体系黄流组储集体展布规律及下一步勘探方向,本文应用中央峡谷最新钻井资料,采用重矿物组合、锆石U-Pb测年等分析方法,结合地震反射特征,对中央峡谷黄流组物源体系特征进行分析。地震反射特征表明来自海南隆起和昆嵩隆起物源的三角洲体系,通过二次搬运沉积了陆架斜坡区和盆底的低位海底扇,为中央峡谷的沉积充填提供了充足的粗碎屑沉积物;新钻井黄流组样品中重矿物组合以白钛矿、石榴石、磁铁矿含量较高为主要特征,与莺歌海盆地受蓝江物源影响和琼东南盆地受丽水-秋滨河物源影响的地层重矿物组合相似;锆石U-Pb测年分析表明,中央峡谷黄流组地层中样品年龄图谱具有30~2 000Ma变化范围,与莺歌海盆地受昆嵩隆起物源影响的钻井以及越南现代河流采集的沙样具有非常一致的年龄段和丰度。综上所述,中央峡谷受多物源的影响,越南昆嵩隆起为主的琼东南盆地西部物源体系,是琼东南盆地乐东凹陷晚中新世深水扇以及中央峡谷粗碎屑物质的主要沉积物供给来源区。     

珠江口盆地白云凹陷始新世——中新世沉积物物源研究

运用地质与地球物理综合研究方法,对南海北部珠江口盆地白云深水区始新世—中新世的沉积充填特征开展研究,结果表明,在早中始新世,白云凹陷沉积环境经历了由陆相冲积扇到中深湖相的转变,晚始新世部分地区遭受海侵,沉积物源主要来自北部番禺低隆起和东沙及神狐构造高部位,以近源沉积为主。到早渐新世,凹陷沉积环境转变为海陆过渡相及海相环境,凹陷北部受番禺低隆起等局部物源控制,凹陷主体接受大量源自南海西部昆莺琼古河的物源供给。到晚渐新世,古珠江沉积范围增大,突破番禺低隆起进入白云凹陷,凹陷北部主体受古珠江搬运沉积物影响,凹陷其余地区则接受来自北部古珠江及西部昆莺琼古河双物源供给。进入中新世,由于盆地热沉降作用的加强,南海北部陆架坡折带由白云凹陷南部跃迁至北部,凹陷水深不断加深,凹陷主体受古珠江沉积物的控制,其中南部地区为深水环境,受到由浊流搬运来的北部古珠江物质、西部昆莺琼古河物质以及正常远洋沉积物的共同影响。     

南沙群岛海域沉积物稀土元素地球化学研究

应用电感耦合等离子质谱法测定了南沙群岛海域3个站位沉积物中的稀土元素(REE)和过渡金属元素的含量,讨论了沉积物中REE水平及深度分布的变化特征,以特征金属元素为指标对3个站位进行了沉积区划分,同时对REE与10种金属元素的相关性进行了研究。结果表明,3个站分别为近大陆架残留沉积区、大陆坡深海沉积区和碳酸盐沉积区,各站REE含量存在较大差别,但分布模式相似,均为轻稀土富集型和Eu负异常,每个站各层REE分布模式线几乎重合;3个站沉积物中REE都与Ti、Zr有很好的相关性,与其它金属元素不存在明显的相关性,表明3个站沉积物物源主要为陆源上地壳物质。结合测年资料,认为该海域3个站全新世以来沉积物物源变化很小,沉积环境稳定。     

南海北部陆坡琼东南盆地晚中新世以来沉积物来源及输送样式

为了更好地揭示南海北部陆坡琼东南盆地晚中新世以来的沉积物输送样式,本次研究将盆地裂后期加速沉降阶段以来的沉积物充填样式作为研究对象,基于前人对这一区域潜在物源区的分析,通过对已有勘探成果的总结和归纳,对深水沉积体的类型进行识别,建立具有成因关系或相同来源的深水沉积体组合,尝试对沉积物输送样式进行划分和归类。研究结果认为,晚中新世以来,琼东南盆地主要存在海南岛物源、莺西物源、南部隆起带物源和神狐隆起物源等4个潜在物源区,沉积物输送样式可划分为垂向沉积物输送、轴向沉积物输送和转向沉积物输送3种类型。     

安达曼海东南部海域表层沉积物稀土元素特征及其物源指示意义

对取自安达曼海东南部海域的95个表层沉积物样品进行了稀土元素(REE)地球化学研究,揭示了区内稀土元素分布特征及其指示的物质来源。结果表明研究区沉积物REE总量变化范围为31~228μg/g,平均值为117μg/g。沉积物REE球粒陨石配分模式呈现轻稀土元素相对富集而重稀土元素平坦,无明显Ce异常,呈现中等程度的Eu负异常等特征,表现出明显的陆源属性。REE的富集和分布受物质来源、沉积物类型、生物碳酸盐以及重矿物含量共同制约。根据沉积物REE特征参数将研究区分为4个物源区,各区沉积物稀土元素UCC标准化模式明显不同。物源判别分析显示,研究区西北部(Ⅰ区)沉积物主要来源于伊洛瓦底江陆源物质的输入;马来半岛西部浅海内陆架区(Ⅱ区)沉积物可能主要来自马来半岛沿岸水系输入的陆源物质以及现代近岸侵蚀;研究区北部(Ⅲ区)为残留沉积区,主要为全新世海侵形成的残留砂质沉积;研究区中部和南部大部分海域(Ⅳ区)为多源混合沉积区,主要为受印度季风驱动的西南季风流所搬运的伊洛瓦底江和马来半岛河流输入的陆源物质,该区沉积物受马来半岛入海物质影响更大。     

中沙群岛附近海域沉积物中的轻矿物分区及物质来源

海底沉积物中的碎屑矿物(粒级为0.063~0.125 mm)的特征及分布样式对于鉴别沉积物的源区具有重要的指示意义.对取自南海中沙群岛附近海域114个表层沉积物样品的轻矿物含量、分布特征和矿物组合进行了研究,在此基础上将本区划分为以下三个矿物组合区:生物碎屑矿物区(Ⅰ)、火山碎屑矿物区(Ⅱ)、混合矿物区(Ⅲ).生物碎屑矿物区(Ⅰ)的矿物组合单一,为生物骨屑矿物.生物骨屑矿物主要来源于中沙环礁,极少量的陆源物质及火山物质可通过悬浮或风等途径搬运进入此区.火山碎屑矿物区(Ⅱ)的轻矿物以褐色火山玻璃为主,火山渣、无色火山玻璃等火山碎屑矿物含量也较高.风化碎屑及陆源碎屑矿物(如石英等)的含量较低.火山渣在本区呈点源式扩散分布.本区矿物组合为褐色火山玻璃-火山渣.此区的物质来源相对复杂,主要来源于原地海山岩石剥蚀风化以及区内可能存在的正在喷发的小型火山物质的风化,周边岛弧火山对其贡献极小.混合矿物区(Ⅲ)的物源丰富,包括生物源、火山源及陆源,该区又可分为两个矿物亚区:东北部混合矿物区(Ⅲ-1),主要的矿物组合包括生物骨屑矿物、褐色火山玻璃、石英、长石等,陆源物质来自于我国大陆,陆源物质基本上位于17°N以北;东南部混合矿物区(Ⅲ-2),矿物组合为生物骨屑矿物、褐色火山玻璃、石英以及风化碎屑矿物,其中陆源物质可能来自南海南部及西南部大陆中的碎屑矿物,通过发源于大河口的海底峡谷搬运进深海盆.     

南海东部海域的沉积作用和物质来源研究

1998年在南海东部海域采集了195个表层和24个柱状沉积物样,对沉积作用和物质来源研究表明:(1)南海东部海域具有典型的边缘海沉积特征,沉积物主要由陆源碎屑、生物碎屑、火山碎屑、浊流沉积物组成,沉积作用具有多样性;(2)黄岩岛以北海区沉积物中基性岩组分含量为23.2%,陆源硅铝质组分含量为76.8%,这两种组分的理论计算值与海底沉积物实际分布相一致;(3)由碎屑矿物分析得出陆源矿物、混合矿物、自生铁锰矿物和中基性火山矿物四种矿物组合区,矿物组成和含量差异反映了物源和沉积环境的变化;(4)对沉积物中大于0.063 mm的物质全组分分析表明,生源组分占66.97%,其中钙质生物含量为23.43%,硅质生物含量为43.54%,钙质生物高值区主要分布在水深小于3 500 m的海区,硅质生物高值区主要分布在水深大于3 500 m的深水区;(5)南海东部海域火山沉积作用明显,海底扩张区沉积物中铜、钡、铁、锰、钴、镍、砷等金属物质分布与海底构造和海底中基性火山活动密切相关;(6)对沉积物粒度、物质组成和生物化石组合分析表明北部陆坡区69柱187.5~190.0,287.5~280.0,377.5~380.0 cm,深海平原区149柱157~187,187~194 cm,南部陆坡区323柱280~350 cm在粒度上表现出浊流沉积特征;(7)对锶同位素物源示踪和粒度、矿物的研究表明,北部陆源碎屑向南一直扩散到约17 N,西吕宋海槽是亚洲大陆物质特别是我国大陆物质向南海东部海域输运的主要通道.     

琼东南盆地陵南低凸起深水钻井岩心的稀土元素地球化学特征及其意义

A geochemical analysis of rare-earth elements(REEs) in 97 samples collected from the core of deep-water Well LS-A located at the Lingnan Low Uplift Area of the Qiongdongnan Basin is conducted, with the purpose of revealing the changes of sedimentary source and environment in the study region since Oligocene and evaluating the response of geochemical characteristics of REEs to the tectonic evolution. In the core samples, both ∑REE and ∑LREE(LREE is short for light-group REEs) fluctuate in a relatively wide range, while ∑HREE(HREE is short for heavy-group REEs) maintains a relatively stable level. With the stratigraphic chronology becoming newer, both ∑REE and ∑LREE show a gradually rising trend overall. The ∑REE of the core is relatively high from the bottom of Yacheng Formation(at a well depth of 4 207 m) to the top of Ledong Formation, and the REEs show partitioning characteristics of the enrichment of LREE, the stable content of HREE, and the negative anomaly of Eu to varying degrees. Overall the geochemical characteristics of REEs are relatively approximate to those of China's neritic sediments and loess, with significant "continental orientation". The ∑REE of the core is relatively low in the lower part of Yacheng Formation(at a well depth of 4 207–4 330 m), as shown by the REEs partitioning characteristics of the depletion of LREE, the relative enrichment of HREE, and the positive anomaly of Eu; the geochemical characteristics of REEs are approximate to those of oceanic crust and basalt overall, indicating that the provenance is primarily composed of volcanic eruption matters. As shown by the analyses based on sequence stratigraphy and mineralogy, the provenance in study region in the early Oligocene mainly resulted from the volcanic materials of the peripheral uplift areas; the continental margin materials from the north contributed only insignificantly; the provenance developed to a certain extent in the late Oligocene. Since the Miocene, the provenance has ceaselessly expanded from proximal to distal realm, embodying a characteristic of multi-source sedimentation. In the core strata with 31.5, 28.4, 25.5, 23, and 16 Ma from today, the geochemical parameters of REEs and Th/Sc ratio have significant saltation, embodying the tectonic movement events in the evolution of the Qiongdongnan Basin. In the tectonic evolution history of the South China Sea, the South China Sea Movement(34–25 Ma BP, early expansion of the South China Sea), Baiyun Movement(23 Ma BP), late expansion movement(23.5–16.5 Ma BP), expansion-settlement transition, and other important events are all clearly recorded by the geochemical characteristics of REEs in the core.     

马里亚纳“沟−盆”深水沉积环境稀土元素特征与物源约束

通过对西太平洋帕里西维拉海盆东南部的C-P19柱状样和马里亚纳海沟南坡的L3柱状样进行粒度和稀土元素地球化学分析,探讨了二者物源的异同。结果表明:研究区沉积物的稀土元素含量基本不受沉积物粒度控制,主要受控于物源变化。物源判别结果指示二者的物源具有同源性,其中西马里亚纳海脊剥蚀下来的火山物质对研究区的物质来源贡献最大。火山物质中的重矿物可以影响到稀土元素的含量,例如锆石的含量和稀土元素总量(ΣREY)的相关系数可达0.86。来自中国内陆黄土的陆源风尘物质对两个研究区的物源供给也有一定贡献,但其贡献程度较小。由于马里亚纳海沟南坡更加远离大陆且纬度更低,其接受的亚洲风尘也比帕里西维拉海盆和挑战者深渊更少。此外,南极底层水流经研究区,对海盆和海沟的沉积物都造成一定影响,而且在马里亚纳海沟南坡更加活跃,因而帕里西维拉海盆东南部的沉积物比马里亚纳海沟南坡更易于保存。     

滇西腾冲新生代火山岩岩石地球化学特征

腾冲新生代火山岩位于印度板块和欧亚板块碰撞带附近,但是喷发时大洋已经闭合,属于大陆板内火山岩。对其进行地球化学研究,可以用来划分构造属性和推测岩浆来源。采用XRF和ICP-MS对典型岩石样品进行了较系统的岩石地球化学研究,结果表明,岩石类型有玄武质粗面安山岩、粗面安山岩和玄武安山岩,属高钾钙碱性系列;岩石化学显示高K2O、CaO和低TiO2,Mg#较高,平均约为46;稀土元素分布呈右倾,显示明显的Eu负异常;相对于原始地幔富集大离子亲石元素和高场强元素,并具有明显的Th正异常;地球化学组成总体上与岛弧岩浆岩相似,推测其成因与印度板块向欧亚板块俯冲引发的岩浆活动有关。特征元素比值显示岩浆可能来源于与俯冲作用相关的EMⅠ型地幔。     

莫桑比克盆地构造演化与沉积充填特征

在阅读相关文献资料的基础上,分析了莫桑比克盆地的区域性幕式构造演化,并进一步总结归纳了其沉积充填特征。研究显示该盆地为东非边缘陆内裂谷盆地,以晚侏罗世破裂不整合面为界划分为断陷期及坳陷期,断陷期为陆相湖盆沉积充填,进入坳陷期后逐渐从海陆过渡相向浅海相和深水相演变。晚白垩世末和渐新世末两次构造抬升,使得盆地沉积环境及物源供应发生明显改变,也逐渐从深水相向滨浅海相或三角洲相演变。     

Upper Miocene–Pliocene provenance evolution of the Central Canyon in northwestern South China Sea

Provenance studies of the Central Canyon, Qiongdongnan Basin has provided significant insights into paleographic and sedimentology research of the South China Sea (SCS). A suite of geochemical approaches mainly including rare earth elemental (REE) analysis and detrital zircon U–Pb dating has been systematically applied to the “source-to-sink” system involving our upper Miocene–Pliocene Central Canyon sediments and surrounding potential source areas. Based on samples tracing the entire course of the Central Canyon, REE distribution patterns indicate that the western channel was generally characterized by positive Eu anomalies in larger proportion, in contrast to the dominance of negative values of its eastern side during late Miocene–Pliocene. Additionally, for the whole canyon and farther regions of Qiongdongnan Basin, the number of samples bearing negative Eu anomalies tended to increase within younger geological strata. On the other hand, U–Pb geochronology results suggest a wide Proterozoic to Mesozoic age range with peak complexity in Yanshanian, Indosinian, Caledonian and Jinningian periods. However in detail, age combination of most western samples displayed older-age signatures than the eastern. To make it more evidently, western boreholes of the Central Canyon are mainly characterized with confined Indosinian and Caledonian clusters which show great comparability with mafic-to-ultramafic source of Kontum Massif of Central Vietnam, while eastern samples largely bear with distinguishable Yanshanian and Indosinian peaks which more resemble with Hainan Island. Based on geochemistry and geochronology analyses, two significant suppliers and sedimentary infilling processes are generated: (1) the Indosinian collision orogenic belt in central-northern Vietnam, Indochina has ever played significant role in Central Canyon sedimentary evolution, (2) Hainan Island once as a typical provenance restricted within eastern Central Canyon, has been enlarging its influence into the whole channel, even into the farther western regions of Qiongdongnan Basin.

     

南海尖峰海山多金属结壳地球化学

南海尖峰海山多金属结壳富含30多种元素,其锰铁矿物主要由钡镁锰矿,δ-MnO_2和FeOOH·xH_2O组成。与其它海区的结壳相比,尖峰海山结壳富含Cu、Ni、Ba、Zn、Pb等元素,而Co、Ti、稀土元素(REE)、Sr等元素相对较贫。研究表明,HREE亏损,具明显的Ce正异常,较明显的Tb正异常和Yb负异常。这是氧化弱碱性海洋环境所致。结壳是水成作用的产物,它的形成受南海独特的古海洋环境所控制,海底火山热液作用,可能也是影响因素之一。     

南海北部深水区渐新-中新世沉积地球化学特征及物源演变

Geochemical and detrital zircon U-Pb dating data for drilled sediments from the Baiyun deepwater area of the northern South China Sea demonstrate a change of sedimentary sources from the Oligocene to the Miocene.Zircon ages of the pre-rift Eocene sequences are dominated by Yanshanian ages with various peak values(110–115 Ma for U1435 and L21; 150 Ma for H1), indicating local sediment supply from the pre-existing Mesozoic magmatic belt. For the Oligocene sediments in the northern part of the basin, the rare earth elements show different distribution characteristics, indicating sediment supply from the paleo-Zhujiang River(Pearl River), as also confirmed by the multimodal zircon age spectra of the Lower Oligocene strata in Well X28. By contrast, a positive Eu anomaly characterizes sediments from the western and southern parts of the basin, indicating potential provenances from intermediate to basic volcanic rock materials. The Baiyun Movement at the end of the Oligocene contributed to a large-scale subsidence in the deepwater area and also a northward retreat of continental shelf break, leading to deepening depositional environment in the basin. As a result, all the detrital zircon ages of the Upper Oligocene strata from Wells X28, L13, and L21 share a similar distribution, implying the possible control of a common source like the Zhujiang River. During the Miocene, whereas sediments in the northern area were mainly sourced from the Zhujiang River Delta, and those in the southern deepwater area continued to be affected by basic volcanic activities, the Dongsha Uplift could have contributed as the main source to the eastern area.     

Geochemistry and zircon U-Pb ages of the Oligocene sediments in the Baiyun Sag,Zhujiang River Mouth Basin

In this study, element geochemistry and zircon chronology are used to analyze the Oligocene sediments in the Baiyun Sag, Zhujiang River Mouth Basin. The experimental results are discussed with respect to weathering conditions, parent rock lithologies, and provenances. The chemical index of alteration and the chemical index of weathering values of mudstone samples from the lower Oligocene Enping Formation indicate that clastic particles in the study area underwent moderate weathering. Mudstone samples exhibit relatively enriched light rare earth elements and depleted heavy rare earth elements, "V"-shaped negative Eu anomalies, and negligible Ce anomalies. The rare earth element distribution curves are obviously right-inclined, with shapes and contents similar to those of post-Archean Australian shale and upper continental crust, indicating that the samples originated from acid rocks in the upper crust. The Hf-La/Th and La/Sc-Co/Th diagrams show this same origin for the sediments in the study area. For the samples from the upper Enping deltas, the overall age spectrum shows four major age peaks ca. 59–68 Ma, 98–136 Ma, 153–168 Ma and 239–260 Ma. For the Zhuhai Formation samples,the overall age spectrum shows three major age peaks ca. 149 Ma, 252 Ma and 380 Ma. The detrital zircon shapes and U-Pb ages reveal that during Oligocene sedimentation, the sediments on the northwestern margin of the Baiyun Sag were supplied jointly from two provenances: Precambrian-Paleozoic metamorphic rocks in the extrabasinal South China fold zone and Mesozoic volcanic rocks in the intrabasinal Panyu Low Uplift, and the former supply became stronger through time. Thus, the provenance of the Oligocene deltas experienced a transition from an early proximal intrabasinal source to a late distal extrabasinal source.     

Geochemical evolution of Oligocene–Middle Miocene sediments in the deep-water area of the Pearl River Mouth Basin,northern South China Sea

The deep-water area of the Pearl River Mouth Basin in the South China Sea has received much scientific attention since the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 184 in 1999 due to its potential economic prospects and distinct tectono-sedimentary evolutionary processes. In this study, we present the composition of major and trace elements from two newly sampled deep-water boreholes (BY6 and LW3) in the Baiyun Sag of the southern Pearl River Mouth Basin. The geochemical evolution in the Oligocene–Middle Miocene, as well as potential controlling factors, are investigated based on a comparative study with previous data from ODP site 1148 and borehole PY33. The Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) and A–CN–K plot reveal that the observed weathering trends are not compatible for the four discussed boreholes. Sedimentary sorting is primarily observed in borehole PY33, where data trend away from the A apex to the feldspar join in the A–CN–K plot and show a spread of Al₂O₃/SiO₂ and Nb/Zr ratios. Compared to chemical weathering and hydrodynamic sorting, provenance has a greater impact on sediment composition of the deep-water area. From the north, the Pearl River was the primary sediment supply. However, a positive Eu anomaly and the provenance discrimination diagrams (i.e., La/Th versus Th/Yb and Zr/Co versus Th/Co) reveal the mafic nature of borehole BY6 sediments in the Zhuhai–Lower Zhujiang (32.0–18.5 Ma) and Upper Hanjiang (13.8–10.5 Ma) formations. These compositions are unusual and differ from the well-defined felsic sources in the majority of the Baiyun Sag; these discrepancies are likely related to multistage magmatism. The sediments at site 1148 are characterized by slightly enriched heavy rare earth elements and relatively high Zr/Co ratios, which could possibly be caused by zircon enrichment from local sources.