基于各向异性介质模型讨论地电阻率各向异性变化

讨论了均匀方位各向异性介质模型,运用电阻率变化的视各向异性与真各向异性的理论关系。研究了20个强震近震中区31个地电台的视电阻率变化各向异性与主应力的关系发现:与主压应力方位正交的测向(包括近于正交的测向)月速率变化幅度大于平行主压应力方位测向(包括近于平行的测向)的变化幅度;视各向异性变化与地震震级、震中距等均有一定的关系。     

不同测向地电阻率测值及映震能力初探

对南京地震台、新沂地震台和郫县地震台地电阻率观测资料变化特征及邻区4次MS 5．0以上地震反应进行研究,发现：同一台站、不同测向地电阻率的测值大小可能存在较大差异,测值大的测道地电阻率年变化较规则,往往具有更强的映震能力。     

地电阻率各向异性前兆异常特征及其与地震的关系

在对山东菏泽和郯城两台站提供的地震地电阻率观测资料进行必要处理的基础上,研究了地震地电阻率各向异性的前兆异常特征,得出两台站周围300 km内的5级以上地震发生前均存在明显的地电阻率各向异性前兆异常;并发现在中强地震发生时地电阻率各向异性值变化都基本处于高值附近的一个区间内,即地电阻率各向异性变化存在一个易发震区间;并从地震发生时地应力的角度讨论了易发震变化区间的物理机理。     

中国中强地震前地电阻率中短期异常特征及其可能原因

地电阻率已经发展成为我国地震地球物理场观测的重要方法,通过标示一定区域范围内介质电阻率随时间的变化特征和空间分布,应用于探索地震孕育发生的过程。在50多年的观测过程中,记录到了近百次5～8级地震前的中短期异常和部分强震前的临震变化以及地震发生之后的恢复过程。电阻率是地下介质重要的物性参数,与岩土骨架和裂隙内流体电阻率、裂隙率、裂隙结构以及流体饱和度等因素有关。其中,应力作用导致的微裂隙结构变化是引起电阻率变化的重要因素。已有相关研究分别从岩石物理实验、介质电阻率模型、震例研究等方面讨论了地震前地电阻率变化的可能机理。本文对其中具有代表性的研究结果进行梳理,以“介质变形-电阻率变化”为纽带,将岩石物理实验和电阻率模型给出的细观尺度介质电阻率变化机制与震中周围地电阻率异常变化的宏观现象联系起来,介绍地震晚期孕育阶段地电阻率异常变化的可能原因。地震孕育引起发震断层周围介质变形,由发震断层向外围方向附加变形程度逐渐衰减; 地表浅层介质处于低围压状态,新生微裂隙将大致沿最大主压应力方向扩展,进而引起介质电阻率发生变化; 同一台站不同方向观测的地电阻率呈现出与P轴方位有关的各向异性异常变化,与P轴方向夹角越大的测道异常幅度越大,与P轴方向平行或近于平行的测道异常幅度最小或无异常变化; 地震前挤压变形增强区域地电阻率异常呈现下降变化,相对膨胀区域呈现上升变化或变化不明显。     

中强震前新沂台电阻率各向异性值（S）变化特征

对新沂地电阻率观测资料进行处理的基础上,研究了地震地电阻率各向异性的前兆异常特征,结果表明：1．在中强震前,震区一定范围内的地电阻率各向异性值（S）会出现上升型异常变化,这种变化表现为在原有平稳变化的背景上的上升变化或者是在原有上升趋势背景上的加速上升变化、亦或是在原有下降趋势背景上的上升变化;2．台站周围400km内5级以上地震发生前均存在明显的地电阻率各向异性值（S）前兆异常。     

不同测向地电阻率测值及映震能力初探

对南京地震台、新沂地震台和郫县地震台地电阻率观测资料变化特征及邻区4次M_S 5.0以上地震反应进行研究,发现:同一台站、不同测向地电阻率的测值大小可能存在较大差异,测值大的测道地电阻率年变化较规则,往往具有更强的映震能力。     

中强地震前菏泽、郯城地震地电阻率各向异性值变化特征

对山东菏泽和郯城两台站地震地电阻率观测资料进行处理的基础上,研究了地震地电阻率各向异性的前兆异常特征,得出两台站周围300 km内的5级以上地震发生前均存在明显的地震地电阻率各向异性前兆异常,在中强地震发生时其各向异性值基本处于高值附近。对其物理机理进行了初步的探讨。     

含裂隙介质中的视电阻率各向异性变化

我国50多年的视电阻率连续观测结果表明,大地震前近震中区域的视电阻率呈现出与主压应力方位有关的各向异性变化,即:垂直于主压应力方向观测的变化幅度最大,平行方向最小或不明显,斜交方向介于二者之间.目前我国定点台站视电阻率观测的探测范围主要在浅层沉积层以内,通常含有较多的含水裂隙.本文将地下岩土介质简化为由固体基质和含流体/气体裂隙组成的固液气三相介质,且基质、流体和气体具有标量形式的电阻率,推导出了包含基质和流体电阻率、裂隙率、饱和度和裂隙面积率因子的电阻率张量表达式.以裂隙的扩展/闭合表示应力作用下裂隙的变化,得到了电阻率随裂隙变化的微分形式,电阻率变化对裂隙体积变化放大系数的表达式和裂隙横向变化对纵向电阻率影响的横向权系数的表达式.在此基础上得到了介质电阻率和视电阻率的各向异性变化特征:对于含水裂隙介质,无论裂隙如何变化,均是最小主轴方向电阻率的变化幅度大于其他方向;对于含水孔隙介质,沿孔隙主要变化方向的主轴电阻率变化幅度大于其他方向.对于各向异性变化,视电阻率和介质电阻率存在π/2的方向差异.相较于含水岩石,无水岩石介质电阻率的各向异性变化不显著.本文提出的电阻率表达式可以对实验室...     

强震近震中区地电阻率变化速率的各向异性

用归一化月速率方法处理了６次强震前近震中区11个台的地电阻率数据，得到在孕震中短期至短临阶段，与主压应力方向正交（或近于正交）测向的地电阻率下降变化的速率大于平行（或近于平行）主应力方向的变化速率．产生变化速率各向异性的原因可能是:在孕震后期的扩容阶段，裂隙走向沿主压应力方向优势排列，导电流体活动产生真电阻率变化速率的各向异性，表现为地表视电阻率变化速率的各向异性．本文为视电阻率各向异性的实验结果提供了震例支持，物理解释比较清晰，可能成为研究某些强震孕育晚期震源区及其附近地壳应力状态的参考依据．      

地电台址与震前电阻率变化的关系

通过对唐山7·8级,澜沧一耿马7·6级及海原5·5级地震前电阻率变化资料的对比分析发现,电阻率的变化与震中距及震级等的关系,因台站及地震的不同而不同,出现了相同震中距不同电阻率变化;较小地震其震区周围多台站出现异常的现象。文中对这种现象从理论上进行了分析、计算。认为捕捉地震前兆信息的地电台址的最佳条件是:台站位于构造弯曲的弧形地段,且靠近断层,覆土厚度最大不超过1/2AD;底层岩石受力后电阻率易改变,电阻率值越小越好。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.