水底隧道涌水量预测方法的应用分析

讨论了水底隧道涌水的预测计算问题,利用经验法和有限元法对某拟建海底隧道工程方案的涌水量进行了预测计算和对比分析,探讨了竖向和水平走向裂隙发育情况对隧道涌水的影响.结果表明:①与有限元相比,用经验公式计算得到的水底隧道涌水量偏小;②当水底岩层张性裂隙(尤其是竖向裂隙)较发育时,隧道涌水量增长较大;③当隧道临近或穿越断层破碎带时,隧道周边的渗流场具有显著的三维特征;④如果水底隧道上覆地层中没有显著的隔水层,则由于水源无限充足,隧道的涌水量将主要受到水位相对高度和隧道围岩渗透系数的影响,与隧道上覆地层的厚度关系不大.     

辽河油田欧利坨子潜火山岩及其成藏机制

辽河油田欧利坨子油气的主要储集岩为侵位于沙三期烃源岩中的岩镰状潜火山侵入体。在岩浆侵位过程中，由于侵入体中挥发份的逸出并在岩体顶部聚集，于冷凝壳下发生“隐爆作用”，在冷凝壳内形成隐爆角砾岩砾间缝，在隐爆角砾岩附近震碎带形成网状型缝；由于岩浆上拱力，在岩体顶部冷凝壳内形成垂直向裂缝；岩体的冷凝收缩还形成了大量张性微裂缝。油气通过连通烃源岩与岩体的构造裂缝由下方烃源岩进入岩体上部裂隙系统，形成了工业型油气藏。     

Genesis of positive Eu anomalies in acid rocks from the Eastern Baltic Shield

The eastern part of the Baltic Shield contains an abundance of acid rocks with positive Eu anomalies. These rocks are vein granites and blastomylonites of similar chemical composition but with variable K₂O concentrations. The rocks are depleted in Ti, Fe, Mg, Ca, Rb, Zr, and REE, but are enriched in Ba and Sr, a fact suggesting a deep-seated nature of the fluids that participated in the genesis of these rocks. A zone favorable for the derivation of these rocks was transitional from brittle to ductile deformations. The rocks were produced during the tectonic exhumation of lower and middle crustal material a horizontal extension. Shock decompression facilitated the inflow of reduced fluids, which, in turn, ensured the partial melting of the host rocks along open fractures and controlled REE fractionation with the development of Eu maxima.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987111000764

The Jinding Zn-Pb deposit has been generally considered to have formed from circulating basinal fluids in a relatively passive way,with fluid flow being controlled by structures and sedimentary facies,similar to many other sediments-hosted base metal deposits.However,several recent studies have revealed the presence of sand injection structures,intrusive breccias,and hydraulic fractures in the open pit of the Jinding deposit and suggested that the deposit was formed from explosive release of overpres-sured fluids.This study reports new observations of fluid overpressure-related structures from underground workings(Paomaping and Fengzishan).which show clearer crosscutting relationships than in the open pit.The observed structures include:I) sand(±rock fragment) dikes injecting into fractures in solidified rocks:2) sand(±rock fragment) bodies intruding into unconsolidated or semi-consolidated sediments;3) disintegrated semi-consolidated sand bodies;and 4) veins and breccias formed from hydraulic fracturing of solidified rocks followed by cementation of hydrothermal minerals.The development of ore minerals(sphalerite) in the cement of the various clastic injection and hydraulic fractures indicate that these structures were formed at the same time as mineralization.The development of hydraulic fractures and breccias with random orientation indicates small differential stress during mineralization,which is different from the stress field with strong horizontal shortening prior to mineralization. Fluid flow velocity may have been up to more than 11 m/s based on calculations from the size of the fragments in the clastic dikes.The clastic injection and hydraulic fracturing structures are interpreted to have formed from explosive release of overpressured fluids,which may have been related to either magmatic intrusions at depth or seismic activities that episodically tapped an overpressured fluid reservoir.Because the clastic injection and hydraulic structures are genetically linked with the mineralizing fluid source,they can be used as a guide for mineral exploration.     

准噶尔盆地西北缘石炭—二叠系火山岩裂缝中方解石脉成因

准噶尔盆地西北缘石炭—二叠系火山岩裂缝十分发育, 普遍充填方解石矿物。通过对钻井岩心裂缝类型划分、 方解石脉原生流体包裹体均一温度测试、 方解石地球化学数据测试与分析, 揭示了方解石脉成因。结果表明, 石炭—二叠系火山岩中的裂缝主要包括风化裂缝、 构造裂缝、 成岩裂缝和溶蚀裂缝。裂缝中方解石的原生流体包裹体均一温度分布为40℃～150℃, 变化范围较大, 具有低温、 高温及混合流体特征。方解石的碳、 氧同位素表明, 方解石的形成与大气淡水和埋藏流体有关, 锶同位素和锰元素进一步证实, 埋藏流体为深部热液流体或埋藏流体溶蚀了火山物质。准噶尔盆地西北缘石炭—二叠系火山岩受逆冲推覆构造和风化淋滤作用双重影响, 构造裂缝和风化裂缝彼此连通并沟通了深部热液与大气淡水。在火山岩裂缝中形成了兼具大气淡水与深部热液流体特征的方解石充填物。     

Can tensile stress develop in fractured multilayers under compressive strain conditions?

To contribute to the understanding of how opening-mode fractures (joints) form and open or close at depth in layered rocks, we present a 2D numerical study aiming to determine whether tensile stress can develop in pre-fractured elastic multilayers submitted to biaxial compressive strain conditions.First, we investigate the role of the elastic and geometrical properties of the layers on the development of tensile stress in models with five bonded layers and containing one open fracture in the central layer. Our results indicate that, in absence of elastic contrast (in Young's modulus) between the layers, no tensile stress develops in the models. However, when the fractured layer is stiffer than the two adjacent layers directly above and below, a lobe of horizontal tensile stress develops centered on the pre-existing fracture. The creation of this tensile stress is contingent upon the partial closing of the fracture. The levels of tensile stress and the thickness of the lobe of tensile stress increase logarithmically with an increase in the elastic contrast and are systematically larger for a larger Soft/Stiff ratio (ratio of the total thickness of the soft layers with the total thickness of the stiff layers).Second, we investigate the role of fracture interaction in the development of tensile stress in models containing a pair of open fractures. We observe that the levels of tensile stress in the region between the fractures are systematically higher than those observed in identical models containing a single fracture. This increase in tensile stress is very large for small elastic contrasts between the layers but diminishes when the elastic contrast increases. Furthermore, the spacing between the pre-existing fractures plays an important role in the stress distribution in the region between them. When the fracture spacing is equal to or lower than 1.15 times the height of the fractured layer for the experimental conditions chosen, the lobes of tensile stress centered on the fractures coalesce. This results in the formation of vast areas of tensile stress in models under remote compressive loading conditions. Such tensile areas are likely to allow the initiation and propagation of subsequent opening-mode fractures.The results obtained provide new insights into the formation of joints in layered rocks in compressive environments, with important consequences on fluid flow.     

黔西南灰家堡金矿田有机岩相学和地球化学

灰家堡金矿田是黔西南卡林型金矿床的集中产地之一,对其中的水银洞、紫木凼、太平洞和簸箕田4个代表性金矿床进行了有机岩相学和地球化学研究。灰家堡金矿田的矿床中固体沥青主要产于矿石内,与矿化关系密切,产出形态受孔隙、构造裂隙控制;沥青与热液期矿物的共生组合关系表明其形成时间与成矿时间大致一致。矿石中普遍发育有机质包裹体。有机地球化学特征表明,金矿石和围岩中的有机质成熟度均较高,经历了类似的地质作用过程;有机质形成于强还原、中低盐度的沉积环境;有机质来源以海相菌藻类等低等生物为主,有少量陆源高等植物的输入。     

Effects of linking up of discontinuities on fracture growth and groundwater transport

It is proposed that the growth of fractures is the basic process for generating and maintaining permeability in solid rock (bedrock). Many extension fractures grow as hydrofractures, whereas many shear (and extension) fractures grow through the formation of transverse fractures that connect the adjacent tips of existing fractures. In a boundary-element analysis, the hydrofractures are modeled as being driven open by a fluid overpressure that varies linearly from 10 MPa at the fracture centre to 0 MPa at the fracture tip. The host rock has a uniform Young's modulus of 10 GPa, a Poisson's ratio of 0.25, and is dissected by vertical joints and horizontal contacts, each of which is modeled as an internal spring of stiffness 6 MPa m⁻¹. The number of joints and contacts, and their location with respect to the hydrofracture tip are varied in different model runs. The results of the analyses indicate that the tensile stresses generated by overpressured hydrofractures open up joints and contacts out to considerable distances from the fracture tip, so that they tend to link up to form a hydraulic pathway. Using the same Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, and internal spring constant for joints as in the hydrofracture models, boundary-element models were made to study the interaction stresses that cause neighbouring joints to become interconnected through the growth of linking transverse fractures that, ultimately, may evolve into shear fractures. The models were subjected to tensile stress of 6 MPa acting normal to the joint planes as the only loading. The offset (horizontal distance) and underlap (vertical distance) between the adjacent tips of the joints were varied between model runs. The results show a concentration of tensile and shear stresses in the regions between the neighbouring tips of the joints, but these regions become smaller when the underlap of the joints decreases and changes to overlap. These stress-concentration regions favour the development of transverse (mostly shear) fractures that link up the nearby tips of the joints, so as to form a segmented shear or extension fracture. Analytical results on aperture variation of a hydrofracture in a homogeneous, isotropic rock are compared with boundary-element results for a hydrofracture dissecting layered rocks. The aperture is larger where the hydrofracture dissects soft (low Young's modulus) layers than where it dissects stiff layers. Aperture variation may encourage subsequent groundwater-flow channeling along a pathway generated by a hydrofracture in layered rocks. Electronic Publication     

两河口水电站边坡预应力锚索超灌浆控制技术

两河口水电站公路边坡开挖后揭露的局部地质情况为强风化、强卸荷反倾薄层～中厚层砂板岩,节理裂隙发育,围岩破碎,裂隙张开,松动卸荷较强烈,设计对该边坡增加框格梁及无粘结钢绞线压力分散型预应力锚索进行加强支护。主要介绍在地质情况差的区域进行预应力锚索灌浆施工时的超灌浆控制技术。     

同韧性剪切断裂特征及其研究意义

同韧性剪切断裂是一种新的断裂类型,它既不同于脆性断裂,也不同于韧性剪切带。它是韧性剪切带在一定条件下发展到一定程度转化为宏观破裂的产物,在宏观、微观、地球化学等许多方面独具特征。它的研究对丰富和发展构造地质学理论、地质找矿、地震、地质灾害、工程稳定等许多方面有重要意义。     

鲁西地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩储集特征及主控因素

应用薄片、铸体和阴极发光等室内分析技术,对鲁西隆起奥陶系碳酸盐岩及济阳坳陷潜山奥陶系钻井岩心样品进行了成岩作用及储集特征详细研究。奥陶系碳酸盐岩原生孔隙消失殆尽,次生成因的孔、洞和缝是主要储集空间。其中裂缝储集层在各层段均有发育,但白云岩段优于其它岩性段;构造缝主要分布在构造轴部和断裂带附近,溶蚀缝在不整合面附近较为发育。孔洞型储集层主要发育在白云岩层段,以晶间孔、晶间溶孔和晶内溶孔为主要储集空间;有少量有效孔隙分布在灰岩段,以铸模孔、粒内溶孔和粒内孔为主。马家沟组八陡段顶部发育溶蚀角砾岩、纹层状结晶灰岩,砾间缝、晶间缝和溶洞为主要储集空间。白云岩段是奥陶系碳酸盐岩主要储集层段,构造因素、岩性和成岩作用(尤其是胶结作用和溶蚀作用)是造成奥陶系碳酸盐岩储集层剖面分布差异性的主要控制因素。     

准噶尔盆地新生代构造应力对石炭纪火山岩构造裂缝发育的控制

构造裂缝的发育对改善储层的储渗条件有着重要的作用,特别是火山岩这种非传统储层,构造裂缝的发育是其成为有效储层的必要条件。本文主要借助构造应力场有限元数值模拟这一成熟的方法对准噶尔盆地石炭纪火山岩构造裂缝的发育状况进行预测。其两个主要的步骤是首先对区域构造应力场进行模拟计算,然后结合岩石的强度指标判断构造裂缝的发育状况。通过对准噶尔盆地地质背景和构造演化的分析,明确了新生代构造应力场的的决定性作用和石炭纪火山岩的分布区域(划分出六个区域),建立了数值模拟的计算模型、确定了边界条件与载荷。通过二维有限元数值模拟(应用Ansys软件)得到了新生代盆地应力场的分布特征和应力值。结合岩石强度指标,对火山岩构造裂缝(张裂缝和剪裂缝)的发育进行了预测并圈出相应的区域,主要为盆地西北缘、中央坳陷中部、滴西1东部,彩参2周缘、大井-将军庙等地区,对石炭纪火山岩的油气勘探战略选区, 优化勘探部署具有重要指导意义。     

Ground water potential in fractured aquifers of Ophiolite formations,Port Blair,South Andaman Islands using Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES)

Ground water occurs in weathered formations of unsaturated zone and fractured rocks of saturated zone. The ground water occurring in the unsaturated zone is not sustainable while the ground water occurring in the fractured rocks are sustainable if properly exploited. But, targeting the productive fractured rocks needs careful evaluation and systematic approach of geophysical survey owing to the heterogeneity, magmatic and metamorphic activities of multiple episodes of rocks. Hence, judicious planning in ground water exploration is warranted because of the huge money involved in drilling, manpower and time factor. In this context, an attempt has been made to locate the fractured rocks of ground water potential in the Ophiolite formations of Port Blair, South Andaman Islands using Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) since the ground water database of Andaman and Nicobar islands is poor as not much work has been carried out so far and the ground water is not properly utilised. The ERT have been carried out along different azimuth of fractures to ascertain the resistivities in vertical and horizontal direction and the conductivity and/or the resistivity of the varied fractures was also evaluated by spot VES. The 2-D Electrical Resistivity Images in conjunction with the geoelectrical parameters brought out by VES revealed that E-W fractures are expected to be productive fractures showing more conductivity as it is compared with the NE-SW and NW-SE fractures. The potentiality of the E-W fractures was also validated with the borehole data.     

商洛地区北秦岭萤石矿地质特征及找矿预测

商洛地区地处秦岭山脉东段南麓,区内东西向构造断裂及酸性岩浆岩发育。萤石矿化多与断裂构造、岩体关系密切。在花岗岩体中北西西、北东东、北北西、北北东向张性断裂,是寻找萤石矿的主要地段。成矿类型为构造断裂岩浆岩型萤石矿。     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S167498711200062X

This paper focuses on the formation mechanism of fractures induced by excavation of a gallery in soft sedimentary rocks in the Horonobe area of Japan.Detailed fracture mapping of the gallery indicates that the fractures consist of both pre-existing shear fractures and excavation damaged zone(EDZ) fractures. EDZ fractures correspond to weak planes associated with bedding planes or transgranular cracks.The EDZ fractures terminate against pre-existing shear fractures.Therefore,even for excavations in soft sedimentary rocks,formation of the EDZ fractures are controlled by pre-existing fractures and earlier weak planes.     

上部地壳岩石流动与显微构造演化--天然与实验岩石变形证据

岩石流动性和变形显微构造的发育直接受温度、压力、应变速率和流体相等制约 ,致使在不同地壳层次岩石的流动性表现出很大的差异。对上部地壳环境条件下天然和实验变形岩石的显微构造分析揭示出一系列具有不同特点以及由不同的成核、扩展和联合方式形成的破裂与微破裂型式的存在。讨论了在上部地壳环境中 ,温度与围压的变化对岩石破裂的影响 ,并阐述了高压破裂与低压破裂及其力学、流变学和显微构造特点 ,提出高压破裂对应于天然变形环境下出现的剪切 (挤压 )破裂 ,而碎裂岩带是典型的天然低压破裂 ,其低压环境的出现可以是浅部低围压或深部高流体压力所致。流体相的存在不仅可以引起石英 ,也可以引起方解石类碳酸盐岩矿物的水解弱化 ,并进而导致岩石流动机制的转变。岩石变形及流体等因素所致的岩石粒度变化 ,则从另一个方面影响着上部地壳岩石流动性的变化。从变形环境考虑 ,随着深度的加大 ,温度和压力升高 ,导致岩石由脆性向韧性转变 ;转变域内岩石的变形是一个复杂过程 ,是多种不同脆性和晶质塑性机制的综合。     

Effect of initial damage on rock pulverization along faults

Pulverized rocks have been found in the damage zone around the San Andreas Fault, at distances greater than 100 m from the fault core. This damage is atypical in that it is pervasive and strain is not localized along main fractures as expected at these distances from the fault core. With high strain rate experiments, the authors have previously shown that above a strain rate threshold, the localization of strain along a few fractures is inhibited. Pulverized rocks may be generated by seismic waves at high frequency. Here we generalize these conclusions by discussing the effect of the initial fracture network in the sample on the transition from strain localization along a few fractures to diffuse damage throughout the sample. Experimental data are compared with statistical theory for fracture propagation. This analysis shows that the threshold in strain rate is a power law of initial fracture density and that a pre-damaged rock is easier to pulverize. This implies that pulverized rocks observed on the field may result from successive loadings.     

分维的应用——定量描述裂缝发育程度

从裂缝分布的自相似性出发,运用分形理论,通过对测井曲线的关联维分析,对裂缝发育程度进行尝试性的定量解释。对松辽盆地裂缝性火成岩地层测井数据进行实际处理,给出了处理结果,并初步讨论了分维与裂缝发育程度之间的关系及影响裂缝的分维的因素     

安棚油田储层裂缝特征及其形成期次分析

安棚油田深层系储层属扇三角洲相沉积,储层岩石的成分成熟度和结构熟度均较低,岩性胶结致密,具有特低孔隙度和特低渗透率特征.储层中天然裂缝较发育,以高角度或垂直裂缝为主,裂缝中常有部分次生方解石充填,该类破裂成组出现.裂缝性质包括张性破裂和剪切破裂,裂缝成因类型是与区域拉张应力有关的区域性裂缝.与局部构造变形作用无关.通过对裂缝充填物——次生方解石进行稳定同位素测定,对储层岩石进行声发射实验,确定了储层岩石的破裂期次,研究得到安棚油田储层的天然破裂期次有4期,第二期是主要的破裂期.分析了影响裂缝发育程度的两个方面因素:一为区域构造应力场强度;二为储层岩石的力学性质及厚度.并建立了储层厚度与裂缝间距的相关方程,该关系式可应用于裂缝预测.