高海水围压下多金属硫化物切削动力学分析

为研究高海水围压条件下截齿切削多金属硫化物(SMS)的动力学特性,根据深海环境构建了镐形单截齿破碎多金属硫化物的切削力数学模型,同时考虑海底多金属硫化物高孔隙、非线性等特点,选取合适的材料本构模型及其相关参数,基于LS-DYNA数值模拟平台,利用有限单元法建立高海水围压条件下截齿切削多金属硫化物的数值仿真模型,模拟了不同海水围压条件下多金属硫化物的切削破碎过程。研究结果表明:截齿上的海水围压对矿体破碎的影响很小,矿体上的海水围压对矿体破碎影响较大;在高海水围压条件下,多金属硫化物的强度明显增大,切屑更难从基岩剥离,截齿受到的三向阻力明显增大,高围压作用限制了截齿切削破碎过程中的振动,截齿载荷波动性显著减小。     

海底多金属硫化物材料本构模型研究

为得到适用于数值模拟的海底多金属硫化物材料本构模型,针对海底多金属硫化物试样进行了不同围压下的单/三轴压缩实验,得到物理力学特性参数,对比分析常用描述岩石物理力学行为的本构模型及岩石微元强度准则,选择了合适的材料本构模型并确定了相应参数,并通过单个单元的仿真验证了模型的正确性,且仿真结果表明当海水围压超过20~25MPa区间内的某特定值时,多金属硫化物将会产生明显的脆-延转化。进一步基于该模型开展了高围压条件下双截齿切削海底多金属硫化物数值模拟的动力学特性研究,仿真结果表明随着围压增大,截齿受到的截割阻力及进给阻力显著增大,载荷波动性降低。     

海底大型多金属硫化物矿体内的流体过程

海底多金属硫化物矿体内热场和流场分布控制着多金属硫化物矿体的形成过程和成矿机制.在大洋钻探计划(ODP)和已有模拟实验研究的基础上,构建了一个具有三层结构的非均质海底多金属硫化物矿体模型,并利用地下热水系统体系模拟软件(Hydrothermal)模拟了不同渗透率情况下多金属硫化物矿体内部热场和流场的形态特征.模拟结果表...     

基于大直径三轴试验的钙质砂相对破碎率公式修正

钙质砂因特殊的成因,具有不规则形状和复杂孔隙等特征,容易发生颗粒破碎。本文对南海某岛礁天然钙质砂进行等向压缩试验和大直径三轴排水试验,同时测量颗粒相对破碎率,结果表明：钙质砂强度随轴向应变逐渐增大,达到峰值后明显软化,且峰值偏应力随围压增大而增大;颗粒破碎随着剪切逐渐发生,且围压越大破碎程度越大。采用描述颗粒破碎的SIMSAND模型预测排水条件下的三轴剪切试验,通过试验与预测结果的对比,揭示了模型对钙质砂预测的局限性。本文改进了SIMSAND模型,提出了围压不超过1 MPa时的颗粒相对破碎率公式,优化后的公式能更合理地预测峰值应力对应的轴向应变和颗粒破碎程度的演化。     

海底热液多金属硫化物分布及控矿因素

基于最新公布的全球热液矿点数据讨论了海底热液多金属硫化物矿体形成的构造环境,探讨了深部岩浆活动、断裂构造以及沉积物盖层等控矿因素对洋中脊多金属硫化物矿体成矿的影响。研究结果表明:海底热液多金属硫化物矿点主要分布于离散型板块边界和汇聚型板块边界;深部岩浆活动和断裂构造是洋中脊热液多金属硫化物成矿最主要的控矿因素;快、慢扩张洋中脊环境深部岩浆活动和断裂构造的差异导致在海底形成了不同规模的多金属硫化物矿体。对认识海底热液多金属硫化物矿床分布与成矿规律、以及开展海底多金属硫化物资源勘查具有一定的指导意义。     

单齿破碎参数对水合物切削力影响规律研究

在海洋天然气水合物的机械采掘过程中,单齿破碎参数是影响整个绞吸头采掘效率的重要因素,掌握单齿破碎参数对切削力的影响规律对于整个水合物开采系统具有重要的意义。本文基于水合物破碎替代试样开展绞吸单齿切削实验,研究在不同几何参数与不同切削深度下单齿破碎切削载荷变化规律;基于D-P岩石破坏准则建立三维正交切削单齿切向力和法向力的解析式;并建立ABAQUS有限元分析模型,以实验数据进行验证,开展正交模拟实验,优选单齿几何参数与切削深度。结果表明:切削深度和刀齿宽度与切削载荷呈正相关,两者分别在15 mm和3 mm时,增大了对切削载荷的影响;前角与切削载荷呈负相关,且随自身的增大,对载荷的影响减小;仿真与实验结果拟合良好,前角对切削比能有着显著的影响,刀齿宽度和切削深度对切削比能基本无影响;最优组合为α=60°、d=9 mm、W=25 mm。该研究为水合物绞吸头单齿的设计和绞吸开采参数的制定提供了理论支撑。     

海底多金属硫化物开发动态与前景分析

介绍了澳大利亚鹦鹉螺矿业公司和海王星矿业公司在西南太平洋区域对海底块状多金属硫化物 ( SMS ) 的商业勘探活动和开采计划等活动的最新进展,并从海底多金属硫化物的金属品质、开发的技术可行性与经济性、深海采矿的环境保护与法律政策等方面对海底多金属硫化物开发的前景作了分析.     

全球现代海底块状硫化物矿床资源量估计

随着世界发展对各种资源需求量的增大,海底资源究竟有多少也已成为全球各界探索的热点问题。现代海底块状硫化物(SMS)作为当今重要的潜在海底金属矿产资源,已在全球各个海域被广泛勘探和调查研究。在国际海底管理局建立的全球海底热液活动数据库基础上,利用美国地质调查所海底矿产评价"三部法",即:(1)将洋中脊、海底火山弧、弧后扩张中心圈定为全球SMS矿床远景区;(2)选定验证SMS矿床适用的矿床吨位、品位模型;(3)根据质通量、热通量、热液柱以及控制区数据估计全球热液喷口区数量与SMS矿床数量,对现代海底SMS矿床的资源量进行初步估计。结果显示:全球现代SMS矿床约为1 000个,所含资源量约为6×108 t,其中铜、锌、铅金属量为3×107 t,与陆地新生代以来的火山块状硫化物(VMS)矿床1.9×107 t相近。     

西南印度洋中脊热液区岩石声学特性

西南印度洋中脊(Southwest Indian Ridge, SWIR)热液区具有潜在发育的大规模硫化物矿床,当前正在开展SWIR硫化物矿产资源评价。测量分析硫化物和不同围岩的声速等物性特征是硫化物近底地震勘探资料处理和解释的基础。该文对西南印度洋中脊热液区的硫化物和围岩等样品进行了系统的物性测量,结合岩石物性(包括密度、孔隙度、P波速度)与矿物组成,深入分析了西南印度洋中脊热液区岩石声速变化特性及其影响因素。结果表明,SWIR热液区围岩的P波速度受到岩石骨架矿物、孔隙和围压的影响。由于岩石孔隙度总体偏小,对P波速度的影响并不显著,但围压的增加使岩石微裂缝和孔隙逐渐闭合,P波速度呈非线性指数变化。蚀变作用导致了矿物成分改变,是影响围岩声速的最关键因素。单一物性参数测量结果可能存在多解性,联合波速、密度、磁性和电性等多物性参数测量有利于岩性区分。该研究成果有助于识别硫化物和围岩,为我国西南印度洋合同区多金属硫化物地震勘探工作提供重要支撑。     

海底多金属硫化物自然电位观测方式研究

利用海洋自然电位法可以探测海底多金属硫化物矿体的位置和轮廓。在调查过程中,可以进行水平观测和垂直观测,本文对这两种观测方式的探测效果进行数值模拟分析,结果表明垂直观测异常大,对矿体的横向分辨率高。但在进行垂直观测时,电极离底低,工作风险大。所以在实际调查过程中,需要根据需求选择合适的观测方式。另外,在实际测量过程中,电极对会偏离垂直方向和水平方向,将导致异常结果发生变化,因此在数据资料处理与解释过程中要注意。本文可以为海底多金属硫化物自然电位调查提供参考。     

低围压水平下砂的排水行为(英文)

采用干样沉降法制备样品 ,选用静三轴仪对松砂和密砂样在 10 k Pa至 10 0 k Pa的低围压下的排水行为进行了实验研究 ,并对实验结果作了橡皮膜校正 ,在围压为 10 k Pa的密砂实验中 ,轴向应力的校正值可达到 12 %。实验研究表明低围压下松砂的剪胀性非常明显 ,且存在剪应力极值 ;围压越低 ,松砂和密砂的剪应力极值越小 ,达到最大剪应力所对应的剪应变越小。同时还表明低围压范围内相对密度不同 ,砂的应力应变特性不同 ;此外 ,低围压下砂的内摩擦角高于高围压下的值 ,从而在工程上应重视低围压水平下砂土工程参数的合理选取     

不同制样方式下含水合物粉细砂静力学特性研究

利用高压低温三轴仪对含水合物粉细砂进行剪切试验。分别用气饱和法与水饱和法制样,实现不同水合物饱和度和围压条件的三轴剪切,并分析含水合物砂的胶结作用对剪切特性的影响。试验结果表明：低饱和度时,气饱和与水饱和试样的偏应力差别不大;高饱和度时,制样方式对偏应力的影响较显著;水饱和试样的剪胀性大于气饱和试样,剪胀性随饱和度的升高和围压的降低而增大。峰值偏应力和稳态偏应力由黏聚力和摩擦力两部分组成,水合物的存在对稳态内摩擦角影响不大。     

Mechanical Behavior of Light-Weight Soil Under Consolidated Drained Shear Condition

To reveal the influence of material composition on mechanical properties of light-weight soil, stress-strain -volumetric strain characteristics and Poisson's ratio of mixed soil were researched by consolidated drained shear tests. The results show that light-weight soil is a kind of structural soil, so its mechanical properties are affected by mixed ratio and confining pressure, and mixed soil possesses structural yield stress. When confining pressure is less than the structural yield stress, strain softening occurs; when confining pressure is more than the structural yield stress, strain hardening is observed. There are two kinds of volume change behavior: shear contraction and shear dilatancy. Shear dilatancy usually leads to strain softening, but there isn't an assured causal relationship between them. Poisson's ratio of mixed soil is a variational state parameter with the change of stress state, it decreases with increased confining pressure, and it increases with increased stress level. When axial strain is near 5%, Poisson’ ratio is gradually close to a steady value. The main range of Poisson's ratio is 0.25～0.50 when confining pressure changes from 50 to 300 kPa. When unconfined compressive strength of mixed soil is less than 328 kPa, its stress-strain-volumetric strain characteristics can be predicted very well by Duncan-Chang model (E-B model). However, when the range of unconfined compressive strength is [328 kPa, 566 kPa], the model can't predict stress-strain characteristics accurately when confining pressure is under 200 kPa, and it also can't predict the strong shear dilatancy phenomenon of mixed soil under low confining pressure.     

Gradation affects basic mechanical characteristics of Chinese calcareous sand as airport subgrade of reefs

Abstract

Construction of the reefs in the South China Sea is a significant foundation to the secure stability and economic development of China. The construction of an airport runway is necessary for this realization. The calcareous sand is the main primary material in the runway construction. A certain type of calcareous sand near a certain reef of the South China Sea was studied in this paper. To investigate this specific calcareous sand, quartz sand was used as a reference for comparison. Microscopic 3-D imaging, compression and triaxial tests were conducted to test the micro, squeezing and shear properties. The effect mechanism of gradation on the calcareous sand’s compressibility and shear characteristics are discussed from a mesoscopic viewpoint using 3-D morphology. Calcareous sand particles are multiangular and flatter in comparison with quartz sand. The larger the particle sizes are, the more different the two sands’ morphologies are. The compressibility of calcareous sand is greater, and the effect of the coarse fraction (5–1?mm) content in the gradation plays the most significant role in this feature. When the coarse particles’ content is less than 25% and the mass ratio of the middle and fine particles (M) is constant, there is the worst coarse fraction content causing the calcareous sand to be most likely compressed. The worst coarse fraction content decreases with the increase in M, and an empirical formula is proposed. When the gradation, relative density and confining pressure are the same, the peak shear stress and strain of calcareous sand are all at a high level. The effect of confining pressure is manifested in calcareous sand. The shear strength and dilation of calcareous sand are also most affected by the medium coarse fraction (5–0.25?mm) content.     

Sedimentary control on the formation of a multi-superimposed gas system in the development of key layers in the sequence framework

Based on core observations, well logs and test results of siderite-bearing mudstone from the Benxi Formation to the Member 2 of the Shanxi Formations in the Linxing block, northeastern Ordos Basin, a logging identification model for siderite-bearing mudstone (key layer) was established. The porosity characteristics and sealing property were quantitatively evaluated by logging data. Sedimentary control on the formation of multi-superimposed gas-bearing system in the development of key layers in the sequence framework was also discussed. The results showed that the siderite-bearing mudstone has obvious logging response characteristics, e.g., high photoelectric absorption cross-section index (PE), high density (DEN), high amplitude natural gamma ray (GR), low acoustic (AC), low resistivity (M2RX) and low neutron porosity (CNCF). The quantitatively evaluated results of the porosity characteristics and sealing property for the key layer showed that the key layer has the characteristics of low porosity (with an average of 1.20 percent), low permeability (with an average of 2.29 × 10⁻⁸μm²), and high breakthrough pressure (with an average of 12.32 MPa) in the study area. This layer acts as an impermeable gas barrier in a multi-superimposed gas system. The results also indicated that the material composition of the multi-superimposed gas-bearing system can be established by the sequence stratigraphic framework. The sedimentary evolution results in a cyclic rhythm of material composition vertically. The spatial distribution of the corresponding transgressive event layer near the maximum flooding surface (MFS) in the sequence framework restricts the spatial distribution of the key layer with high breakthrough pressure and low porosity, which constitutes the gas-bearing system boundary. The siderite-bearing mudstone formed near the MFS in the second-order sequence and constitutes a stable comparison of the first-order gas-bearing system boundary, which has a wide range of regional distribution and stable thickness. The siderite-bearing mudstone formed near the MFS in the third-order sequence is often incompletely preserved due to the late (underwater) diversion channel erosion and cutting. This layer forms the coal-bearing reservoirs, which we termed as a second-order gas-bearing system in adjacent third-order sequences to form a uniform gas-bearing system.     

Impacts of confining pressure and safety thickness on water and mud inrush in weathered granite

Abstract

Due to the strong disintegration and water erosion of completely weathered granite, water and mud inrush disasters are apt to take place in this zone during underwater tunnel construction. The pore, compactness, seepage path length, fracture geometries and their interconnections for water and mud transfer are strongly influenced by confining pressure and waterproof-resistant slab safety thickness. In order to inspect the influence, a series of experiments based on a self-designed testing system and non-Darcy testing method were performed. The results indicated that the water and mud inrush evolution increased with the increase of confining pressure and decreased with the increase of safety thickness. In particular, the confining pressure mainly influences the initial evolution stage, and a critical safety thickness to prevent water and mud inrush is obtained. Besides, the non-Darcy testing method results shows that the water and mud inrush evolution affects the influence of non-Darcy flow. For example, while the safety thickness was smaller than the critical value, the evolution was large and unstable and its behavior transferred into nonlinear. In this case, the flow changed to non-Darcy flow.     

Electrical properties of seafloor massive sulfides

Seafloor massive sulfide (SMS) deposits are increasingly seen as important marine metal resources for the future. A growing number of industrialized nations are involved in the surveying and sampling of such deposits by drilling. Drill ships are expensive and their availability can be limited; seabed drill rigs are a cost-effective alternative and more suitable for obtaining cores for resource evaluation. In order to achieve the objectives of resource evaluations, details are required of the geological, mineralogical, and physical properties of the polymetallic deposits and their host rocks. Electrical properties of the deposits and their ore minerals are distinct from their unmineralized host rocks. Therefore, the use of electrical methods to detect SMS while drilling and recovering drill cores could decrease the costs and accelerate offshore operations by limiting the amount of drilling in unmineralized material. This paper presents new data regarding the electrical properties of SMS cores that can be used in that assessment. Frequency-dependent complex electrical resistivity in the frequency range between 0.002 and 100 Hz was examined in order to potentially discriminate between different types of fresh rocks, alteration and mineralization. Forty mini-cores of SMS and unmineralized host rocks were tested in the laboratory, originating from different tectonic settings such as the intermediate-spreading ridges of the Galapagos and Axial Seamount, and the Pacmanus back-arc basin. The results indicate that there is a clear potential to distinguish between mineralized and non-mineralized samples, with some evidence that even different types of mineralization can be discriminated. This could be achieved using resistivity magnitude alone with appropriate rig-mounted electrical sensors. Exploiting the frequency-dependent behavior of resistivity might amplify the differences and further improve the rock characterization.     

Fatigue Properties of Plain Concrete Under Triaxial Compressive Cyclic Loading

Experiments were made on plain concrete subjected to triaxial static loading and constant-amphtude compressive fatigue loading with a constant lateral pressure in two directions. The initial confining pressure was O, O. lfc, O. 25fc and O. 4fc, respectively, for the static test, and O. lfc and O. 25fc for the fatigue test. Based on the triaxial compressive constitutive behavior of concrete, the inflexion of confining pressure evolution was chosen to be the fatigue damage criterion during the test. The rule of evolution of longitudinal maximum and minimum strains, longitudinal cyclic modulus and damage were recorded and analyzed. According to the Fardis-Chen criterion model and the concept of equivalent fatigue life and equivalent stress level, a unified S-N curve for multi-axial compressive fatigue loading was proposed. Thus, the fatigue strength factors for different fatigue loading cases can be obtained. The present investigation provides information for the fatigue design of concrete structures.     

Models for dynamic evaluation of mudstone/shale cap rocks and their applications in the Lower Paleozoic sequences,Sichuan Basin,SW China

The estimation of the sealing capability of cap rocks dynamically is one of the fundamental geological problems that must be resolved in petroleum exploration. In this paper, a porosity–capillary pressure (ϕ–P_c) method was used to estimate the sealing capacity during cap rock burial and a permeability–capillary pressure (K–P_c) plus over-consolidation ratio (OCR) method to estimate the sealing capacity during uplift. Based on 120 capillary pressure–porosity measurements, a ϕ–P_c mathematical model has been established for the burial phase. By analyzing the permeability data measured from 12 mudstone/shale samples from different stratigraphic intervals under step loading conditions, a permeability–confining pressure (K–P) mathematical model has been constructed. Moreover, capillary pressure–permeability data measured from 141 mudstone or shale cap rocks have been used to establish a K–P_c mathematical model for seal capacity evaluation during uplift. Additionally, the OCR of mudstone or shale was calculated from the results of reconstructed burial and uplift histories. These mathematical models were used in case studies in the Sichuan Basin, South China. The results indicate that capillary pressure (P_c) is inadequate in evaluating sealing capacity of cap rocks but the combination of parameters P_c and OCR works well. The agreement between calculated and measured values shows the effectiveness and reliability of the models for dynamic estimation of the sealing capacity of mudstone/shale cap rocks established in this study.