温度对海底沉积物声学特性影响实验研究

温度的变化是影响海底沉积物声学特性非常重要的因素之一。文章采用同轴差距衰减测量法,在不同温度下对海底沉积物声学特性进行测量,实验得出南海海底沉积物随着温度的升高具有以下声学特性:1)沉积物声速变化比较缓慢,上下波动点较明显,但总体趋势接近线性下降;2)衰减幅值随着温度升高一直下降,偶尔有些波动的异常点,声衰减幅值呈现线性下降的趋势;3)声衰减系数变化呈现抛物线趋势,具有强非线性。对于此类沉积物声速特殊情况,还有待从理论和实验方面更深入地研究解释其成因。     

内孤立波浅化破碎过程斜坡沉积物孔压响应特征实验分析

观测资料显示内孤立波沿斜坡浅化过程对海底沉积物的作用犹如一台水中吸尘器,在破碎转换阶段达到最强,甚至会触发一系列地质活动,引发地质灾害。为界定此过程中沉积物的动力响应特征和影响因素,在大型重力式分层流水槽中模拟不同振幅内孤立波和不同类型沉积物斜坡连续作用过程,利用孔隙水压力采集系统实时记录孔隙水压力变化,对比分析不同水动力、坡度、沉积物类型情况下沉积物中超孔压变化特征。分析结果表明,内孤立波破碎过程,破波位置海床表层波压力和不同深度超孔隙水压力都存在相似的"U"型负压力变化过程;破碎波经过位置沉积物表现为和表面波压力正相关的孔压响应特征。破碎点沉积物中超孔压幅值随深度减小,约在6%波长深度位置减少到坡面压力的50%。超孔压幅值和内孤立波振幅、沉积物类型和斜坡度密切相关,坡度由0.071变化到0.160时,波压力幅值可增大至1.6倍。内孤立波振幅变化不影响不同类型海床土动力响应规律,只与超孔隙水压力值大小有关,内孤立波对海床的动力作用可认为弹性作用。     

基于文氏谱的起伏海面虚反射特征研究

海洋地震记录中的虚反射会和反射波发生混叠和干涉,严重影响了海洋地震资料的质量。常规海面水平的条件假设将在海面反射系数计算过程中引入误差。本文引入文圣常提出并改进的文氏海浪谱,采用有效波高、海浪成长系数等各项参数模拟出更符合实际情况的海浪形态,并通过时频分析等方法研究起伏海面虚反射对地震记录的改造作用和起伏海面条件下的虚反射时频谱特征。结果表明：当海面起伏程度较大时,起伏海面的虚反射不仅强烈扭曲了海底一次波反射同相轴,且与一次波发生了强烈的干涉作用,导致成像结果出现很多假同相轴,严重影响了地震资料的质量。随着起伏海面有效波高的增加,地震记录受陷波效应逐渐增强,虚反射能量逐渐增加,主频幅值逐渐减小。当海面起伏变化时,随着偏移距的增加,陷波点幅值变化丰富,主频幅值逐渐减小,且向高频方向移动。随着震源或检波器沉放深度逐渐增加,有效波虚反射的能量强度逐渐增加,频带变窄,陷波改造作用强烈,主频幅值逐渐减小。     

基于压磁效应的锈胀开裂混凝土梁疲劳性能试验研究

开展了5根锈胀开裂钢筋混凝土梁疲劳试验并实时记录了梁表面的钢筋压磁信号,研究锈胀开裂混凝土梁的疲劳特性和压磁信号演化规律。结果表明梁疲劳寿命随钢筋锈蚀率增大而急剧减小,梁破坏时混凝土剥落,纵筋发生疲劳断裂;磁信号时变曲线随疲劳进程不断演化,在临近疲劳破坏时曲线形态发生明显畸变,能够反映梁疲劳损伤信息;磁感应强度变化幅值的发展符合三阶段特性,在疲劳初期和破坏前增长明显;磁感应强度变化幅值对钢筋锈蚀敏感,随锈蚀率增加而增大,因此建立了疲劳作用不同阶段磁信号幅值和梁内钢筋锈蚀率的相关关系。     

全新世以来渤海湾沉积物的粒度特征

渤海湾泥质区M9-2与M9-4站柱状沉积物的粒度分析结果表明,沉积物粒度组成在垂直分布上有较明显的变化规律,早全新世期间部分站位(如M9-2)沉积物较粗,另一部分站位(如M9-4)沉积物则较细,与现代黄河物质粒度近似;中全新世的沉积物粒度组成变化较大,但呈减小的趋势,向类似于黄河物质粒度特征发展,说明黄河物质对渤海湾影响作用的加强;到了晚全新世,黄河物质对渤海湾的影响则明显占据着主导地位,故沉积物粒度特征与现代黄河物质类似。上述的渤海湾沉积物粒度特征不仅反映出水动力条件的变化(与海平面变化相联系),更说明了研究区物质来源的变化,尤其是明显反映出黄河物质对渤海湾阶段性的影响。     

大亚湾表层沉积物镁铝含量比变化及影响因素

本文讨论了大亚湾沉积物镁铝含量比——m值的分布、季节变化及m值与水介质的关系,结果证实,水介质的盐度、pH和水温是m值的主要影响因素,且水介质的盐度是决定m值大小的最基本要素。当3个影响因素呈同向变化时,对m值的变化具有叠加作用,m值的变化幅度较大;当盐度与pH呈相反方向变化时,若△pH>0.06,可对m值产生明显的影响,m值的变化与pH同向。从大亚湾沉积物m值随季节变化的特征表明,m值对沉积环境中水介质变化的反应是灵敏的。这一结果显示了m值对水介质变化能够响应的灵敏度。     

胶州湾西北部沉积物中重金属元素分布特征及评价

研究了胶州湾西部大沽河口附近沉积物中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn等7种重金属元素含量在平面和垂向上的分布特征。研究表明,表层沉积物化学要素性质与沉积环境密切相关,重金属元素高值区主要分布在三角洲侧缘、前三角洲等泥质发育区,而低值区主要在分流河道、河口沙坝发育区。重金属元素的垂向变化特征表明沉积物环境质量总体上变化不大,仅Hg元素有逐渐富集规律,但在某一事件沉积过程中沉积物的环境质量有较大的变化。从平面分布特征分析,大沽河对胶州湾沉积物中重金属元素的贡献不及湾东部主要的排污河流,但在不同区域的不同沉积环境中重金属含量有相应的变化,在对全区进行含量对比以及污染源的分析时应考虑沉积环境和沉积相的影响。用地质累积指数对表层沉积物环境质量进行评价,结果显示沉积物主要受到Pb,Zn的污染,但污染程度较轻,沉积物环境质量总体较好。     

苏北废黄河三角洲沉积物的时空变化特征

基于苏北废黄河三角洲近岸冬夏两季的表层沉积物粒度参数分析结果,研究了沉积物的时空变化特征。结果表明,沉积物分布具有显著的时空变化特征:空间上由岸向海、由北侧至南侧,沉积物粒度呈变粗的趋势;时间上,沉积物粒径冬季粗于夏季。沉积物分选普遍较差,偏态为正偏,峰态尖锐。受季节性风的影响,冬季沉积动力环境比夏季复杂,沉积物粒度参数变化幅度较夏季大,冬季样品粒度参数等值线梯度明显大于夏季。在粒级-标准偏差曲线上,高峰值在52.55～88.39μm,为敏感粒级。研究区在潮流和季风驱动的风浪作用下,沉积环境具有波-流联合作用复杂的特点。     

盐度影响沉积物抗侵蚀性的环形水槽试验研究

黄河口海域盐度变化受入海径流量、海洋动力条件及气候等影响,时空变化显著。河口区盐度场的变化不仅会影响营养盐、污染物的运输,还会改变入海泥沙的沉降及固结特性,进一步影响沉积物的抗侵蚀性。为研究不同盐度环境对沉积物抗侵蚀性的影响,选用黄河三角洲沉积物进行室内循环水槽试验,模拟不同盐度条件下沉积物发生侵蚀再悬浮的过程。研究得出在本研究区盐度0～36‰范围内,黄河口细颗粒沉积物临界切应力值存在明显差异,变化范围为0.055 6～0.080 6 Pa。固结程度相同,沉积物临界切应力随盐度的增加呈对数增长特征,在盐度小于9‰的条件下,黄河口细颗粒沉积物抗侵蚀性受盐度环境变化的影响尤为明显;固结程度不同,随着固结时间的推移,盐度环境的增加对沉积物临界切应力的促进作用减小。     

黄河口海域沉积物对重金属的吸附

以黄河口海域表层沉积物为研究对象,研究沉积物对重金属Cu、Pb的吸附特性,将沉积物筛分为4种粒级,探讨粒度、pH值、吸附时间和吸附剂初始浓度对重金属吸附的影响。结果表明:沉积物粒径越小,对重金属的吸附量越大;吸附平衡时间有所差异,但在1.5h均能达到吸附平衡;吸附量均随pH值升高而逐渐增加,但铜的吸附较铅的吸附速度快;铜的吸附量与吸附剂初始浓度呈线性关系,而铅的吸附量在初始浓度较低时变化明显,随初始浓度增加吸附量增加减小;沉积物对铜吸附等温线符合Langmuir型,铅吸附等温线符合Freundlich型,吸附类型存在差异。重金属在沉积物中的吸附规律研究为黄河口海域污染调查及治理提供了科学依据。     

海底沉积物声速测量方法及其比较

归纳了海底沉积物声速特性及声速测量的两大类方法,分析比较了其各自的特点。针对所存在的问题提出了海底沉积物声速实验室仿真测量的思想。对正确运用“703”专项海洋环境调查技术规程中所采用的底质声速计算公式具有指导意义。     

Effects of seabed properties on acoustic wave fields in a seismo-acoustic ocean waveguide

Acoustic wave fields in an ocean waveguide with a sediment layer having continuously varying density and sound speed overlying an elastic subbottom are considered in this analysis. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of seabed acoustic properties, including the density and sound speed of the sediment layer and subbottom, on the characteristics of the wave fields. Examination of the reflection coefficient, wavenumber spectrum, and noise intensity of the sound field through numerical analysis has shown that the variation in the acoustic properties in the sediment layer is an important factor in determining the reflected or noise sound fields. In particular, the sediment thickness-to-wavelength ratio and the types of variation of acoustic properties inside the layer give rise to many characteristics that potentially allow for acoustic inversion of the seabed properties. With regard to the wave-field components in a shallow-water environment, the various types of waves existing in a seismo-acoustic waveguide have been illustrated. The results indicate that the effects of the sediment properties on the wavenumber spectrum are primarily on the continuous and evanescent regimes of the wave field. The noise intensity generated by distributive random monopoles at various depths, together with the effect of refractive sound-speed distribution in the water column, has been obtained and analyzed.     

南沙群岛西南海区表层碳酸盐沉积的相特征

通过研究南沙群岛西南海区44个站表层碳酸盐沉积特征,综合分析了沉积物类型、碳酸盐的生物组成、矿物成分、地球化学等,根据碳酸盐沉积的岩性参数之间的关系及相应的沉积环境,应用主成分分析统计对比,提出该海区碳酸盐沉积的六个沉积相及其特征:大陆坡半深海-深海相,南部中、外大陆架浅海相,西部中、外大陆架浅海相,南部内大陆架浅海相,礁体相,礁体过渡相。     

海底沉积物声学特征定量分析及其智能分类研究

海底底质特性描述及分类是当今浅海声学的研究热点,海底沉积物的物理结构特性与其声学响应特征密切相关。在分析海底沉积物声传播特性的基础上,应用现代计算机信号分析技术手段,对海底沉积物声学响应波形提取了4个特征参数:声速、波幅指数、波形关联维分形指数和声波频谱的频率矩。以这4个特征参数作为输入向量,海底沉积物的结构类型作为输出向量,建立径向基概率神经网络模型。研究表明建立的神经网络模型具有较强的海底沉积物分类预报能力。     

Evaluation of Laser Scanning and Stereo Photography Roughness Measurement Systems Using a Realistic Model Seabed Surface

The topography of the seabed is influenced by sediment transport due to wave motion, current disturbance, and biological activities. The bottom roughness generated by these processes can substantially alter acoustic wave penetration into and scattering from the bottom, and therefore, it is essential to make accurate measurements of the bottom roughness for such acoustic applications. Methods to make direct measurements of bottom roughness include stereo photography, laser line scanning, and sediment conductivity. Roughness can also be measured indirectly using high-frequency sound backscatter. For optically-based methods, the accuracy of these measurements is typically evaluated using the elevations, lengths, or diameters of simple surface features of known dimensions. However, for acoustic applications, the statistical characteristics of the surface, e.g., the roughness spectrum, are more meaningful. In this paper, we present a fabricated rough surface milled into a 40 $,times ,$60 cm $^{2}$ plastic block for use as a benchmark in the assessment of two in situ roughness measurement systems: a laser scanning system and a digital stereo photography system. The surface has a realistic roughness power spectrum that is derived from the bottom roughness measured during the 1999 Sediment Acoustics Experiment (SAX99) and was fabricated by a computer numerical controlled milling machine. By comparing the fabricated surface spectrum to the measured spectrum, a determination of the accuracy of the roughness measurement is evaluated, which is of direct relevance to acoustic applications.      

河口物质和水体长期输运分离的理论分析和观测验证Ⅱ.长江口悬沙、盐度和水体长期输运分离的观测验证

利用二维水体和物质长期输运速度及其机制分解形式,分析了长江口1997年洪季观测资料,从实践上认识悬沙、盐度和水体长期输运的分离程度.观测站资料的计算分析表明:最大浑浊带附近,二维悬沙和水体长期输运速度平均夹角为36.0°、速度量值平均相差29.9%,悬沙和水体长期输运具有明显的分离特征;盐度锋面附近,二维盐度和水体长期输运速度的平均夹角为43.6°、速度大小平均相差27.8%,盐度和水体长期输运具有明显的分离特征.     

Tests of models for high-frequency seafloor backscatter

The interaction of high-frequency sound with the seafloor is inherently a stochastic process. Inversion techniques must, therefore employ good stochastic models for bottom acoustic scattering. An assortment of physical models for bottom backscattering strength is tested by comparison with scattering strength data obtained at 40 kHz at three shallow water sites spanning a range of sediment types from fine silt to coarse sand. These acoustic data are accompanied by sediment physical property data obtained by core sample analysis and in situ probes. In addition, stereo photography was used to measure the power spectrum of bottom relief on centimeter scales. These physical data provided the inputs needed to test the backscatter models, which treat scattering from both the rough sediment-water interface and the sediment volume. For the three sites considered here, the perturbation model for scattering from a slightly rough fluid seafloor performs well. Volume scattering is predicted to be weak except at a site having a layer of methane bubbles     

海底底质声学性质原位测量技术研究

系统介绍了海底底质声学性质原位测量技术,提出了新的原位测量方法,并根据这一测量方法,初步设计制作了相应的海底原位测量仪器。利用初步制作的测量仪器在实验室内对砂质沉积物进行了模拟测量试验,仪器测量得到的沉积物声速与直接透射法测量获得的声速基本一致。在宁波近海海域进行了海上实际测量试验,获得了该测量区域海底底质的声速,验证了此测量技术的可行性,为进一步研发先进的海底原位测量仪器奠定了基础。     

Black spots produced by buried macroalgae in intertidal sandy sediments of the Wadden Sea: Effects on the meiobenthos

The effects of buried decaying macroalgae on meiobenthos were examined in intertidal sandy sediments of the Wadden Sea of Lower Saxony. In situ experiments confirmed that one of the principal causes of the formation of reduced surface sediments or ‘black spots’ on the tidal flats is the increasing occurrence and subsequent decomposition of filamentous green algae (Enteromorpha spp.) buried in the sediment. Five to fifteen days after algal material had been buried, the sediment surface turned black. The impact of these black spots on meiobenthos was dramatic: the changed chemical conditions in the sediment resulted in long and drastic reductions in meiofaunal abundance and number of taxa. A multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) analysis of data on meiobenthic abundances revealed that samples from black-spot areas were clearly separated from those of control and reference areas. Re-oxidized black spots showed recolonization by meiofaunal animals, with numbers of individuals and taxa similar to those of oxidized surface sediments. The use of abundances of members of higher meiobenthic taxa to monitor changes in the sediment's chemistry, especially those caused by biomass overload, is discussed.     

海底浅表层沉积物原位声学测量方法探讨

研究透射式和折射式两类海底沉积声学原位测量方法,通过分析10种海底浅表层沉积物声学原位测量仪器的特征,指出不同声学原位测量技术对沉积物声学特性测量结果的影响。比较黄海海底浅表层沉积声学原位测量数据与实验室测量结果的差异,分析原位声学测量数据普遍小于实验室测量数据的原因,指出原位测量的作用和重要性。探讨指出海底浅表层沉积物原位声学测量所需要配合发展的其他物理性质原位测量技术。