雷州半岛西南部珊瑚礁礁体结构与场地稳定性分析

珊瑚礁是全球气候变化研究的主要内容之一, 近年来为适应珊瑚岛礁工程建设的需求, 珊瑚礁研究得到较快发展.珊瑚礁是发育于热带海洋环境中由生物作用和地质作用共同形成的地质体, 是一种特殊的岩土介质类型.雷州半岛西南部珊瑚礁区无论在其物质组成还是发育环境上都具有独特性, 该区海洋水动力作用在珊瑚礁体不同部位强度不同, 具有明显的分带性, 是造礁珊瑚生态环境和碎屑沉积分带的主要原因, 它与珊瑚礁地貌分带、珊瑚礁工程性质相结合, 形成了珊瑚礁不同的岩体结构和工程地质分带.在分析了该区地质背景、岩体结构和工程地质分带等的基础上, 对雷州半岛西南部珊瑚礁区场地稳定性进行探讨, 为该区工程建设提供依据.     

南沙群岛永暑礁岩体稳定性评价

永暑礁表层为松散的生物砂砾堆积,表层以下为礁灰岩,夹有2个沉积间断面。礁体呈岩盆结构,从外向内胶结程度依次降低。在综合研究了永暑礁自然环境特征、地层岩性以及岩体结构特征的基础上,认为永暑礁整体稳定性良好,不会发生整体倾覆的现象,浅层土体也不会发生剪切、滑移等工程地质问题。并利用非线性弹性本构模型,对永暑礁礁体地基与边坡在不同应力作用下发生变形与破坏的过程及机理进行了探讨,研究结果认为,在外部应力作用下,珊瑚礁内的应力状态将发生变化,局部出现应力集中,边坡出现拉应力。200kPa的荷载使礁体边坡产生的水平位移小于1cm,岩体边坡仍是稳定的,但最大垂直位移达到1．8cm,有可能出现珊瑚砂的整体剪切破坏。     

珊瑚礁礁坪宽度对波浪传播变形及增水影响的实验研究

通过在波浪水槽中进行一系列物理模型实验, 研究珊瑚礁礁坪宽度变化对珊瑚礁海岸附近波浪传播变形及礁坪上波浪增水的影响。物理实验采用理想化的珊瑚礁模型, 测试了3种礁坪宽度下的一系列不规则波工况。实验结果分析表明: 波浪沿礁传播过程中, 短波持续衰减; 低频长波波高沿礁逐渐增大, 直到海岸线附近达到最大; 随着礁坪宽度的增加, 海岸线附近的短波波高呈下降趋势, 低频长波波高的变化规律不显著; 礁坪上的波浪增水受礁坪宽度变化的影响不明显; 通过对海岸线附近的波浪进行频谱分析发现, 礁坪上低频长波的运动存在着一阶共振模式, 且共振放大效应强度受礁坪水深、入射波峰周期和礁坪宽度共同影响。     

礁面大糙率存在下孤立波传播变形及爬高实验研究

本文采用圆柱体阵列来模拟珊瑚礁面的大糙率,通过波浪水槽实验研究礁面糙率对孤立波传播变形及岸滩爬高的影响.结果表明,粗糙礁面的存在显著削弱了礁坪上孤立波的首峰和礁后岸滩反射造成的次峰,同时降低了波浪在珊瑚礁面的传播速度;垂直于岸线方向沿礁相对波高随着入射波增大而减小,随着礁坪水深的增大而增大,粗糙礁面上波高沿礁的衰减更为...     

南沙群岛珊瑚礁动力地貌特征

南沙群岛受季风、台风和波浪的影响，珊瑚礁体呈ＮＥ－ＳＷ向椭圆形态，西南礁坪宽于东北礁坪。位于不同波能带内的珊瑚礁体发育了与之相适应的动力地貌单元。礁前斜坡高波能带地形陡峭，向风坡礁脊一槽沟系发育。外礁坪消耗大量波能，广泛覆盖生物碎屑，珊瑚生长稀疏。内礁坪宽广平坦，珊瑚生长良好。外礁坪堆积许多大礁块，尤以东北礁坪为甚。在湖低波能带，通常东坡缓于百坡，湖盆一般浪静流缓，为生物碎屑堆积区。     

南沙群岛海区珊瑚礁灾害性地质分析

珊瑚礁是一种特殊的岩土介质，有独特的灾害地质类型。珊瑚礁灾害地质研究是现代工程地质学的一个新课题。通过珊瑚礁的地质记录研究了内动力灾害地质类型（包括活动断裂、地震和火山活动等）、外动力灾害地质类型（包括海底槽谷与地形突变带、崩塌、滑坡、峰礁与埋藏礁、泥丘、埋藏负地貌等），同时还分析了人类活动对珊瑚礁发育的影响。     

南沙群岛珊瑚礁岩体结构特征及工程地质分带

珊瑚礁是发育于海洋环境之中、由造礁珊瑚和生物历经生物和地质作用形成的地质体，是一种特殊的岩土介质类型。在南沙群岛珊瑚礁体上，水动力作用和沉积类型、地形地貌都具有成带分布的特点，因而岩体结构和工程地质性质亦具有分带性。在珊瑚礁海洋水动力环境分带的基础上．研究了南沙群岛珊瑚礁的剖面结构、内部结构和浅地层结构特征以及工程地质分层和岩性，将珊瑚礁岩体结构划分为4种类型和5个工程地质相带，并对各分带的工程特性及适宜性进行了评价。     

南沙群岛珊瑚礁动力地貌特征

南沙群岛受季风、台风和波浪的影响，珊瑚礁体呈ＮＥ－ＳＷ向椭圆形态，西南礁坪宽于东北礁坪。位于不同波能带内的珊瑚礁体发育了与之相适应的动力地貌单元。礁前斜坡高波能带地形陡峭，向风坡礁脊－槽沟系发育。外礁坪消耗大量波能，广泛覆盖生物碎屑，珊瑚生长稀疏。内礁坪宽广平坦，珊瑚生长良好。外礁坪堆积许多大礁块，尤以东北礁坪为甚。在Ｘｉ湖低波能带，通常东坡缓于西坡，湖盆一般浪静流缓，为生物碎屑堆积区。     

南沙海区珊瑚礁灰岩纵波波速特征及其影响因素 *

珊瑚礁灰岩是孔隙结构复杂、密度变化较大的一类岩石, 但过去对珊瑚礁灰岩纵波波速与孔隙结构的关系及其影响因素研究不够深入。本文测定和分析了南沙海区某岛礁钻孔中珊瑚礁灰岩的纵波波速、孔隙度以及密度特征, 结果显示礁灰岩的纵波波速变化范围为5104~5958m·s^-1, 孔隙度变化范围为1.47%~17.7%, 密度变化范围为2.07~ 2.72g·cm^-3。这些特征表明, 埋藏后的压实作用和重结晶作用, 对珊瑚礁灰岩的孔隙度和密度产生影响。珊瑚礁灰岩弹性波速主要受孔隙度和孔隙结构类型的影响, 礁灰岩横、纵波速比值能有效地确定岩体的结构和稳定性, 因此礁灰岩的声学特性研究成果可为珊瑚岛礁工程建设的稳定性评估提供可靠的数据支撑。     

珊瑚礁地形上破碎波高试验研究

破碎波高是珊瑚礁地形上波浪演化的重要参数之一,对工程安全和海岸变形具有重要影响。通过二维波浪水槽,对珊瑚礁地形上破碎波高进行试验研究,分析破碎波高随波陡、礁坪水深以及礁前斜坡坡度的变化。研究表明,相对破碎波高随相对礁坪水深的增大而增大,随入射波陡的增大而减小,但礁前斜坡坡度对相对破碎波高的影响并不明显。通过引入相对礁坪水深,将经典的破碎波高计算公式拓展至珊瑚礁地形上破碎波高的计算。该公式计算值与前人的试验值进行对比验证,吻合较好。研究成果可为工程实践和数值模拟提供参考与借鉴。     

Undisturbed Strata Succession Sampling Technology and the Engineering Geological Characteristics of an Atoll in the Southern South China Sea

Coral reef calcareous sediment, a special category of rock-soil material, has representative geological structure and environmental characteristics. It is widely distributed in shallow areas of the tropical ocean; therefore the exploration instruments and technologies for engineering geology studies of coral reef calcareous sediments are very different from those used in land or deep-sea. Obtaining undisturbed cores from the Holocene unconsolidated stratum of coral reefs has been a key problem in the field of marine geology and environment surveying. The authors have designed a novel floating drilling platform equipped with a drilling machine, and successfully achieved undisturbed cores from both reef flats (with water depth 0.5 to 2 m) and a enclosed lagoon (with water depth 2–12 m) of Yongshu Reef (9°32–9°42 N, 112°52–113°04 E), southern South China Sea. Based on the detailed observation on the cores and the analysis from engineering geology, Yongshu Reef was split into reef three engineering geological zones: leading edge, reef flat (including outer reef flat, middle reef flat and inner reef flat) and lagoon. The sediments are classified in the stratum as fine sand, medium sand, coarse sand, gravel and weak-cemented reef limestone.     

Analysis and evaluation of coral reef integrity based on borehole camera technology

At present, very few drilling surveys have been conducted on coral reefs, and comprehensive geological info on coral reefs is difficult to obtain. However, research on coral reefs is of great importance to development and exploitation of maritime resources. In the survey of Chenhang Island in Paracel (Xisha) Islands, we applied the digital borehole camera technology the first time in China, which resulted in a large amount of first-hand geological data. We utilized the rock mass integrity index (RMDI) method in our analysis of coral reef integrity, and the value of coefficient α in the RMDI was determined to evaluate the size effect of cavities on coral reefs. We then developed the correlation between RMDI values and coral reef integrity with references to the rock mass classification standard, which enabled the engineering evaluation of coral reef integrity. By statistical analysis of camera data gathered along the CK2 borehole for approximately 1-km length, we performed an integrity evaluation of the entire borehole length using the RMDI classification and created a coral reef stratum development diagram that was consistent with the actual cores. The results indicated: (1) the RMDI is a feasible approach for the analysis of coral reef integrity, (2) the classification system based on RMDI is feasible in the integrity evaluation of coral reefs, (3) the values of coral reef integrity obtained using the RMDI method are accurate, and (4) borehole camera survey and statistical analysis are important in the study of coral reefs.     

南海珊瑚岛礁地貌遥感识别研究

南海珊瑚岛礁总体处于退化状态,卫星遥感可以实现珊瑚礁区底质演变的监测.本文以西沙群岛海域赵述岛为研究区域,以Landsat-8卫星遥感影像为研究数据,对浅海地貌变化进行遥感分析.将影像进行水深校正和波段组合,使用最大似然法进行珊瑚礁地貌分类,可以清晰的识别灰沙岛、礁坪、礁前坡、泻湖坡、暗滩和海面六种地貌类型,以Worl...     

莺歌海油气资源开发区工程地质和灾害地质特征

根据单道地震、浅地层剖面、旁扫声纳和海底取样等实测资料,分析和评价了莺歌海油气资源开发区的工程地质和灾害地质环境。研究结果表明,研究区海底地形地貌较为复杂,存在潮流沙脊、侵蚀冲沟、海底沙波、麻坑、埋藏古河道和古湖泊、浅层气、埋藏珊瑚礁和滑塌断层等潜在的灾害地质因素,对海上石油平台和输油管线等工程设施构成直接或潜在的危害。根据地形、地貌和沉积物物理力学特征,将研究区划分为内陆架堆积平原区、陆架潮流沙脊区、内陆架侵蚀平原区、外陆架平原区和大陆坡区5个工程地质区。其中研究区东部的潮流沙脊区和东南部的陆坡区,海底地形复杂,活动性的潮流沙脊和断层发育,是海底工程建设的危险区,应引起高度重视。     

南海珊瑚礁地貌模型研究

近200a前Darwin于1832-1836年间环球考察热带海洋珊瑚礁后,首次建立了珊瑚礁地貌模型并论述其形成机制,该模型总体形态呈全部或部分被上截了顶部的锥形,本文简称为"上截锥型"。此后历经几代学者的研究,都继承了他的珊瑚礁地貌模型。对南海珊瑚礁地貌模型的研究,近年有研究描绘为另外一种模型,该模型的特点是礁外坡为内凹形,礁体形态呈蘑菇状,本文称为"蘑菇型"。本文根据许多南海珊瑚礁地形实测资料和地貌学研究文献,确认南海珊瑚礁地貌模型应为上截锥型,"蘑菇型"珊瑚礁地貌模型并不符合珊瑚礁形成演化规律,在自然界内不存在。     

海南岛鹿回头珊瑚礁研究进展

前人在海南岛鹿回头珊瑚礁区所做的工作主要集中于以下三方面：(1)鹿回头珊瑚礁区地貌的粗略描述;(2)鹿回头珊瑚礁记录的古海平面研究：(3)鹿回头珊瑚礁记录的现代环境信息研究。通过野外实地考察,将鹿回头珊瑚礁分为8个生物地貌带：礁前斜坡活珊瑚带、礁缘砾石突起脊带、外礁坪带、中礁坪带、内礁坪带、海滩、沙堤、洼地,它们是全新世海平呵和气候环境变化的产物。关于本区珊瑚礁的研究,结合全球珊瑚礁与环境的研究来看,许多工作有待于展开和补充,大致可从以下4个方面进行深入研究：(1)珊瑚礁的生物地貌过程;(2)珊瑚及珊瑚礁的高分辨率环境记录;(3)珊瑚对海洋环境污染的记录：(4)珊瑚礁生态系统与社会、经济及人文系统的关系及其可持续发展。     

Physical habitat and social conditions across a coral reef shape spatial patterns of intraspecific behavioral variation in a demersal fish

As coral reef ecosystems decline in health worldwide, reef‐associated fishes are being impacted by changes to their coral reef habitats. While previous studies have shown coral reef structure to affect the demography of reef fishes, changes in reef conditions may also impact the behavior of reef fishes as they cope with altered habitats. In this study, we examined spatial patterns of intraspecific behavioral variation in the bicolor damselfish (Stegastes partitus) across the fringing reefs of Curaçao (Caribbean Sea), and explored how this behavioral variation associated with physical and social conditions on the reef. Principal components analysis (PCA) condensed physical parameters of the reef into principal component 1 (PC1), comprising depth, coral cover (%), rugosity, and average hole size (cm²), and principal component 2 (PC2), which represented the number of holes. PC1, but not PC2, increased spatially across the reef as the habitat transitioned from coral rubble in the shallows to live coral on the reef slope. This transition in reef structure was paralleled by changes in social conditions including decreases in bicolor damselfish density in habitats with higher PC1 values. The behavior of bicolor damselfish also varied spatially with greater aggression and more frequent shelter use in habitats with lower PC1 values. Path analysis revealed robust associations between this behavioral variation and physical habitat conditions of the reef, indicating that physical – rather than social – habitat variation is the primary determinant of these spatial patterns of intraspecific behavioral variation. Taken as a whole, this coupling between physical reef structure and behavior suggests that reef fish may show altered behaviors on coral reefs degraded by anthropogenic impacts.     

Microbialite development patterns in the last deglacial reefs from Tahiti (French Polynesia; IODP Expedition #310): Implications on reef framework architecture

The widespread occurrence of microbialites in the last deglacial reef frameworks (16–6 Ka BP) implies that the accurate study of their development patterns is of prime importance to unravel the evolution of reef architecture through time and to reconstruct the reef response to sea-level variations and environmental changes.The present study is based on the sedimentological and chronological analysis (¹⁴C AMS dating) of drill cores obtained during the IODP Expedition #310 “Tahiti Sea Level” on the successive terraces which typify the modern reef slopes from Tahiti. It provides a comprehensive data base to investigate the microbialite growth patterns (i.e. growth rates and habitats), to analyze their roles in reef frameworks and to reconstruct the evolution of the reef framework architecture during sea-level rise.The last deglacial reefs from Tahiti are composed of two distinctive biological communities: (1) the coralgal communities including seven assemblages characterized by various growth forms (branching, robust branching, massive, tabular and encrusting) that form the initial frameworks and (2) the microbial communities developed in the primary cavities of those frameworks, a few meters (1.5 to 6 m) below the living coral reef surface, where they heavily encrusted the coralgal assemblages to form microbialite crusts. The dating results demonstrate the occurrence of two distinctive generations of microbialites: the “reefal microbialites” which developed a few hundred years after coralgal communities in shallow-water environments, whereas the “slope microbialites” grew a few thousands of years later in significantly deeper water conditions after the demise of coralgal communities.The development of microbialites was controlled by the volume and the shape of the primary cavities of the initial reef frameworks determined by the morphology and the packing of coral colonies. The most widespread microbialite development occurred in frameworks dominated by branching, thin encrusting, tabular and robust branching coral colonies which built loose and open frameworks typified by a high porosity (> 50%). In contrast, their growth was minimal in compact coral frameworks formed by massive and thick encrusting corals where primary cavities yielded a low porosity (~ 30%) and could not host a significant microbialite expansion.     

Coral assemblages and reef growth in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (Western Pacific Ocean)

Reef development varies considerably around the high, raised‐limestone islands of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI). Here we examine the modern assemblages at 30 sites for coral composition, colony density, colony size, and fidelity. We defined four reef types and hypothesize the presence of environmentally driven ecological stasis, whereby the environment continuously selects for coral species membership, defines colony sizes, and over time creates the noted reef types. Our results show that constructional spur‐and‐groove reefs supported significantly larger coral‐colony sizes and higher coral species richness compared with high‐relief interstitial framework, low‐relief incipient, and non‐constructional coral assemblages. Non‐constructional reefs supported much smaller coral colony sizes, despite similar population densities, and were consistently found in association with high wave exposure. The distinct coral assemblages found on interstitial framework and low‐relief incipient reefs were not affiliated with any wave exposure regime, but were located adjacent to large watersheds and on islands with unique geological history. These assemblages were nested within the spur‐and‐groove species pool. Overall, modern coral cover was well predicted by bathymetric slope and watershed size, while species richness was additively influenced by two proxies of pollution, suggesting the latter is better suited for establishing management targets. In contrast with previous studies that suggested modern assemblages were biologically controlled in the CNMI, we show reef assemblages and reef development are highly influenced by long‐term environmental forcing.