用改进的相对幅值法反演震源机制及其在核爆炸地震事件识别中的应用

与波形反演方法相比,相对幅值法在利用短周期地震波反演震源机制时不需要高分辨率的地球模型,因此更适合于低震级地震事件的震源机制反演．本文以Pearce的传统相对幅值法为基础,引入一种新目标函数以量化特定震源机制解模型的直达P波与地表反射pP和sP波的理论相对幅值与实际观测之间的不吻合程度,由此提高了相对幅值法的容错能力．利用改进的相对幅值法,反演了吉尔吉斯斯坦伊赛克湖地区震级分别为mb4.9和mb3.8的两次天然地震震源断层面解．对于较大的地震,利用5个远震台阵上观测的pP/P和sP/P相对幅值得到的震源断层面解,与哈佛大学的CMT断层面解非常接近;对于哈佛大学没有给出CMT解的较小地震,利用同样方法得到的震源断层面解的走向与震中位置处主要断层的走向一致,而且利用该断层面解可以拟合和解释区域台站上的长周期波形和P波初动方向．最后,为了说明相对幅值法在地下核爆炸地震事件识别中的应用,利用改进的相对幅值法分析了朝鲜2006年10月9日核试验的远震P波波形,发现没有断层面解与远震台站上的P波波形特征相吻合．     

采用CAP方法反演2016年广西苍梧M_S 5.4地震震源机制解

北京时间2016年7月31日广西梧州市苍梧县发生M_S 5.4地震,基于海南地震台网数字波形资料,采用CAP方法反演震源机制解。结果显示,此次M_S 5.4地震震源深度较浅,最佳深度为5.1 km,其中节面Ⅰ参数为:走向340°,倾角37°,滑动角-18°;节面Ⅱ参数为:走向85°,倾角79°,滑动角-125°。初步推断苍梧M_S 5.4地震破裂面运动以走滑为主,兼有正断性质,反演参数与中国地震台网中心结果较为一致。     

A discussion on the amplitude ratios of PP and P waves for earthquakes with different focal mechanisms

Using the WKBJ approximation method we calculate the synthetic teleseismograms of P and PP waves to match the observed ones of six large Chinese earthquakes with known focal mechanisms: Tibet earthquake of July 14, 1973; Haicheng earthquake of February 4, 1975; Songpan earthquakes of August 16, 1976, August 21, 1976 and August 23, 1976 and Nignhe earthquake of November 15, 1976. The focal mechanism of the Tibet earthquake is discussed to examine the technique used in the calculation. We note that the amplitude ratios of PP and P waves (A _PP/A _P) have different characteristics for dip—slip events and strike—slip events within certain epicentral distances. We calculate the synthetic teleseismograms of P and PP waves for the strike—slip and dip—slip events with fault angles of 330°, 240° and 0°, focal depths of 8 km, 17 km and 24 km, at the assumed station with an azimuth of 310° and epicentral distances from 40°; to 80°. The diagrams of maximum amplitude ratios of PP and P waves (A _PP/A _P) versus distances are given. The possibility to use the (A _PP/A _P) values to give an approximate estimation for the focal mechanism type is discussed. This work may be useful for determining the focal mechanism type for those earthquakes which have only few records such as the Chinese earthquakes from the 1930s to 1960s. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,13, 150–160, 1991.     

华北地区地震震源机制分区特征

利用华北地区（北纬36°—42°;东经111°—125°范围）2010年1月至2014年6月≥M_L2.5的918个地震事件波形资料,采用FOCMEC方法计算震源机制,根据参与计算的清晰初动数量及振幅个数,以及在分别采用5°、10°、15°不同步长搜索震源机制解结果必须为同一组接近解的原则,我们共得到572个可靠的震源机制解.对于震级相对较大且波形低频部分信噪比较好的地震,同时采用TDMT全波形反演方法反演了矩张量,最终得到14个地震的矩张量,并与利用FOCMEC方法得到的震源机制解进行了比较.同时我们还搜集了1937年以来华北地区中强地震的震源机制解结果.根据震源机制类型特征及构造特点,我们从空间上对震源机制结果进行了分区分析.结果表明：研究区内中小地震的震源机制类型相对复杂,但仍能看出中小地震震源机制有显著的分区特征,震源机制主要类型是正断型和走滑型,并且大部分正断型震源机制分布在山西断陷带、唐山老震区、海城老震区内.该现象表明研究区内主要变形以平移和拉张为主;同时通过大于4级以上地震震源机制类型主要为走滑型可得出,走滑型应力在华北地区应力场上占绝对优势,但是局部地区的正断型应力也比较显著,比如山西断陷带、海城老震区、唐山老震区、渤海内（烟台—蓬莱段局部地区）.

     

Calibration of P/S amplitude ratios for seismic events in Xinjiang and its adjacent areas based on a Bayesian Kriging method

Correction maps of P/S amplitude ratios for seismic events distributed in Xinjiang, China and its adjacent areas were established using a Bayesian Kriging method for the two seismic stations WMQ and MAK. The relationship between correction maps and variations of along-path features was analyzed and the validity of applying the cor- rection maps to improve performances of P/S discriminants for seismic discrimination was investigated. Results show that obtained correction maps can generally reflect event-station path effects upon corresponding P/S dis- criminants; and the correction of these effects could further reduce scatters of distance-corrected P/S measurements within earthquake and explosion populations as well as improve their discriminating performances if path effects are a significant factor of such scatters. For example, as corresponding Kriging correction map was applied, the misidentification rate of earthquakes by Pn(2~4 Hz)/Lg(2~4 Hz) at MAK was reduced from 16.3% to 5.2%.     

应用震源机制方法研究鹤岗煤田开采区的构造应力环境

求解鹤岗强矿震震源机制解结果,表现出走滑伴随逆断层和正断层活动、非双力偶型的多样性。两组节面优势分布方向和节面的倾角优势分布不显著,两者分布无明显规律,反映出矿井下破裂面比较复杂。矿震震源主压应力释放优势方向北西310°左右,优势倾角为25°～60°;主张应力轴走向NE,主张应力场优势方向为北东60°左右,仰角在30～70°之间;中等应力轴(N)近于垂直,优势倾角为70～90°。矿震震源机制解显示的矿区最大主应力方向与区域构造应力场的最大主应力方向近似正交,矿震震源机制主应力轴优势倾角远大于区域构造地震,反映的是矿区采煤生产的次生构造应力环境重力应力场的贡献明显。     

analyzing the variation characteristics of stress field in hetao seismic belt using focal mechanism data

Based on analysis of background of geological tectonic movement and strong earthquake activity, we first obtained the focal mechanism solutions using amplitude ratio and CAP method, then determined the characteristic of average stress field of the study area by inversion of the stress field. On this basis, we selected the source mechanism consistency parameter as the inspection index to obtain the latest changes of stress field in Hetao seismic zone based on its temporal and spatial analysis. Two methods were used in the stress field inversion for comparison and analysis, which are average stress axis tensor and LSIB(Linear stress inversion bootstrap, LSIB). According to the geological tectonic movement and focal mechanism solutions of M_S≥4.0 earthquakes from 1970, we judge that the stress field evolution process of Hetao seismic belt is controlled jointly by vertical difference movement and horizontal shear movement, resulting in that the normal fault and strike-slip fault mechanisms are dominating.Taking into account the station layout of the study area, and in order to ensure the accuracy of calculation, we calculated 224 earthquakes focal mechanism solutions by using amplitude ratio and CAP method, including 164 earthquakes with 2.8≤M_L<3.5, 42 earthquakes with 3.5≤M_L<4.0, and 18 earthquakes with M_L≥4.0; The statistical results on type of focal mechanisms show that, there are 142 strike-slip earthquakes(63.4%), 50 normal fault earthquakes(22.3%)and 32 thrust fault earthquakes(14.3%). In this study period(from 2001 to 2012), most earthquakes had a strike-slip mechanism in Hetao seismic belt, this is one of the inherent characteristics of the stress field.The result of average stress axis tensor and LSIB shows that, the azimuth of maximum compressional stress is 47°～52°, direction is NE-SW; The azimuth of minimum compressional stress is 313°～322°, direction is NW-SE; This indicates that, the stress field characteristics of Hetao seismic belt and its sub-block are not completely consistent. Linhe Basin exhibits coordinated stress field characteristics with Hetao seismic belt, but Hubao Basin exhibits regional differences, direction of compressive stress has clockwise deflection in Baotou area, and the compressive stress direction is NEE. This heteropical character of stress field is also confirmed by horizontal projection distribution of stress axis of historical strong earthquakes and recent moderate and small earthquakes. Since 2003, the temporal sequence curve of consistency parameter of Hetao seismic belt had a downward trend, this change was caused by focal mechanism consistency parameter of Linhe to Wuhai area, which indicates that this structural position is possible to be a priority area for stress accumulation and accelerated release in future.     

基于三维应变格林函数反演中小震震源机制

随着复杂速度结构反演的发展和高性能计算能力的提升,基于高精度3D介质模型计算格林函数反演震源机制更具可行性。中小地震因具有更好的覆盖和近似点源效应,在区域结构成像中有着广泛的应用。基于波形类的反演方法如波动方程层析成像\,全波形反演都需要震源机制解,而传统的震源机制反演方法不能很好地应用于中小地震。采用有限差分法构建应变格林张量(Strain Green Tensor,SGT)数据库,将合成波形和实际波形按震相截窗并滤波到不同的频带范围,先通过最小化互相关走时差来进行震源重定位,再通过最小化波形残差反演震源机制。通过合成数据测试验证方法的正确性,随后将该方法应用于青藏高原东部边缘龙门山地区,反演一系列M_W3.4～5.7的中小地震震源机制。由于应变格林张量数据库可预先构建,该方法可以应用于(近)实时震源机制解反演。     

河北南部及邻近地区中小地震震源机制特征分析

利用P波初动和振幅相结合的广义极性振幅技术法(GPAT),反演2007-2016年河北南部及邻近地区发生的368个ML≥2.0中小地震震源机制解,利用统计方法和系统聚类方法,分析震源机制解参数特征。结果表明,河北南部及邻区中小地震以走滑地震为主;正断层和逆断层相对较少,断层面以倾斜或直立为主,断层运动表现为左旋走滑和右旋走滑,应力作用以水平和近水平推扭方式为主。     

Inversion of source process and related studies of the Taiwan Strait earthquake using genetic algorithm

Applying genetic algorithm to inversion of seismic moment tensor solution and using the data of P waveform from digital network and initial motion directions of P waves of Taiwan network stations, we studied the moment tensor solutions and focal parameters of the earthquake of M=7.3 on 16 September of 1994 in Taiwan Strait and other four quakes of M _L≥5.8 in the near region (21°–26°N, 115°–120°E). Among the five earthquakes, the quake of M=7.3 on September 16, 1994 in Taiwan Strait is the strongest one in the southeastern coast area since Nan’ao earthquake of M=7.3 in 1918. The results show that moment tensor solution of M=7.3 earthquake is mainly double-couple component, and is normal fault whose fault plane is near NW. The strike of the fault plane resembles that of the distributive bands of earthquakes before the main event and fracture pattern shown by aftershocks. The tension stress axis of focal mechanism is about horizontal, near in NE strike, the compressive stress axis is approximately vertical, near in NWW strike. It seems that this quake is controlled by the force of Philippine plate’s pressing Eurasian plate in NW direction. But from the viewpoint of P axis of near vertical and T axis of near horizontal, it is a normal fault of strong tensibility. There are relatively big difference between focal mechanism solution of this quake and those of the four other strong quakes. The complexity of source mechanism solution of these quakes represents the complexity of the process of the strait earthquake sequences. Contribution No. 98A01001, Institute of Geophysics, State Seismological Bureau, China. The subject is supported and helped by Academician Yun-Tai CHEN, Profs. Qing-Yao HONG, Zhen-Xing YAO, Tian-Yu ZHENG, Yao-Lin SHI, Ji-An XU, Bo-Shou HUANG and colleague Mei-Jian AN, Xue-Reng DING, Rui-Feng LIU. De-Chong ZHANG and Ming Li provided the digital data warm-heartedly. Lin-Ying WANG offered us the catalogue of earthquakes in southeastern coastal area in China. Xi-Li WANG and Tong-Xia BAI provided us the issued annual reports data. The authors would like to express their gratitude to all of these people. This paper is sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and Scientific and Technological Commission of Shantou, Guangdong Province.     

A new method of testing pile using dynamic P-S-curve made by amplitude of wave train

Introduction To the impact pattern, the dynamic test with high strain is generally grouped into two kinds.One is stricken by hammer and another is by rocket. The former is widely used and the latter isused widely abroad and seldom used at home. To the analyzing method, it is also divided into twokinds. One is the method of wave equation and another is the method of experimental formula.The methods of Smith, Case and Capwap and other improved methods belong to the former, andthe methods …     

基于改进遗传算法的公路桥梁损伤程度标定的两阶段法

提出了基于改进遗传算法的公路桥梁损伤程度标定的两阶段法。第一阶段:应用静应变残差进行损伤定位;第二阶段:基于已经识别出的损伤位置,利用改进的遗传算法进行损伤程度的标定。两阶段方法有效地克服了同时进行常规的损伤位置识别和损伤程度的标定的收敛速度慢、存储空间大及可能误标定等问题。某三跨连续桥梁应用分析发现,在已知很少实测数据的情况下,对损伤程度的识别取得较理想的效果,证实了基于改进遗传算法的两阶段法用于损伤程度的识别具有更高的效率,更好的灵敏度、稳定性和可靠性。     

综合震源机制解法反演湖南地区构造应力场的初步结果

基于435个地震的1580条P波数据,通过综合震源机制解方法,根据地震与网格点之间的距离不一样来确定P波符号的权重,反演得到了湖南地区0.2°×0.2°的二维构造应力场.相较以往利用震源机制求解应力场的方法,该方法不仅能直接采用P波初动资料反演应力场而略去计算震源机制的中间步骤,而且能够尽可能多地使用本地区小震P波数据对应力场方向进行限定.初步研究结果表明：湖南地区综合震源机制解总体分布特点为逆断型和不确定型;P轴倾角近水平,方位具有一定的分区性,总体上呈NWW-SEE向;T轴倾角偏高,方位在局部地区变化较大,统一性相对较差;湖南地区整体上受NWW向的挤压应力,对该区的活动断裂具有一定的控制,这或许也是该区地震多发生于郴州、娄邵、湘西州所构成的NW向空间条带的主要原因之一;湖南地区主要受菲律宾海板块NWW向的推挤作用,其次才受太平洋板块向西俯冲的影响,西面虽受印度洋与欧亚板块的水平碰撞,但由于碰撞主要引起青藏高原向东扩张,同时又受到云贵高原的阻隔,其影响至本区已大为减弱.

     

综合震源机制解法反演湖南地区构造应力场的初步结果

基于435个地震的1580条P波数据,通过综合震源机制解方法,根据地震与网格点之间的距离不一样来确定P波符号的权重,反演得到了湖南地区0.2°×0.2°的二维构造应力场.相较以往利用震源机制求解应力场的方法,该方法不仅能直接采用P波初动资料反演应力场而略去计算震源机制的中间步骤,而且能够尽可能多地使用本地区小震P波数据对应力场方向进行限定.初步研究结果表明：湖南地区综合震源机制解总体分布特点为逆断型和不确定型;P轴倾角近水平,方位具有一定的分区性,总体上呈NWW-SEE向;T轴倾角偏高,方位在局部地区变化较大,统一性相对较差;湖南地区整体上受NWW向的挤压应力,对该区的活动断裂具有一定的控制,这或许也是该区地震多发生于郴州、娄邵、湘西州所构成的NW向空间条带的主要原因之一;湖南地区主要受菲律宾海板块NWW向的推挤作用,其次才受太平洋板块向西俯冲的影响,西面虽受印度洋与欧亚板块的水平碰撞,但由于碰撞主要引起青藏高原向东扩张,同时又受到云贵高原的阻隔,其影响至本区已大为减弱.     

comprehensive study on the changing process of focal mechanisms of the 2014 huoshan ms4.3 earthquake sequence

In this paper, the focal mechanisms of Huoshan M_S4.3 earthquake sequence since October 2013 are calculated with the method developed recently by Snoke, which combines the use of first motion of P, SV and SH waves and their amplitude ratios(referred to as Snoke method). We estimate the difference(also referred to consistency parameter θ)between the stress axis direction of focal mechanism solution and the mean stress tensor on one hand, and get the relative changes of focal mechanisms rather than the focal mechanisms themselves on the other hand, by using methods of correlation coefficient of body-wave spectral amplitudes, first motions and amplitude ratios of vertical P wave of single station, as limited by the network layout and density of observation points, focal mechanism solutions of small earthquakes are not easy to obtain. We studied the changing process of focal mechanisms of Huoshan M_S4.3 earthquake sequence since October 2013 with many methods such as consistency parameter, correlation coefficient of body-wave spectral amplitudes, first motion and amplitude ratio of vertical P wave of single station, to determine the type of the sequence. The result shows that: before Huoshan M_S4.3 earthquake of April 20, 2014, the consistency parameter of the earthquake sequence was lower than the mean for a long period, correlation coefficient of body-wave spectral amplitudes was always at high values(about 0.9), odds ratio of first motions of vertical P wave of single station near the epicenter, defined as the ratio of predominant number to contrast number of first motions, was up to 13.8 at station SJH, 3.8 at BZY and 3.6 at LNA, respectively; first motions of vertical P wave of single station showed an obvious predominant distribution as a whole, and the amplitude ratios of vertical P were consistent, which suggests that before Huoshan M_S4.3 earthquake, focal mechanisms were consistent, so the earthquake sequence before Huoshan M_S4.3 earthquake is the foreshock sequence. After Huoshan M_S4.3 earthquake, correlation coefficient of body-wave spectral amplitudes was lower(about 0.6), first motions and amplitude ratios of vertical P wave of single station were in disorder, which suggest that the focal mechanisms are inconsistent after the Huoshan M_S4.3 earthquake, so the earthquake sequence after Huoshan M_S4.3 earthquake is the aftershock sequence, and subsequent larger earthquakes are not likely to occur. The focal mechanisms in Huoshan region during the period of Huoshan M_S4.3 earthquake experienced a process from scattering to convergency and to scattering again.     

2021年青海玛多MS7.4地震序列精定位与震源机制研究

利用双差定位法对2021年5月22日玛多M_S7.4地震序列中1 434个地震进行重新定位,使用TDMT矩张量反演方法求解玛多地震序列M≥4.5地震的震源机制解,综合分析得到如下结论:(1)玛多地震序列震中整体走向为NWW-SEE向,与昆仑山口—江错断裂展布方向相吻合,序列总长度170 km,呈NWW向和SEE向双侧破裂,主震西北侧存在NW向条带,可能是此次地震的分支断裂活动,在南东侧存在余震稀疏段以及横穿玛多—甘德断裂的余震分布带,推测可能是地下速度结构差异所致;(2)主震附近地震序列以左旋走滑型地震为主,优势走向为NWW向,倾向NE,倾角较高,与昆仑山口—江错断裂性质基本一致,结合余震定位结果推断昆仑山口—江错断裂为本次地震的发震断层;(3)主震附近地震序列P轴平均方位角为237°,P轴,T轴平均倾角分别为15°、16°,N轴平均倾角为65°,结合研究区构造特征推断,本次地震是由NEE-SWW向水平挤压应力推动NWW-SEE向断裂发生左旋走滑错动所致。     

多种方法研究2012年7月20日江苏高邮Ms4.9级地震震源机制解和震源深度

本文用多种数字地震学方法研究了2012年7月20日江苏高邮Ms4.9级地震的震源机制解和震源深度.首先用CAP方法反演了江苏高邮Ms4.9级地震的震源机制解和震源深度,最佳解节面Ⅰ走向角为109°,倾角85°,滑动角18°;节面Ⅱ走向角17°,倾角72°,滑动角175°;矩震级Mw为4.82;优势震源深度为10 km.为验证研究结果的可靠性,我们一方面用Snoke方法反演了高邮地震的震源机制解,反演结果与CAP方法反演的结果相差不大;另一方面,使用近震深度震相到时差的测量和对远震波形拟合的方法进一步研究震源深度,结果均表明江苏高邮Ms4.9级地震的震源深度在9～10 km左右,与CAP方法的结果一致.多种方法研究结果的一致性可以充分说明本文研究结果比较可靠.结合前人地质资料的研究成果和本文对高邮地震震源机制解的研究,我们认为滁河断裂很可能是江苏高邮Ms4.9级地震的发震构造.     

一种地方与区域地震震源机制反演技术:广义极性振幅技术(二)——对实际震例的应用

为了检验广义极性振幅技术(GPAT)的实用性,我们利用GPAT反演确定了49次实际地震的震源机制、矩震级和震源深度.为了检验GPAT对地方地震、区域地震以及远震的实用性,我们选用了震级范围约为ML0.2~MS7.0之间的地震与震中距范围约在5~8000km之间的观测资料.对反演结果的分析表明,利用GPAT获取的震源机制结果在合理误差范围内是正确的,利用GPAT获取的矩震级结果是可靠的,而利用GPAT获取的震源深度总体上似乎比常规定位深度深约0.6km.总体而言,GPAT在震源机制、矩震级和震源深度的反演方面表现出良好的实用性.     

基于改进Parker-Oldenburg界面反演方法计算青海省居里面深度

居里面深度的起伏可以大致反映地壳深部温度场的分布特征,从而间接指示干热岩的赋存情况,因此研究居里面的起伏特征十分重要.本文针对经典的Parker-Oldenburg界面反演方法存在的计算不稳定、结果精度低的问题,通过公式推导,将界面反演公式与向下延拓公式进行类比,利用稳定的波数域正则-积分迭代下延法对经典的Parker-Oldenburg界面反演方法进行改进.这种迭代算法不仅有效地解决了反演迭代过程中的发散问题,而且对噪声也有很好的压制效果.模型试验说明了该方法在磁界面反演中的良好效果,最后利用青海省航磁数据对进行了居里面深度反演,反演结果可以看出青海省居里面表现为隆起和凹陷相间的条带状或块状构造,初步预测了青海省可能存在干热岩的两个地区,为今后地热资源的勘探、开发和利用提供参考.

     

A new method of testing pile using dynamic P-S-curve made by amplitude of wave train

A new method of detecting the vertical bearing capacity for single-pile with high strain is discussed in this paper. A heavy hammer or a small type of rocket is used to strike the pile top and the detectors are used to record vibration graphs. An expression of higher degree of strain (deformation force) is introduced. It is testified theoretically that the displacement, velocity and acceleration cannot be obtained by simple integral acceleration and differential velocity when long displacement and high strain exist, namely when the pile phase generates a whole slip relative to the soil body. That is to say that there are non-linear relations between them. It is educed accordingly that the force P and displacement S are calculated from the amplitude of wave train and (dynamic) P-S curve is drew so as to determine the yield points. Further, a method of determining the vertical bearing capacity for single-pile is discussed. A static load test is utilized to check the result of dynamic test and determine the correlative constants of dynamic-static P(Q)-S curve. Foundation item: Key projects of the tenth Five-year Plan of Yunnan Province (documented Yunnan district [2002]54-02-02) and Geophysical Society of Yunnan Province.