异烟酸-吡唑啉酮分光光度法测定地下水中氰化物的不确定度评定

采用不确定度连续传递模型,对异烟酸-吡唑啉酮分光光度法测定地下水中氰化物的不确定度进行评定。分析了不确定度的重要来源,包括样品制备、标准溶液配制、标准曲线拟合和仪器测量过程等引入的不确定度分量。采用x、y双误差回归方式对标准曲线进行拟合,通过分析得知,样品中氰化物浓度越低,其相对不确定度越大。     

Arsenic Speciation in a Contaminated Gold Processing Tailings Dam

Gold recovery in ores containing arsenopyrite releases significant amounts of arsenic into the environment due to mineral processing and oxidation during storage. The extent of arsenic weathering in a tailings dam has been investigated. Speciation of As in surface and pore waters and pond sediments showed that for gold tailings in the dam, As enrichment took place in the pore water relative to the surface water. In pond sediments As was predominantly present as residual arsenopyrite and partly as a substance co-precipitated with iron hydroxide. The arsenic release from the sediment results from a reductive dissolution of the arsenopyrite and Fe oxides. In the surface water, arsenate and arsenite are the main arsenic species (arsenate is dominant), but in the pore waters methylation processes play a significant role. Arsenic transport is accompanied by the transformation of As into the less toxic compounds (methylated species) co-existing with the most toxic species (arsenite).     

An Evaluation of Methods for the Chemical Decomposition of Geological Materials for Trace Element Determination using ICP-MS

Complete dissolution is essential to obtain accurate analytical results using ICP-MS. In this study, decomposition techniques (i.e. acid digestions using Savillex Teflon vials, a high pressure digestion system and microwave oven, a combined lithium tetraborate fusion - HF/HNO3 acid decomposition and sodium peroxide sinter) for the total dissolution of different types of geological reference materials have been investigated. Savillex Teflon vial HF/HNO3 digestion is effective for basaltic samples. The high pressure HF/HClO4 digestion (PicoTrace TC-805 digestion system, Bovenden, Germany) allows dissolution of basalts and ironstones. Granites and magnetite-rich samples can be dissolved using a high pressure HF/H₂SO₄ method. Geological samples cannot be effectively attacked by microwave acid digestion. A combined lithium tetraborate fusion - HF/HNO3 acid digestion method allows complete dissolution of many different types of geological materials; however, this method precludes the determination of volatile elements due to the high fusion temperature (1000 °C). A sodium peroxide sinter method at 480 °C has the potential for the rapid determination of Y, Sc and REE in different types of geological materials. However, the lack of ultra-pure reagents precludes the use of lithium tetraborate fusion and sodium peroxide sinter methods for the measurement of geological samples with low trace element abundances.     

含锑地质试样中金的测定

本文考查了Sb对氢醌法测Au的影响。实验证明,Sb的存在使Au的结果偏高,酒石酸钾钠只掩蔽2mg的Sb。对于含Sb试样,灼烧除Sb并不完全,即使经活性炭吸附Au处理后的待测样中Sb仍存在。本文采用HBr辅助除Sb取得良好效果。方法简便、准确性好,Au的回收率在95.5—102.75％范围,试样测定结果与其它方法相符。     

植物样品中无机元素分析的样品前处理方法和测定技术

植物样品中无机元素的分析测定在环境地球化学和生物地球化学的研究中起着重要作用。植物样品中元素含量一般较低,须选用科学合理的前处理技术和灵敏度高、精密度好、检出限低的测定方法。本文针对植物样品前处理方法和无机元素分析测定技术的研究进展、优势与不足进行评述。前处理方法主要根据样品和待测元素的性质进行选择:干法灰化所用试剂少、空白值低,但组织致密型的样品不易灰化完全、高温下易造成元素挥发损失;湿法消解样品消解较为完全,但试剂消耗大、空白值高、操作繁琐;微波消解可以防止部分易挥发元素损失,用酸量少、消解速度快,但称样量相对较小,不适于需要大称样量的样品分析。几乎所有针对元素分析的仪器分析技术都可以用于植物样品分析,主要根据仪器适用的元素、必要的干扰校正以及基体改进等方面进行选择:电感耦合等离子体质谱法可同时测定植物样品中40种以上的元素,高分辨质谱的检出限可达fg/mL;电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法适用于某些植物样品中含量较高的P、K、Na等元素的测定;原子吸收光谱法可分析元素达70余种,是普及程度最高的仪器分析技术之一;原子荧光光谱法与氢化物发生技术的联用,在元素含量较低的植物样品分析中技术优势更加明显;新兴的激光诱导击穿光谱技术已被应用于植物样品分析,无需复杂的样品前处理,操作简单快速,可实现原位、在线、实时、多元素同时检测;其他选择性强、灵敏度高的分析技术,满足了一些特定元素不能用常规分析技术测定的需求。当前主流分析技术的样品前处理方法都存在着缺陷,固体进样技术将成为植物样品分析领域的发展方向之一。     

堆浸生产中高锑样品金的测定

堆浸提金生产中,高锑样品的湿法测金,用氯化铵和溴化氢挥发法除去锑对金测定的干扰,用氢醌容量法测定,快速、简单,效果明显。     

Fractional Determination of Gold in Twenty Six Geological Reference Materials by Sequential Extraction with Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

A method is described to estimate the chemical form of gold (Au) in a variety of geological reference samples, combining a sequential extraction scheme with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, after extraction of Au as iodide or chloride with methyl isobutyl ketone. The fractions dissolved by sequential extraction are empirically defined as the exchangeable, amorphous, metallic, aqua regia-soluble and residual fractions. The amounts of Au in the amorphous fraction have been derived mainly from oxide or amorphous phases, and the chemical forms of Au are considered to be mostly amorphous and partly metallic. The metallic fraction of Au is likely to exist as submicroscopic grains of native metal which are relatively free from the rock-forming minerals, whereas the aqua regia-soluble or residual fraction of Au may be bound more intimately perhaps as inclusions or solid solutions of either native metal or electrum in most cases. Satisfactory agreement was observed between the sum of the Au values from exchangeable to residual fractions and the reported total Au values, except for a few samples which contained a large amount of reducing materials. Analytical results of Au for twenty six geological reference materials are tabulated, and geochemical and mineralogical features are discussed.     

估计环境价值的陈述偏好技术比较分析

随着人们环境意识的提高和环境资产稀缺性的增加，在资源利用决策中，决策也逐渐考虑环境因素的作用。但是由于缺乏市场，环境物品利用决策中大多缺乏有关环境价值方面的信息，陈述偏好技术是当前解决环境物品经济价值评估的主要方法和手段．首先介绍了环境物品经济价值的分类和评估技术，从理论和应用角度系统地阐述了当前国际上广泛应用于环境物品非利用价值评估的陈述偏好技术(条件估值法，选择模型法，条件分级法，条件排队法和配对比较法)，并分析比较了各种不同的陈述偏好技术的差异，最后总结分析了陈述偏好技术的优缺点。     

A Perspective on the Evolution of Geoanalytical Techniques for Silicate Rocks

Progress in geochemical research is greatly influenced by developments in analytical technology and in this paper, the development of geoanalytical techniques over the last fifty years is reviewed, based in part on a previous study (Potts et al. 1993). From an evaluation of trends in techniques used for the bulk analysis of silicate rocks during recent years, the important future role of XRF and ICP-MS is apparent. However, it is concluded that the techniques that will be the most important in influencing progress in geochemical research in the future will be those based on microbeam analytical techniques. These techniques are increasingly capable of making the full spectrum of analytical measurements, traditionally undertaken on bulk samples, but on a microprobe scale to spatial resolutions that currently vary from sub-μm to about 50 μm. One way of evaluating future developments is to ask what might happen to various categories of techniques if key parameters such as sensitivity and detection limits were improved by, say, two orders of magnitude. Some suggestions are made describing the possible consequences of such an enhancement in analytical performance.     

Comparison of two methods for seismic hazard assessment in a low-seismicity area

The EGO method, developed by Egozcue et al. and the SRAMSC method, originally developed by Cornell and later programmed by McGuire, to assess the seismic hazard, are compared for the low seismicity area Belgium, The Netherlands, and NW Germany. Using the same input data, the results of the EGO method without the majority criterion and the SRAMSC method with upper bound XII agree very well. The influence of the zoning is investigated for the EGO method. It is not necessary to define the zones for the EGO method so strictly as for the SRAMSC method, but too wide zones can give bad results.     

低品位金矿氰化提金工艺的改进研究

本文是一份低品位金矿堆(池)浸理论联系实际的科研成果。文中重点阐述加入辅助药剂后，提高回收率、降低成本、取得较好的经济效益。方法简单，实用性强，对从事低品位氧化矿开发的矿山有一定的参考价值。     

二苯硫脲－甲基异丁酮泡塑富集液珠萃取比色法测定化探样品中的金银

在１０％ＨＣＩ介质中,采用二苯硫脲（ＤＰＴＵ）－甲基异丁酮（ＭＩＢＫ）泡沫塑料富集,以金试剂液珠萃取比色法测定了化探样品中的Ａｕ和Ａｇ。方法的检出限：Ａｕ０．５×１０￣－９;Ａｓ５×１０￣－９（１０ｇ称样）。利用此方法制备了“野外快速分析箱”,可在野外简陋条件下进行现场测定。     

金矿焙烧工艺生产处理液中汞测量不确定度的评定

本文针对原子荧光对金矿焙烧工艺生产中汞处理液的测定,找出了影响其测量不确定度的因素,建立了数学模型,计算出各不确定度的分量,求出合成标准不确定度及扩展不确定度。     

地质样品中高精度铬同位素分析纯化技术研究进展

随着多接收器热电离质谱仪(MC-TIMS)和多接收器电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(MC-ICP-MS)的发展,高精度铬(Cr)同位素测试已成为可能。铬同位素在地球、环境、农业生态和宇宙化学等科学领域中已显示出良好的应用潜力。然而,样品的纯化分离、干扰和仪器质量分馏的校正,依然是制约铬同位素高精度测试的重要因素。本文在近年来铬同位素分析技术最新进展的基础上,结合本课题组已有的研究,对陨石、地质和环境等各类样品中铬同位素的分离纯化方法、MC-ICP-MS测试中干扰与质量歧视校正等进行了详细综述。本文认为,阴阳离子树脂交换联用与过硫酸钾等强氧化剂的结合,可以进行低铬高基质样品的有效纯化,是一种较为普适性的纯化方法。使用铬同位素双稀释剂校正质量歧视效应,在MC-ICP-MS的中高分辨与静态测量模式下,不仅可以有效分开多原子离子的干扰,而且也可以进行高精度铬同位素分析,其δ~(53/52)Cr的分析精度与TIMS相当,可以达到0.04‰(2SD),且最低测试浓度可低至10ng,能够实现超微量铬的同位素分析。     

津巴布韦太古宙克拉通金矿化年龄综述

文章通过系统梳理津巴布韦克拉通成矿年代学研究成果,结合野外观测工作、赋矿岩体间接年龄测定以及热液矿物的同位素年龄测定,总结了其区内典型地区如Harare-Shamva绿岩带、Midlands绿岩带、Mutare绿岩带及Limpopo活动带北缘的金矿化时限分布特征,提出主金矿化年龄分布范围为2 660 Ma—2 610 Ma,接近于新太古代地壳块体稳定克拉通化阶段末期,属同构造期或后构造期成矿;另一期矿化作用时限为2 420 Ma—2 380 Ma,与后克拉通化作用中大岩墙的侵位、区域性应力转换拉伸以及再活化作用引起的广泛的岩浆作用有关。两期矿化作用事件可与其它地区典型克拉通相类比。     

萃取富集—ICP—AES测定地质样品中痕量镓铟铊

本文研究了分步萃取-ICP-AES法测定地质试样中痕量Ga、In和Tl的最佳条件。首先在pH9左右,用吡咯烷二硫代氨基甲酸铵(APLC)-甲基异丁酮(MIBK)萃取In和Tl,然后在6mol/LHCl介质中用MIBK萃取Ga,再将有机相分别直接引入ICP-AES进行测定。方法较简便实用,经地质标样验证,结果满意。     

苏北地区老井复查测井综合评价技术及方法研究

随着苏北小油田勘探开发程度的提高,非常规储层日益成为重点勘探开发的对象。苏北地区老井测井资料复查,立足现有的常规测井资料,结合测试等资料,通过扎实的基础工作和测井评价技术和分析方法的进步和提高,重点在干、密、水、无中全方位找油,并对以往相对忽视和评价认识手段方法相对不足的低孔渗储层、特殊含灰低孔渗储层与低阻油层作为重点研究分析对象,对测井资料进行全面复查评价,取得了良好的油气成果。     

黄土覆盖区金矿勘查评价技术方法研究——以豫西申家窑金矿邻区为例

豫西申家窑金矿及其邻区大部分被第四系黄土覆盖。高精度磁法、甚低频电磁法和CO2、Rn气测量法等方法,可有效地探测黄土覆盖下的控矿构造破碎带。金属活动态测量可以确定构造破碎带中矿致异常的部位。这些轻便的物化探方法的有机组合使用,可为此类地貌地质条件下的金矿勘查提供有效的技术支持。     

黄土覆盖区金矿勘查评价技术方法研究——以豫西申家窑金矿邻区为例

豫西申家窑金矿及其邻区大部分被第四系黄土覆盖。高精度磁法、甚低频电磁法和CO2、Rn气测量法等方法,可有效地探测黄土覆盖下的控矿构造破碎带。金属活动态测量可以确定构造破碎带中矿致异常的部位。这些轻便的物化探方法的有机组合使用,可为此类地貌地质条件下的金矿勘查提供有效的技术支持。     

山区地质灾害应急调查的内涵及方法分析评述

地质灾害应急调查是针对突发性地质灾害或险情进行的紧急调查,需在一至数日的调查期间及时提供实时信息,并尽快提交应急调查报告,为地质灾害应急救援和处置提供科学依据和技术支撑。根据应急调查技术条件,划分为单点和群发地质灾害应急调查两大类。文章论述了山区地质灾害应急调查主要工作流程,即：基础资料准备、现场协调会议、制订工作方案及协调安排、卫星及无人机遥感调查、野外应急调查、资料综合研究及报告编写,以及各个环节的主要工作方法。地质灾害应急调查主要采用野外现场调查访问、地质测绘与卫星定位以及高分辨率卫星遥感、无人机航拍等便捷有效的工作方法。文中定义了地质灾害应急调查,详细分析评述了山区地质灾害应急调查的基本规则、调查方法和技术要求。