钻孔灌注桩桩底注浆技术的应用研究

钻孔灌注桩由于受施工工艺限制,桩端沉渣不易清除,桩端土易受扰动,故桩端承载能力较低,通过桩底注浆技术可有效解决这个问题。结合工程实例分析了桩底注浆钻孔灌注桩的受力机理和工艺技术,提出了桩底注浆施工的注意事项,并进行技术经济比较,认为钻孔灌注桩桩底注浆可以明显提高桩承载力,经济效益显著。另外,讨论了影响桩底注浆桩承载力的主要因素。     

桩端后注浆技术

桩端后注浆技术，可较好地固结钻孔灌注桩的桩底虚土；提高桩端承载力。因此，桩端后注浆技术，在高层建筑的地基基础处理中，很有应用价值。     

钻孔灌注桩桩端后压浆在焦作华融国际大厦的应用

桩端后压浆应在钻孔灌注桩成桩后3~7天进行。压浆量是影响后压浆质量和提高单桩承载力的关键因素。通过桩端后压浆,钻孔灌注桩单桩承载力特征值至少提高20%,可节约工程造价30%。     

钻孔扩底灌注桩的设计与检测

结合钻孔扩底灌注桩在某高层建筑物基础中的成功应用,对钻孔扩底灌注桩的成桩原理进行了有关的阐述,认为扩底钻头的扩张角α≤25°为宜,且扩底高度范围内岩石层的饱和单轴抗压强度标准值一般不大于6MPa;同时在单桩竖向承载力的设计计算时,要求对桩身侧阻力与桩底端阻力进行相应修正。为确保钻孔扩底灌注桩桩端扩大头的施工质量,根据其自身特点,提出采用传统的钻孔取芯法进行检测,并针对工程应用情况进行了定性评价。     

钻孔扩底灌注桩工程应用实例

宁波广济街３号楼高层建筑桩基础采用钻孔扩底灌注桩，以消除孔底孔底沉渣，扩大桩端支承面积，从而提高桩的承载力，降低工程造价。通过工程应用与测试，提出桩承载力计算值的修正及工程施工质监中注意的问题。     

钻孔灌注桩桩底压浆技术的应用

本文通过工程实例，探索了钻孔灌注桩桩底压浆技术的各种参数设计方法和取值范围，并对桩底压浆提高钻孔灌注桩单桩承载力的机理进行了定性分析。     

宜春市审计局综合楼钻孔扩底灌注桩加后压浆设计分析及应用效果

江西省宜春市审计局综合楼所处场地地层条件复杂，确定合适的持力层是关键。经对地层情况、本地区已有经验以及桩基施工新技术等进行分析评估，大胆地把桩端持力层放在结构松散、性质差异较大、承载力标准值偏低的碎石土层上，采用钻孔扩底灌注桩，以提高钻孔灌注桩的承载力，并运用后压浆技术对桩底及下伏地层进行加强处理。实践证明，该方案技术可行，经济合理。     

提高钻孔桩桩底压浆工效及保证质量的技术措施

钻孔桩桩底压浆技术是向钻孔灌注桩桩底沉渣和围岩土体内压入一定量水泥浆,使桩底沉渣和桩底一定范围土体孔隙内充满水泥浆液,经物理、化学作用使其强度大幅提高,从而实现单桩竖向承载力的提高。结合高铁钻孔桩桩底压浆施工实践,介绍了2种压浆工艺过程,阐明了提高压浆工效、保证注浆质量关键技术措施实施的重要性。     

钻孔灌注桩桩端后压浆在上海裕景明珠广场的应用

由于持力层紧密砂层应力松弛，实际单桩极限承载力未能达到预估极限承载力，应用钻孔灌注桩桩端后压浆技术，不仅解决了砂层应力松弛问题，且提高了单桩承载力，节约了工程成本，取得了显著的效果。介绍了上海裕景明珠广场钻孔灌注桩桩端后压浆的设计、注浆参数、施工工艺及施工效果。     

桩底注浆钻孔灌注桩承载力的研究

通过天津地区几例钻孔灌注桩桩底注浆的静载荷试桩结果 ,分析天津地区钻孔灌注桩桩底注浆单桩竖向极限承载力标准值的估算方法     

Slope dynamics and streambed uplift during the Pergalla landslide reactivation in March 2016 and discussion of concurrent causes (Northern Apennines,Italy)

On March 28, 2016, the toe zone of the apparently dormant Pergalla earthslide-earthflow (Northern Apennines, Italy) had a paroxysmal reactivation. In the course of 2 days, displacements up to almost 8 m severely damaged several houses and roads. At the bottom of the slope, the emersion of rotational sliding surfaces determined the uplift of almost 3 m of the Nure river streambed that was consequently partially dammed. The paper describes the landslide event on the basis of field surveys and analysis of post-event aerial photos, as well as data from geophysical surveys and pre- to post-failure displacement monitoring. It also discusses the possible concurrent causes of the event, including antecedent rainfall, the migration of active streambed channels of Nure river toward the landslide toe in the previous year, and the existence of long-term pre-failure slow movements. It is concluded that these factors, together with the presence of sliding surfaces extending beneath the valley floor, should be primarily considered if a preventive assessment of river damming potential due to streambed uplift should be made for other similar landslides in the Apennines.     

马里矿产地质特征与开发前景研究

马里地处西非克拉通腹地,境内大量出露前寒武纪结晶基底,发育大规模的比里姆（Birimian）绿岩带。带内受到后期不连续造山事件的改造,内生金属矿产资源禀赋极好,是西非地区重要的产金岩系。国内关于马里矿产地质特征和矿业开发前景的相关研究较少。为了补充该研究领域,本文系统总结了马里的矿产资源禀赋和开发现状,对其矿业投资环境进行了重点分析研究。研究结果表明,马里区域位置和成矿地质条件优越。目前马里已探明的固体矿产资源种类10余种,其中金矿资源储量2898 t,居非洲地区前列。此外还拥有丰富的锂矿、铀矿、磷酸盐矿、铁矿等矿产资源,多数未进行系统勘查,资源潜力极大。马里的矿产资源除金矿外,其他矿产资源开发程度较低。马里的矿业投资活动活跃,主要投资矿种为金矿、锂矿、铀矿等。马里矿业投资环境整体上较好,矿业相关法律健全,政策支持力度较大,鼓励外资进入矿业领域。中资矿业企业可以重点关注马里的金、锂、铀等优势矿种,选择合适时机开展相关勘查投入,以适合自身的模式进行矿业开发合作。     

舟曲泄流坡滑坡变形特征及其形成机理

以甘肃舟曲泄流坡滑坡的野外详细调查和变形监测资料为基础,探讨泄流坡滑坡蠕滑变形特征和形成机理。研究表明,舟曲泄流坡滑坡发育于坪定—化马断裂内,属典型的巨型断裂带滑坡。该滑坡由多个次级滑坡组成,表现为蠕滑变形特点,且一直处于不稳定状态。该滑坡是在内外动力耦合作用下形成的,断裂破碎带是泄流坡滑坡发生的充分条件,断裂活动导致坡体发生塑性流动变形;而降雨是滑坡发生大规模下滑的主要诱发因素;地震、坡脚开挖等对滑坡的发展、演化起到促进作用。因此,进一步研究断裂带滑坡的形成机理和成灾模式,对此类滑坡的防治预警有重要意义。     

考虑桩底沉渣的灌注桩可靠度分析方法

基桩的完整性检测不一定都能够检测到基桩中的缺陷,这些缺陷将会影响到基桩的安全性。为此,提出了考虑基桩可能出现缺陷时的基桩可靠度分析方法。以单桩桩底可能出现的沉渣缺陷为例,采用全概率理论将完整桩的失效概率和桩底含有沉渣的桩的失效概率有机地结合起来,得到了单桩的失效概率。采用基桩承载力折减系数来定量地考虑沉渣对基桩承载力的影响,并进一步推导了桩底含沉渣的基桩承载力偏差系数和变异系数的计算公式。算例分析表明,所提方法能够定量地反映基桩中可能出现的沉渣对基桩可靠度的影响。桩底沉渣对桩的可靠指标具有明显的不利影响。随着沉渣厚度和桩的直径的增加,桩底含有沉渣的桩的可靠指标逐渐减小;桩的可靠指标随着桩长的增加逐渐增大。如果不考虑桩可能出现沉渣的质量问题,基桩的安全性将明显地被高估。基桩的完整性检测可以有效地提高基桩的安全性。     

Amelia Creek: a Proterozoic impact structure in the Davenport Ranges,Northern Territory

The Amelia Creek impact structure is located in Australia's Northern Territory in folded Palaeoproterozoic strata of the Davenport Ranges (20°51'S, 134°53′E). An impact origin is confirmed by presence of unequivocal shatter cones with apices that point upwards, and by planar microstructures in quartz grains from target sandstones of the Hatches Creek Group. Aeromagnetic, advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer (ASTER), and X-band synthetic aperture radar (X-SAR) images show an area of anomalous deformation in which smooth regional trends are disrupted by arcuate features at a 10 km radius to the north and south of the shock-metamorphosed rocks. However, no arcuate forms are apparent to the east and west of these shocked rocks, and instead, large south-southwest-trending faults are present about 6 km away on both sides. Despite pervasive shatter coning, typical of the central region of complex impact structures, no structural uplift is apparent, but instead the shocked rocks lie at the southern toe of a north-northeast-trending syncline. These shatter cones overprint and post-date the Palaeoproterozoic regional deformation, and thus, the impact structure has not been refolded and its abnormal form is likely due to pre-existing structure in the target rocks and/or an oblique impact. Small pockets of undeformed Late Neoproterozoic and Middle Cambrian strata are exposed in palaeovalleys in the central region of the structure, constraining the time of the impact to the Proterozoic.     

Compositional variations during phases of progradation and retrogradation of a Triassic carbonate platform (Picco di Vallandro/Dürrenstein, dolomites, Italy)

In this paper data are presented on the composition of sediments deposited at the toe of slope during progradation or retreat of Triassic carbonate platforms in the Dolomites (Italy). For this purpose a succession was studied from the toe of slope of a Triassic (Carnian) carbonate platform (Picco di Vallendro/Dürrenstein, Dolomites, Italy). The microfacies analysis of selected calciturbidites sequences revealed a reduced input of oncolites and ooids during progradation and an increase in clasts. The main input, however, was derived from the reefs on the platform. Retrogradation of the platform showed an increase of filaments and radiolarians (open ocean biota) as well as carbonate mud and a reduced input of grains that originated within the reefs on the platform. Both during progradation and retrogradation parts of the platform were flooded and could produce excess sediment that could be exported to the surrounding basins. However, the absence of platform interior biota documents that progradation occurred from sediments of the reefal belt, probably during relative sea-level lowstands. Carbonate composition varies systematically with toe-of-slope progradation/retrogradation and, thus, argues for carbonate production as the main driver of the geometries observed at the toe of slope.     

Monitoring and early warning of the 2012 Preonzo catastrophic rockslope failure

In this paper, we describe the investigations and actions taken to reduce risk and prevent casualties from a catastrophic 210,000 m³ rockslope failure, which occurred near the village of Preonzo in the Swiss Alps on May 15, 2012. We describe the geological predisposition and displacement history before and during the accelerated creep stage as well as the development and operation of an efficient early warning system. The failure of May 15, 2012, occurred from a large and retrogressive instability in gneisses and amphibolites with a total volume of about 350,000 m³, which formed an alpine meadow 1250 m above the valley floor. About 140,000 m³ of unstable rock mass remained in place and might collapse partially or completely in the future. The instability showed clearly visible signs of movements along a tension crack since 1989 and accelerated creep with significant hydromechanical forcing since about 2006. Because the active rockslide at Preonzo threatened a large industrial facility and important transport routes located directly at the toe of the slope, an early warning system was installed in 2010. The thresholds for prealarm, general public alarm, and evacuation were derived from crack meter and total station monitoring data covering a period of about 10 years, supplemented with information from past failure events with similar predisposition. These thresholds were successfully applied to evacuate the industrial facility and to close important roads a few days before the catastrophic slope failure of May 15, 2012. The rock slope failure occurred in two events, exposing a compound rupture plane dipping 42° and generating deposits in the midslope portion with a travel angle of 39°. Three hours after the second rockslide, the fresh deposits became reactivated in a devastating debris avalanche that reached the foot of the slope but did not destroy any infrastructure. The final run-out distance of this combined rock collapse–debris avalanche corresponded to the predictions made in the year 2004.     

后疫情时期全球铁矿资源格局分析

铁是我国用量最大、用途最广的金属,新冠肺炎疫情期间国际铁矿石市场出现较多新变化,分析国际铁矿石供需和市场格局变化原因,研判未来趋势,对于保障我国铁矿石资源稳定供应具有重要意义.本文首先分析了新冠肺炎疫情下,全球钢铁产量、铁矿石供应和价格变化趋势,分析发现受新冠肺炎疫情影响,全球铁矿石供需格局进一步集中,呈现"两个国家,...     

Can vein-filling speleothems constrain the timing of deep-seated gravitational slope deformation? A case study from the Vinschgau (Italian Alps)

The steep, south facing slopes of the central Vinschgau (Val Venosta, South Tyrol, northern Italy) are characterized by deep-seated compound rockslides affecting 51 km² and reaching beneath the Quaternary valley fill. Morphological features include double ridges, trenches, scarps, and counterscarps, whereby the extent of displacement rises from W to E. Near the toe of these slopes, abundant fractures are present whose orientation and spatial strongly suggest that they are related to the gravitational slope deformations. These fractures host carbonate speleothems which are associated with local tufa occurrences at the surface. Given that the metamorphic host rock is essentially carbonate-free, these carbonate deposits require extensive water-rock interactions to form. Modern springs along the toe of the slope are also mostly supersaturated with respect to calcite and locally also aragonite. The invariant chemical composition, very low tritium levels, and in particular the low oxygen isotope values indicate that this groundwater infiltrates at high elevation and is characterized by a long residence time. On the other hand, local infiltration in the lower reaches of the slope is very limited due to the semiarid climate and is incompatible with the measured groundwater stable isotope composition and the high degree of mineralization. We therefore propose a conceptual model which reconciles the deep-seated gravitational slope deformation with the occurrence of mineralized groundwater and associated carbonate precipitates in fractures near the toe of the slope. These deposits provide a means to place constraints on the timing of rock fracturing and hence the slope movements. U/Th dating of 34 samples from eight sites shows that speleothem deposition started 14.2 ka BP and occurred semi-continuously throughout the Holocene. Thus, gravitational displacements likely commenced with a lag of ~3–4 ka after the deglaciation of the valley, which is also consistent with the few available dates on the onset of other deep-seated slope deformations in the Alps.     

Volume estimation and stage division of the Mahu landslide in Sichuan Province,China

The Mahu lake, the third deepest lake in China, is located on the west bank of the Jinsha River in Leibo county, Sichuan Province. It is a dammed lake created by an old landslide on the ancient Huanglang river, a tributary on the west bank of the Jinsha River. Previous studies (Wang and Lu in J Mt Res S1:44–47, 2000) suggested that this landslide was caused by an earthquake approximately 372 ka (Middle Pleistocene), during which a few hundreds of million cubic meters of debris were deposited between 1177 and 900 m a.s.l. (above sea level), covering an area of around 15 km². Our further investigations, including geodetic survey, borehole drilling, and field reconnaissance, combining with five chronological data, have made some new discoveries at this site. First, the toe of the landslide extends from 900 m a.s.l. down to 320 m a.s.l., i.e., the local bed elevation of the contemporary Jinsha River. Second, the area of the landslide deposits is 17.3 km² with a volume of 2.38 km³, much larger than the previous estimation. Thus, it should be one of the largest known landslides in China. And the lower elevation of the landslide’s toe also rules out the possibility that it is a hanging valley on the ancient Huanglang river. Our work suggests that this landslide was created by five events according to the overlapping characteristics of the deposits and five chronological data, which are old than 52,600 years, old than 16,000 years, old than 15,500 years, 5800 years, and old than 4200 years, respectively.