鬼You人工繁殖和早期发育的研究

采用激素诱导鬼Ｙｏｕ在水池中自然卵受精获得成功。在海水密度１．０２２５ｇ．ｍｌ＾－１，水温２０℃的条件下，受精卵经４８－５５ｈ孵化。在１８－２４℃的温度波动下，于孵后第５－６天卵黄被完全吸收并开始主动摄食，第１５天进入稚鱼期。     

不同孵化方式、培育密度和附着基对瘤背石磺人工繁育的影响

为提高瘤背石磺(Onchidium struma)在胚胎发育和幼虫发育过程中受精卵的孵化速率和幼虫的存活率, 本试验模拟滩涂生态环境对瘤背石磺亲贝进行人工养殖, 并促使其交配产卵。将采集的瘤背石磺新鲜卵块置于盐度18, 水温25～26 ℃的水体中进行孵化。比较3 种不同孵化方式对孵化速率的影响, 并研究不同孔径(1.0～1.5 mm)海绵附着基和不同培育密度对幼虫存活率的影响, 同时结合幼虫在各水层中分布的变化规律, 探索瘤背石磺胚胎发育和幼虫发育过程的关键技术。结果显示, 采用3 种方式(“喷淋”、“露空”和“梯笼”)孵化, 受精卵至出膜面盘幼虫期所需时间分别为8、6 和9 d; 大孔径(1.2～1.5 mm)海绵组对幼虫的附着效果较好, 存活率显著高于小孔径(1.0～1.2 mm)海绵组(P<0.05),且两者均显著高于未添加附着基组(P<0.05); 存活率与不同培育密度的二次多项式回归分析显示, 瘤背石磺幼虫培育密度为55～61 个/mL 时存活率较高。上述结果表明, “露空”孵化方式能显著缩短瘤背石磺孵化所需时间; 在生产过程中, 幼虫培育密度以55～61 个/mL 为宜, 面盘幼虫期投放大孔径海绵作为幼虫附着基能显著提高幼虫存活率且能明显缩短胚胎发育和幼虫发育所需时间。     

温度对墨西哥湾扇贝胚胎和幼虫发育的影响

于１９９４－１９９５年,在中国科学院海洋研究所贝类生态实验室,利用引自美国佛罗里达州并在我国培育繁衍的第二,三代墨西哥湾扇贝作为亲贝,采集精卵,在盐度为３１－３２的条件下,采用控温仪对各个设计实验温度严格控温,进行胚胎和幼虫发育的耐温实验。结果表明,墨西哥湾扇贝受精久的有效孵化温度范围为２３－３０℃,其中２７－２８℃为最适孵化温度;Ｄ形幼虫的生存温度范围是２０－３２℃。当温度升至３４℃时,其存活率     

鲍鱼采苗板上附着猛水蚤和线虫的数量研究

研究了鲍鱼幼体培育阶段中采苗板上附着猛水蚤和线虫的数量变化。12－2号池猛水蚤的密度为0.02-5.5个／cm^2，平均密度为1.8个／cm^2；12－10号池的猛水蚤的密度为0.01-8.4个／m^2，平均密度为3.0个／cm^2，两个池的猛水蚤都有两个密度的高峰期。采苗板上硅藻的密度变化和猛水蚤的密度的变化有一定关系，显示猛水蚤数量的增加依赖硅藻量的增加和猛水蚤会摄食硅藻。12－2号池线虫的密度为0.02-3.6个／cm^2，平均为个1.5个／cm^2；12－10号池的线虫的密度为0.2-7.0个／cm^2，平均密度为3.2个／cm^2，到幼体培育的中期，两个池的线虫密度都达到最高峰。线虫的密度的增长是依赖于硅藻的密度的增加的。12－2号池鲍鱼幼体密度为0.01-0.45个／cm^2，平均密度为0.15个／cm^2；12－10号池鲍鱼幼体密度为0.01-0.17个／cm^2，平均密度为0.06个／cm^2。在育苗的早期，在采苗板上附着的鲍鱼幼体逐渐增加，以后两个池的鲍鱼幼体密度渐渐降下来。     

太平洋牡蛎高产育苗技术的研究

本文主要从强化亲贝蓄养，加强洗卵和分池孵化工作入手，提高其孵化率，及时选幼；幼虫增减及时筛选不同规格幼虫，投附着基后严格管理等措施来提高其变态率，达到稳产、高产，取得单位水体出苗量平均为３８万多个／ｍ＾３的好效果和明显的经济效益。     

太平洋牡蛎高产育苗技术的研究

本文主要从强化亲贝蓄养，加强洗卵和分池孵化工作入手，提高其孵化率，及时选幼；幼虫培养及时筛选不同规格幼虫，投附着基后严格管理等措施来提高其变态率，达到稳产、高产，取得单位水体出苗量平均为３８万多个／ｍ３的好效果和明显的经济效益。     

石斑鱼鱼虱病的研究：V.盐度对南海鱼虱存活的影响

记述了盐度对南海鱼虱ＣａｌｉｇｕｓｎａｎｈａｉｅｎｓｉｓＷｕ＆Ｐａｎ不同发育影响,在盐度为１０以上时,南海鱼虱的幼虫和成虫对盐度的变化有较大的忍耐性,盐度在１０－４之间对幼虫和成虫存活没有明显的影响,２４ｈ的实验表明,存活率较为１００％,然而,虫卵对盐度的变化较为敏感,虫卵孵化的最适盐度范围为２０－３５,超出此范围虫卵孵化受到影响,当盐度为１０时,虽然孵化率可达１００％,但孵出的幼虫活动能力差,多     

培育密度对大珠母贝受精卵的孵化率及不同期幼虫生长率、成活率与变态率的影响

为了确定大珠母贝(Pinctada maxima)人工繁育过程中受精卵适宜孵化密度和不同发育期幼虫适宜培育密度,设立四组实验比较了培育密度对大珠母贝育苗效果的影响。实验I,比较了受精卵培育密度对孵化率与幼虫大小的影响,受精卵密度设为10个/mL、20个/mL、30个/mL与40个/mL;实验II,比较了D形幼虫培育密度对生长率与成活率的影响,幼虫密度设为1.0个/mL、2.0个/mL、3.0个/mL与4.0个/mL;实验III,比较了壳顶初期幼虫培育密度对生长率与成活率的影响,幼虫密度为1.0个/mL、1.5个/mL、2.0个/mL与2.5个/mL;实验IV,比较了眼点期幼虫密度对变态率与生长率的影响,眼点幼虫密度设为0.4个/mL、0.8个/mL、1.2个/mL与1.6个/mL。结果表明,大珠母贝受精卵培育密度对孵化率存在显著影响(P0.05),对幼虫大小影响不显著(P0.05)。培育密度对D形幼虫与壳顶幼虫的生长率和成活率均存在显著影响(P0.05),生长率与成活率随着密度增加而降低。培育密度对眼点幼虫的变态率和附着幼苗的生长存在显著影响(P0.05)。大珠母贝苗种繁育阶段,合适的受精卵培育密度为10-30个/mL,D形幼虫培育密度为1-3个/mL,壳顶初期幼虫为1.0-1.5个/mL,眼点幼虫为0.4-0.8个/mL。     

紫色无硫细菌对栉孔扇贝幼虫生长发育的影响

于１９９１年，以栉孔扇贝幼虫为材料，用１０００ｍｌ烧杯模拟育菌现场条件，进行光合细菌作为饵料添加剂的试验。分析表明，光合细菌中含粗蛋白６２．３％；１８种氨基酸的总量为５１．２４％；维生素Ｂ１，Ｂ２，Ｂ１２含量分别为０．０１０６５％，０．００９３８８％，０．００２６４％；脂类和其他生理活性物质。生长试验结果表明，在开始的１２ｄ，在补充Ｒｐｓ ｓｐ，５０ｍｇ／Ｌ和１００ｍｇ／Ｌ时，幼虫平均增长率分别为     

虾池纳潮期日本刺沙蚕幼虫数量及其沉降的研究

于1992年2月27日－5月30日在文登市高岛盐场养虾场，对日本刺沙蚕（卵、各期胚胎和幼虫）的纳潮数量和幼虫的沉降进行现场调查和实验研究。结果表明，对养虾生产有意义的纳潮期有3个。3月上旬的新月潮，持续12d，数量为（25－50）×103个／m3，主要组成是受精卵、各期胚胎和担轮幼虫。3月甲旬的满月潮持续7d，数量为（2－5）×103个／m3。4月上旬的新月潮持续8d，数量为（2－3．5）×103个／m3。纳潮量与潮汐关系密切，但与平均潮高无显著的相关。各潮期的纳潮数量比应是4：4：2。对16个纳潮虾池测试的平均沉降量为4492个／m2。据现场调查和实验研究，日本刺沙蚕幼虫的沉降期可划为暂时沉降（5－6刚节）和变态沉降（7—10刚节）。出现暂时沉降（4月15日以后），便可执行纳潮后的排水等虾池早期管理。纳潮的定量监测方法简单、快速和准确，可用来指导虾池的纳潮。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.