以介质参数尾波Q^—1作为响应的加卸载响应比研究

以地球介质参数尾波Ｑ＾－１作为响应，给出了加卸载响应比ＹＱ－１的计算公式。利用美国南加州地区频率分别为１．５Ｈｚ，３．０Ｈｚ，６．０Ｈｚ，１２．０Ｈｚ，２４．０Ｈｚ等５个频段的尾波Ｑ数据，研究了美国北岭地震（１９９４年１月１７日，Ｍｗ６．７）前后的加卸载响应比ＹＱ－１随时间的变化。结果表明，除频率为１２．０Ｈｚ这一频段外，其它频段的加卸载响应比ＹＱ－１在震前都有不同程度的变化，其中频率为２４．０Ｈ     

以介质参数尾波Q~（－1）作为响应的加卸载响应比研究

以地球介质参数尾波Ｑ（－１）作为响应，给出了加卸载响应比Ｙ（Ｑ－１）的计算公式。利用美国南加州地区频率分别为１．５Ｈｚ，３．０Ｈｚ，６．０Ｈｚ，１２．０Ｈｚ，２４．０Ｈｚ等５个频段的尾波Ｑ数据，研究了美国北岭地震（１９９年１月１７日，Ｍｗ６．７）前后的加卸载响应比Ｙ（Ｑ－１）随时间的变化。结果表明，除频率为１２．０Ｈｚ这一频段外，其它频段的加卸载响应比Ｙ（Ｑ－１）在震前都有不同程度的变化，其中频率为２４．０Ｈｚ的Ｙ（Ｑ－１）在１９９３年明显升高。震后各频段的Ｙ（Ｑ－１）趋于正常。     

平谷台地磁加卸载响应比与地震

将磁暴过程作为地球磁场对太阳风的加卸载响应,分析了平谷台１９９５年１月至１９９８年４月期间磁暴场的暴时扰日变化Ｄｓ（Ｚ）的响应比值Ｐ（Ｚ）的变化。发现Ｐ（Ｚ）高值与平谷台５５０ｋｍ,左右范围内ＭＳ≥５０的中强主震有较好的对应。     

江苏及邻区中强震前的非线性失稳特征及地震趋势分析

加卸载响应比是一个表征非线性系统失稳 量,在国内外的地震预报中已有广泛的应用。本文选用江苏及邻区（３０°００－３６°００）,Ｅ１１７°００－１２３°００）１９７０－０１－１９９８－０９的地震资料,研究了该区域内５级以上地震前的加卸载响应比变化的特点,并对未来的地震趋势作了估计。研究结果表明：１２个震便中有１个震前有明显的响应比异常;异常的平均持续时间为８．５个月;异常的最大值绝大多数在１０之内;异     

河南及邻区中等地震前非线性系统失稳状态的研究

多次震例表明，地震前兆随区域而异，而且某一区域内的每次地震所表现出的前兆也不尽相同。这表明地震孕育可能是个非线性过程，地震活动的起伏增长和地震丛集等可能是非线性系统即将发生失稳时出现的独特的前兆图像，本文着重研究了河南及邻区三次中等地震前非线性系统失稳的主要前兆之一－加卸载响应比的变化。经分析研究表明：新乡、菏泽、禹县－登封交界处发生的Ｍｓ４．５、５．９、４．２级地震前１－１２个月，加卸载响应比均     

地球磁场对太阳风的加卸载响应与川滇中强地震

川滇地区在１９９４～１９９６年间发生了多次中强地震。本文作者将磁暴的初始－主相－恢复过程作为地球磁场对太阳风加卸载的响应过程,计算分析了西南地区１０个地磁台站磁场垂直分量Ｚ的暴时场ＤＳｔ（ｚ）中的暴时扰日变化,以及ＤＳ（ｚ）场的加卸载响应比值Ｐ（ｚ）的时空分布,发现Ｐ（ｚ）的高值区即是未来４４天至１５个月内发生中强地震的地区。作者还对震区和非震区的Ｐ（ｚ）高值与地震和气象灾害之间的关系进行了粗略的讨论。     

地磁加卸载响应比与地震对应系关系研究

通过对浙、沪、苏邻近４个地磁观测点的近十年的资料,及邻近区域１０个地震进行了每日Ｚ分量日变加卸载响应比随时间变化和响应比月均值的相关研究。结果表明：加卸载响应比阈值ＰＯ（Ｚ）和响应比月均值ＰＭ（Ｚ）的大小与地震的震级、震中距及异常出现的早晚并非完全呈线性相关;当响应比值大于某一阈值时,有可能发生一定震级的地震;按该方法结果综合分析?载止１９９８年９月底,未来１年左右的时间内在该研究区域或更大范围（     

江宁地电台地电阻率日变形态特征与短临畸变异常

江宁地电台使用ＺＤ－８数字地电仪观测以后，记录到了地电阻率测值每日呈准“一峰一谷”的方波形周期变化。本文描述了日周期变化形态，使用时距平方法研究分析了日变化的季节特征和时间特征。在１９９１年９月１２日江宁小丹阳３．１级地震（Δ＝３４ｋｍ）和１９９２年１０月２２日射阳４．６级地震（Δ＝２４４ｋｍ）前，地电阻率日变形态消失，地震１０多天后日变又恢复，出现明显的短临前兆。     

响应比法的地磁异常分析

将加卸载响应比的理论应用于地磁方法中，取太阳日照为加载，地磁垂直分量Ｚ为响应，应用马陵山地震台１９９３年１月～１９９５年１１月对相观测资料计算其响应比值。得出结果：响应比的变化在１９９５年９月２０日苍山５．２级地震前明显异常显示，分析认为，这一异常变化是苍山地震的前兆异常。     

河南及邻区中等地震前广义时间维的变化特征

应用广义时间分维理论，对河南省及邻区１９７０年以来发生的１２次ＭＬ≥４．７级地震前后的中小地震活动进行了时间扫描，分析其变化特征。结果表明，在研究区内发生的这１２次中等地震前１－２年内，震中区及其邻近地区的广义时间维Ｄｔ都存在一个较为明显的降维过程；地震大多发生在Ｄｔ下降后开始恢复的过程段内；其发震时间大约距Ｄｔ异常最低点２－２０个月；地震发生后Ｄｔ值常快速回升，并逐步恢复正常。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.