The thunderstorm hazard on the Canadian prairies

An initial attempt is made here to assess the nature and magnitude of the thunderstorm hazard on the Canadian prairies. Past research into prairie thunderstorm has largely been conducted by meteorologists and has been marked by fragmented studies rather than overall synthesis. Canadian practitioners in the emerging field of natural hazards research have attached less importance to the thunderstorm problem than it merits. This article draws attention to the scale of the prairie thunderstorm hazard and should stimulate critical thinking about responses and adjustments to it.     

基于三维模型的西峪金伯利岩管与断裂构造关系探讨

山东蒙阴金刚石矿床是中国著名的金伯利岩型金刚石矿床,西峪金伯利岩管是山东蒙阴地区的典型代表。三维建模技术于近些年来被广泛应用于地学研究领域。本文选择山东蒙阴地区西峪金伯利岩管为研究对象,借助于三维建模技术构建金伯利岩管和断裂构造的三维实体模型,在岩管成矿地质背景分析基础上,开展断裂构造三维空间特征定量分析和三维模型叠合讨论,探讨西峪金伯利岩管与断裂构造特征的关系。结果表明:金伯利岩管呈现出连续的上大下小"放射状"空间形态特征,岩管赋存部位往往断裂构造密集;金伯利岩岩浆上涌的通道可能为F1、F2、F10等深大断裂,岩管分布于断裂交点旁侧,岩管形态与构造交点形态相似。     

Joint patterns and their relationship to regional trends

An analysis of joint patterns in the Grampians Group rocks o£ Western Victoria has established that the dominant directions are north‐north‐west, east‐north‐east, west‐north‐west, north‐north‐east and north. The master joints are steeply‐dipping structures which formed after the sediments were lithified and folded. The joint‐formation is not genetically related to the folding and post‐dates the emplacement of the igneous intrusions. Joint orientation is independent of lithology and the sediments have reacted as a uniform mass to an applied stress.

The joint pattern conforms with the regional tectonic pattern of faults and lineaments which includes directions of the regmatic shear pattern of Sonder (1947). The jointing and major faulting took place during the Kanimblan Orogeny. The faulting and joint‐formation may have been contemporaneous, the faults being directions along which displacement occurred; conversely the actual movements along faults may have induced the jointing into the sediments.     

The emergence of multiplex dynamics between information provision ties and rescue collaboration ties: a longitudinal network analytic approach to flooding cases in Myanmar

Natural Hazards - In disaster response processes, collaborations among multiple organizations are vital for effective disaster management. This study examined how multiplex ties concerning...     

陕西区域成矿规律及其与重大成矿地质事件之关系

陕西横跨三大地质构造单元,曾历经前板块构造、板块构造和陆内造山等三大构造-成矿演化阶段、8个构造-成矿期和8次重大成矿地质事件,形成能源、金属、非金属和水气等四大类135种矿产2000余处矿产地。本文在建立涵盖陕西固体及非固体矿产矿床类型划分方案的基础上,总结了矿产时、空分布规律:时间上具有明显的阶段性,由早到晚分出8个构造-成矿期;空间上具有明显的丛聚性,由北到南划出12个矿集区。矿集区与地质历史时期的重大成矿地质事件密切相关,根据二者的时空关系,划分出单一型、耦合型、叠加型和复合型4种类型矿集区。矿集区的矿产种类、规模大小,一般与其所发生的成矿地质事件的性质和频次有关。叠加型矿集区比单一型矿集区更具找矿潜力。     

High-K diorites,their place in the calc-alkaline association and relationship to andesites

Modes, total rock chemistry (including a range of trace elements) and mineral analyses are presented for two selected rocks from the Yeoval (Australia) high-K diorite complex. This and other data show that the high-K diorites may definitely be grouped with calc-alkaline rocks and that the high-K diorites and low-Si diorites are almost identical in chemistry to their fine-grained equivalents. Comparisons of the data are made with other similar rock groups. Criticism is made of the presently used mineralogical classification of diorites and in particular of those diorites rich in potassium. A chemical classification of diorites identical to that used for andesites is proposed.     

“区域异常集中度”的概念、计算方法及其与成矿的关系

为了解释普遍存在的成矿规模与区域化探异常面积大小不成比例的问题,提出了“区域异常集中度”的概念,给出了概念的定义、相关要素和计算方法.探讨了区域异常集中度的主要特点,数值大小、计算尺度与成矿规模的关系,适用条件等.认为区域异常集中度反映了成矿物质的集中程度,应用它找大矿是在区域成矿要素范围内众多异常中“同中求异”的过程...     

Environmental and social recovery asymmetries to large-scale disturbances in small island communities

Natural Hazards - People’s livelihoods in tropical small-island developing states are greatly dependent on marine ecosystem services. Yet services such as fisheries and coastal buffering are...     

The relationship between the deformation mechanism and permeability on brittle rock

In order to study the relationship between the deformation mechanism and permeability on brittle rock, the curves of stress–strain and permeability–strain of brittle rock were analyzed, the results indicated that the permeability of brittle rock increased rapidly at the critical failure point due to the microstructure changed seriously during the compaction, elastic deformation, and progressive failure process. When the rock bridges or asperities on the internal structural plane were ruptured partly or completely after the peak stress, a sudden decrease in rock strength occurred and the peak permeability could be the maximum. The strain at the critical point and turning point on the stress–strain curve corresponded to that at the rapid increase point and the peak point on the permeability–strain curve according to the renormalization theory and curves of stress–strain and permeability–strain. In addition, the ratios could be described by mathematical expressions. The conclusions could be proved reasonably by the experimental studies and examples of statistical analysis.     

The spatial context of manpower policy: Implications of current Canadian policy on regional development and planning

Macro government policies are often considered outside the context of their spatial impact. Following recent discussions of the problem, this paper is concerned with a critical review of Canadian Manpower policy in the context of national efficiency, regional equity and their interaction. Thus Manpower policy is analysed with respect to its implications concerning regional development as well as implicit regional policy. It is contended that many of the problems of Manpower policy in the spatial context can be traced back to the implicit theoretical background of Manpower policy; Human Capital theory. A radical critique of Human Capital theory is presented and a brief discussion of the ‘functional’ relationship between regional inequality and national macro-planning is also noted. In general the paper concludes that Manpower and regional policies in Canada tend to be contradictory although more research is needed to analyse the spatial impact of macro-policy which may overwhelm spatial policy and significantly influence the future of the spatial economy.     

Time and place of progressive regional metamorphism: A repley to N. D. Chatterjee

Misreading of some published papers has led Dr. N. D.Chatterjee to erroneous conclusions about the local geology in the Ghatsila area in Singhbhum, eastern India, and his doubts regarding the metamorphic history deduced by the author here are therefore unjustified. The stratigraphy and structural geometry in this terrain are not at all debatable, and the evidences for a progressive metamorphism broadly contemporaneous with folding and preceding thrusting are incontrovertible. To take any particular metamorphic terrain, whether Simplon or Singhbhum, as the prototype of regional metamorphism is as yet premature.     

Synergetic conception of regional population and social-democratic processes taking place in the Czech Republic

The complex character of population development often rises scepticism above the possibility of its purposeful affection. Unsatisfying outputs of regional sciences which understand the integrity of regions with difficulties force us not only to think about the effectiveness of applied analytical tools, but also the necessity to overstep the boundaries of the present paradigm of regional geography. Synergetics opens new possibilities in the study of complex regional processes. Newly originating integrity is not only the tendency to the innovations, but also the return to historical roots of existence, to traditions and realization of continuity. From this viewpoint, a forming population and social-economic process in the Czech Republic is evaluated and its specific features are underlined.     

古亚洲洋与古特提斯洋关系初探

从板块构造研究中国古生代洋陆关系和构造-岩浆-成矿作用,离不开对古亚洲洋和古特提斯洋的关系判断,特别是对于中国西北部的研究,两个古生代大洋形成演化和关系是理清重要地质构造和成矿事件的关键。本文认为早古生代的原特提斯洋与古亚洲洋应连为一体,合称古亚洲-原特提斯洋,简称古亚洲洋。古亚洲洋是发育于早古生代劳亚大陆与冈瓦纳大陆之间的大洋,金川超大型铜镍矿床的形成是元古宙罗迪尼亚超大陆裂解三叉裂谷开启大洋的开始,塔里木陆块作为古亚洲洋南岸的一个陆块,早古生代的昆仑洋、祁连洋和秦岭洋只是古亚洲洋的分支或次生洋盆,这些次生洋盆于志留纪末闭合,古亚洲洋主洋则直到晚古生代泥盆纪末才闭合。石炭纪天山及邻区是古亚洲洋闭合后板块构造后碰撞机制与地幔柱作用提供热动力的两种地球动力学机制并存的构造背景,为大规模壳幔混合（染）岩浆作用和成矿爆发提供了可能。古特提斯洋是古亚洲洋在晚古生代的发展和继承,东昆仑夏日哈木超大型铜镍矿床的产生是冈瓦纳大陆北侧志留纪末破裂三叉裂谷开启大洋的开始,塔里木和华北等泛华夏陆块群构成了古特提斯洋北岸陆缘,石炭纪大洋形成,西昆仑玛尔坎苏大型优质锰矿可能就形成于大洋北侧被动大陆边缘的浅海或陆表海,成矿物质则很可能来自于同时代的大洋中脊。德尔尼大型铜钴矿为晚石炭世大洋中脊塞浦路斯型块状硫化物矿床。而铜峪沟大型铜矿和大场大型金矿等则分别为古特提斯洋消减俯冲岛弧岩浆作用矽卡岩-斑岩矿床和浅成低温热液矿床。中三叠世末古特提斯洋闭合。

     

The relationship between CK and CV chondrites

CK chondrites are highly oxidized meteorites containing abundant magnetite and trace amounts of Fe,Ni metal. Although the group is predominately composed of equilibrated meteorites (types 4-6), in recent years a significant number of new samples have been classified as being either CK3 or CK3-anomalous. These unequilibrated CKs often display a close affinity with members of the CV oxidized subgroup. CKs and CVs (oxidized subgroup) may therefore form a continuum and by implication could be derived from a single common parent body. To investigate the relationship between these two groups a detailed study of the oxygen isotope composition, opaque mineralogy and major and trace element geochemistry of a suite of CV and CK chondrites has been undertaken. The results of oxygen isotope analysis confirm the close affinity between CV and CK chondrites, while excluding the possibility of a linkage between the CO and CK groups. Magnetites in both CV and CK chondrites show significant compositional similarities, but high Ti contents are a diagnostic feature of the latter group. The results of major and trace element analysis demonstrate that both CV and CK chondrites show overlapping variation. Supporting evidence for a single common source for both groups comes from their similar cosmic-ray exposure age distributions. Recent reflectance spectral analysis is consistent with both the CVs and CKs being derived from Eos family asteroids, which are believed to have formed by the catastrophic disruption of a single large asteroid. Thus, a range of evidence appears to be consistent with CV and CK chondrites representing samples from a single thermally stratified parent body. In view of the close similarity between CV and CK chondrites some modification of the present classification scheme may be warranted, possibly involving integration of the two groups. One means of achieving this would be to reassigned CK chondrites to a subgroup of the oxidized CVs. It is recognized that a full evaluation of this proposal may require further study of the still poorly understood CK3 chondrites.     

The temporal relationship between joints and faults

Examples are presented of three temporal relationships between joints and faults: joints that pre-date faults; joints that are precursors to, or synchronous with, faults; and joints that post-date faults. Emphasis is placed on strike-slip faults in carbonate beds, but other examples are used. General rules are given for identifying the three temporal relationships between joints and faults. Joints that formed before faults can be dilated, sheared or affected by pressure solution during faulting, depending on their orientation in relation to the applied stress system. Faulted joints can preserve some original geometry of a joint pattern, with pinnate joints or veins commonly developing where faulted joints interact. Joints formed synchronously with faults reflect the same stress system that caused the faulting, and tend to increase in frequency toward faults. In contrast, joints that pre- or post-date faults tend not to increase in frequency towards the fault. Joints that post-date a fault may cut across or abut the fault and fault-related veins, without being displaced by the fault. They may also lack dilation near the fault, even if the fault has associated veins. Joints formed either syn- or post-faulting may curve into the fault, indicating stress perturbation around the fault. Different joint patterns may exist across the fault because of mechanical variations. Geometric features may therefore be used in the field to identify the temporal relationships between faults and joints, especially where early joints affect or control fault development, or where the distribution of late joints are influenced by faults.     

The relationship between regional stress field,fracture orientation and depth of weathering and implications for groundwater prospecting in crystalline rocks

In a uniform granite gneiss study area in central Zimbabwe, lineaments oriented parallel to the maximum regional compressive stress orientation exhibit the thickest regolith development, while lineaments oriented perpendicular to the maximum compressive stress show the shallowest development of weathered regolith. The principal fracture set orientations were mapped using aerial imagery. The regional stress field, estimated from global stress maps, was used to determine the stresses acting on each principal lineament orientation. Multi-electrode resistivity profiling was carried out across fractures with different orientations to determine their subsurface regolith conditions. The results indicate that the 360 and 060° lineaments, which are sub-parallel to the principal compressive stress orientation (σ₁) exhibit maximum development of the regolith, while 130° lineaments perpendicular to σ₁ do not exhibit significant regolith development. Since regolith thickness has been positively correlated with groundwater resources, it is suggested that fractures with orientations sub-parallel to the principal compressive stress direction constitute favourable groundwater targets. Knowledge of the regional stress field and fracture set orientations can be used as an effective low cost tool for locating potentially higher yielding boreholes in crystalline rock terrains.     

The relationship between urbanization and socio-economic development in the Sudan

The study of urbanization has, in recent years, assumed increasing importance in developing countries not only because these countries are in the process of facing rapid urbanization, but also because the process of urbanization has been recognized as a part of a larger process of economic and social change which is affecting the rural areas.     

The relationship between the Lisle orientation tensor and the susceptibility tensor

Lisle (1989) introduced an orientation tensor of orthogonal orientation data as summed cross products of the direction cosines of the X axes minus the summed cross products of the direction cosines of the Z axes. The contribution deals with the relationship between the Lisle orientation tensor and the tensor of magnetic susceptibility. The bulk magnetic susceptibility is generated by a system of triaxial magnetic grains. In the case of “ideally” triaxial magnetic grains, the eigenvectors of the tensor of Lisle are parallel to the eigenvectors of magnetic susceptibility, and in the case of general triaxial grains they are close to them. Analytical results and numerical modelling confirm the intuitive feeling that AMS of a system composed of triaxial magnetic grains reflects the mean orientation of X as well as Z grain axes.     

The interplay between social welfare and competitiveness: The case of Canadian Medicare

Canadian Medicare, the government financed national health care system, is seen by many as enhancing both social welfare and competitiveness. If true, this will broaden and further existing conceptions of competitiveness in Canada and beyond. Moreover, it will have important implications for the ongoing debate in the social sciences about institutional convergence and path dependence. The central focus of this paper is to evaluate this claim: Medicare’s impact on competitiveness, evaluated by using investment attraction as a proxy, is determined through reference to detailed case analysis and the insight into investment behavior gained from interviews. This paper concludes that Medicare makes a difference for certain reinvestment decisions but no difference for location and initial investment decisions. Several implications are drawn from this finding: Medicare’s impact on reinvestment decisions may stop certain Canadian firms from investing elsewhere but likely would not attract new investment into Canada from abroad. Industries with high labor costs will extract a disproportionately large benefit from Medicare; so, this type of institution is a source of competitiveness to certain industries if not an overarching source of regional competitiveness for Canada. I conclude that, no matter the size and scope of the competitive benefit, social institutions such as Medicare must be considered when evaluating regional competitiveness, having thus far been ignored by mainstream academic competitiveness theories.     

The relationship between basicity and swelling on reduction of iron-ore pellets

The influence of gangue composition on swelling during reduction of iron-ore pellets is investigated for nine iron ores with a range of basicities. X-ray diffraction studies show that high swelling on reduction is accompanied by the formation of low-melting-point, calcium-substituted olivines. Recrystallisation of the hematite structure occurs on firing high-basicity pellets. An explanation is given for the existence of high swelling for fired pellets of basicities 0.2–0.8.