再论震积岩及震积不整合——以川西-滇西地区为例

震积岩是“灾变事件岩”的典型代表,震积岩一般由原地相的地震扰动层与上覆的滑来震积层组成,无论后者是否发育,震积不整合都是存在的。伸展构造环境下形成的区域性震积不整合,属于伸不整合,地震扰动层可以进一步分为软沉积及液化变形段,半固结变形的微褶皱和微断层段、脆性变形的震碎角砾岩段及韵律断层段等序列;群震型（多震旋回）剖面也可划分出出前震、主震、后震等序列。地震扰动序列对识别震积岩很关键,群震型剖面及化     

山东安丘地区郯庐断裂带古近纪冲积物震积岩序列

在郯庐断裂带的安丘—夏庄箕状盆地的古近纪朱壁店组厚层冲积层中,发育许多震积岩层。它们是由地震液化、地震裂隙充填、振动塌落、地震断裂和地震沉陷作用而形成的震积岩组合。通过野外观测、室内鉴定和比较地震地质学研究,鉴别出了液化砂岩脉、液化砂岩墙、液化砂岩团块、裂隙充填砂砾岩墙、震塌岩、地震成因层内断裂及地震沉陷构造等震积岩构造。根据震积岩构造的特征和有关的研究成果,本文建立了由A、B和C3个震积岩单元组成的震积岩序列。水饱和砂受强烈振动液化作用形成A单元;随后,由砂砾层或砂层的地震裂隙充填和震动塌落而形成B单元;最后,由层内断裂作用及地面沉陷作用生成C单元;该序列的3个单元反映了厚层冲积物的地震作用全过程。     

皖北新元古代望山组震积岩的基本特征及其形成环境分析

皖北望山组碳酸盐岩中含有大量液化碳酸盐脉、液化变形、角砾岩等震积岩特征 ,是皖北新元古代地层中含震积岩的重要层位。根据震积岩的特征及其在剖面上的分布将望山组沉积期的地震活动分为三期 ;依据对该组碳酸盐岩的沉积特点的分析认为望山组沉积期的地震活动发生在浅海环境中。这些地震活动与新元古代华北板块内的构造—岩浆活动有关。     

正在萌芽段的震积地层学

地震是经常发生的,是地球节律的一种反映。震积岩一词是Seilacher A(1969)首先提出的,随后欧美学者掀起了研究高潮。Mutti等(1984)认为浊积岩即震浊积岩,可以作为一个事件地层单元进行填图与追索。我国学者宋天锐(1988)最早提出地震－海啸序列,可以作为燕山地区雾连山组地层划分对比的标志。乔秀夫等(1994．1995) 在华北上震旦统一下寒武坑中建立了“碳酸盐岩液化地震序列”与“萨布哈震积序列”并对华北东部同期地层进行了对比与成因地层学研究。笔者(1991．1994)指出扬子西缘的二叠系震积岩由原地相的地震干扰层与异地相的滑来震积层两部分组成．两者之问被震积不整台面分开 在伸展构造环境下,震积不整合即伸展不整合,它是瞬时间于水下形成的。滑来震积层表现为多旋回的震积序列,其中的化石混积层具有正向有序混积现象,这也与盆地边界正断层多次活动有关。由此,提出“扬子西缘的东吴伸展运动”新认识。将震积岩的研究与构造灾变事件,事件地层学接轨。我国地史上也是一个多震的地区,在我国土地上,完全有可能哺育出现代地层学的一门新分支—— 震积地层学。     

川东地区飞一段震积岩的发现及识别标志

川东华蓥山断裂带附近飞仙关组一段发育大量同生变形构造。通过野外剖面和岩心观察分析,认为液化岩脉、重力断层、刺穿层理、肠状构造、火焰构造及卷曲变形构造等同生变形构造为震积成因。震积作用沉积可分为原地震积岩(A)、震积—海啸岩(B)和背景沉积(C)三个单元,其中A单元包括液化碳酸盐岩脉(a)、震褶岩(b)、震裂岩(c),发育a b c（A1）和b c（A2）两种组合。飞一段各震积单元组成A1 B A2 C沉积序列。结合对区域构造背景的分析,认为震积岩的发育与华蓥山断裂带的阶段性活动有关,华蓥山断裂带强烈活动诱发地震是飞一段震积岩形成的动力机制。     

延边汪清一带的二叠纪浊积岩特征

根据典型剖面研究,该套浊积岩系由一套轻微区域变质的中细砂岩、粉砂岩、粉砂质泥岩组成,局部夹碳酸盐岩。剖面结构多种粒度不同的碎屑岩在宏观上有规律地交替出现形成韵律层系,单个韵律层系厚度一般20～60cm。此浊积岩具明显的粒序性、发育较清楚的平行纹层及扰动层理,具较典型的浊积岩特点,鲍玛层序发育。     

塔里木盆地北部高频前积层序的发现及其意义

在塔里木盆地北部的层序地层研究中，在寒武系，石炭系等许多层位的地震剖面上，发现了一系列高频前积层序，以塔里木盆地北部寒武系列为例，探讨其中高频前积层序列的主要特征，由于这些高频前积层序列形成在相似的沉积背景条件下，故每一高频前积层序的内部结构和沉积特征基本一致，高频前积层序的发现使传统地层对比中的某些基本地质概念需要修正，在地层对经认识论和方法论上，得到了新的理论指导。     

惠民凹陷中央隆起带古近系地震浊积岩特征研究

通过大量岩心、薄片、粒度和成像测井资料分析,首次提出山东惠民凹陷中央隆起带沙三段上部浊积岩与典型的原地震积岩(包括震裂岩、震褶岩、自碎屑角砾岩等)紧密伴生,当属于地震成因浊积岩,地震浊积岩与原地震积岩之间被震积不整合面分割。地震浊积岩与非地震浊积岩具有类似的鲍玛序列,不同的是地震浊积岩鲍玛序列底部的含砾砂岩中颗粒具有碎裂结构。根据地震浊积岩所处位置,垂向上一般可组成完整的原地震积岩—“似海啸岩”—震浊积岩序列、原地震积岩—震浊积岩序列或者未震层—地震浊积岩序列。地震成因浊积岩的发现和研究,将为研究陆相湖盆地震事件沉积及正确判断济阳坳陷储集砂体的“多元”性提供地质理论依据。      

大陆边缘震积岩序列──以金沙江中段震积岩为例

通过对金沙江中段震积岩的研究，建立了大陆边缘震积岩序列。该序列包括递交断裂层、震碎角砾岩、震褶岩及层内断层、滑塌巨角砾岩、震积角砾岩及震浊积单元，它具有原地相的地震扰动层和异地相的滑来震积层双层结构，两层之间被震积不整合面所分隔。该序列反映了一次地震事件的全过程，将为地质学家识别大陆边缘地震事件提供对比标准。     

湖南慈利溪口震旦系陡山沱组震积岩的发现及其地质意义

湘西慈利溪口地区震旦系陡山沱组地层中首次发现碳酸盐岩原地震积岩。笔者通过剖面实测,详细观察和描述,结合构造背景,识别出阶梯状层内断层、液化碳酸盐岩脉、液化角砾岩、负荷构造以及微褶纹理等典型的震积软沉积变形构造的地质记录;震积序列在剖面结构上显示自下而上由下伏未震动层-阶梯状层内断层-微褶皱层-液化碳酸盐岩层-液化角砾岩层-上覆未震动层的渐变过程及震积作用逐渐衰减的趋势。震积岩发育的层位在时空上显示良好的可对比性,反映陡山沱期晚期构造活动强烈,并具备多旋回、多周期的特点。构造的活跃加速了有机碳库的氧化,为该时期多细胞生物的繁盛和大规模的成磷成矿作用奠定了基础;同时保存完好的震积地层记录对推断研究区的古沉积环境也具有重要意义。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

正~~     

GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861