Mapping of stream microhabitats with high spatial resolution hyperspectral imagery

 Maximum likelihood supervised classifications with 1-m 128 band hyperspectral data accurately map in-stream habitats in the Lamar River, Wyoming with producer's accuracies of 91% for pools, 87% for glides, 76% for riffles, and 85% for eddy drop zones. Coarser resolution 5-m hyperspectral data and 1-m simulated multiband imagery yield lower accuracies that are unacceptable for inventory and analysis. Both high spatial resolution and hyperspectral coverage are therefore necessary to map microhabitats in the study area. In many instances, the high spatial resolution hyperspectral (HSRH) imagery appears to map the stream habitats with greater accuracy than our ground-based surveys, thus challenging classical approaches used for accuracy assessment in remote sensing. Received: 9 April 2001 / Accepted: 8 October 2001     

Modeling spatial dependence in high spatial resolution hyperspectral data sets

 As either the spatial resolution or the spatial scale for a geographic landscape increases, both latent spatial dependence and spatial heterogeneity also will tend to increase. In addition, the amount of georeferenced data that results becomes massively large. These features of high spatial resolution hyperspectral data present several impediments to conducting a spatial statistical analysis of such data. Foremost is the requirement of popular spatial autoregressive models to compute eigenvalues for a row-standardized geographic weights matrix that depicts the geographic configuration of an image's pixels. A second drawback arises from a need to account for increased spatial heterogeneity. And a third concern stems from the usefulness of marrying geostatistical and spatial autoregressive models in order to employ their combined power in a spatial analysis. Research reported in this paper addresses all three of these topics, proposing successful ways to prevent them from hindering a spatial statistical analysis. For illustrative purposes, the proposed techniques are employed in a spatial analysis of a high spatial resolution hyperspectral image collected during research on riparian habitats in the Yellowstone ecosystem. Received: 25 February 2001 / Accepted: 2 August 2001     

采用IDL小波工具优化高光谱影像光谱特征匹配分类

光谱特征匹配分类是常用的高光谱影像分类、识别地物的方法,针对高光谱影像提取植被盖度存在的问题,文章根据高光谱遥感影像处理的方法,采用EO-1卫星在广州市过境的Hyperion高光谱影像,以＂广州南肺＂万亩果园作为试验区,经过大气纠正——最小噪声分离变换（MNF）——最纯净像元指数计算（PPI）——提取植被的端元,以此作为研究区识别植被的参考样本,进行光谱特征匹配提取植被盖度。其中提出利用连续小波变换对参考端元的波谱曲线降噪的方法,旨在优化光谱特征匹配,以提高识别植被的精度。实验结果表明,这种辅助匹配的方法能有效提高识别植被的精度。     

Area-based tests for association between spatial patterns

 Edge effects pervade natural systems, and the processes that determine spatial heterogeneity (e.g. physical, geochemical, biological, ecological factors) occur on diverse spatial scales. Hence, tests for association between spatial patterns should be unbiased by edge effects and be based on null spatial models that incorporate the spatial heterogeneity characteristic of real-world systems. This paper develops probabilistic pattern association tests that are appropriate when edge effects are present, polygon size is heterogeneous, and the number of polygons varies from one classification to another. The tests are based on the amount of overlap between polygons in each of two partitions. Unweighted and area-weighted versions of the statistics are developed and verified using scenarios representing both polygon overlap and avoidance at different spatial scales and for different distributions of polygon sizes. These statistics were applied to Soda Butte Creek, Wyoming, to determine whether stream microhabitats, such as riffles, pools and glides, can be identified remotely using high spatial resolution hyperspectral imagery. These new “spatially explicit” techniques provide information and insights that cannot be obtained from the spectral information alone. Received 1 June 2001 / Accepted 25 October 2001     

光谱角—欧氏距离的高光谱图像辐射归一化

辐射归一化旨在减小不同时相遥感影像间因获取条件不一致而导致的非地表辐射变化的差异,是土地覆盖变化监测的重要前提条件。本文根据高光谱图像上同类地物的谱形及数值的相似性,利用光谱角距离(SAD)和欧氏距离(ED)双重判定选取不变特征点,提出了一种基于光谱角—欧氏距离的辐射归一化方法。在评价指标中除了常用的均方根误差和相对偏差,更增加了高光谱特色的衡量光谱保真性指标:皮尔森系数、光谱扭曲程度。利用高光谱遥感CHRIS图像对本文提出方法进行验证,并与基于多元变化检测(MAD)的辐射归一化方法比较。结果表明,本文方法不仅在辐射特性上优于基于多元变化检测(MAD)的方法,而且具有保持光谱特性的优势,具有较好的应用前景。     

A new kernel method for hyperspectral image feature extraction

Abstract

Hyperspectral image provides abundant spectral information for remote discrimination of subtle differences in ground covers. However, the increasing spectral dimensions, as well as the information redundancy, make the analysis and interpretation of hyperspectral images a challenge. Feature extraction is a very important step for hyperspectral image processing. Feature extraction methods aim at reducing the dimension of data, while preserving as much information as possible. Particularly, nonlinear feature extraction methods (e.g. kernel minimum noise fraction (KMNF) transformation) have been reported to benefit many applications of hyperspectral remote sensing, due to their good preservation of high-order structures of the original data. However, conventional KMNF or its extensions have some limitations on noise fraction estimation during the feature extraction, and this leads to poor performances for post-applications. This paper proposes a novel nonlinear feature extraction method for hyperspectral images. Instead of estimating noise fraction by the nearest neighborhood information (within a sliding window), the proposed method explores the use of image segmentation. The approach benefits both noise fraction estimation and information preservation, and enables a significant improvement for classification. Experimental results on two real hyperspectral images demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method. Compared to conventional KMNF, the improvements of the method on two hyperspectral image classification are 8 and 11%. This nonlinear feature extraction method can be also applied to other disciplines where high-dimensional data analysis is required.     

Comparative study on projected clustering methods for hyperspectral imagery classification

In this study, projected clustering is introduced to hyperspectral imagery for unsupervised classification. The main advantage of projected clustering lies in its ability to simultaneously perform feature selection and clustering. This framework also allows selection of different sets of dimensions (features/bands) for different clusters. This framework provides an effective way to address the issues associated with the high dimensionality of the data. Experiments are conducted on both synthetic and real hyperspectral imagery. For this purpose, projected clustering algorithms are implemented and compared with k-means and k-means preceded by principal component analysis. Preliminary analyses of studied algorithms on synthetic hyperspectral imagery demonstrate good results. For real hyperspectral imagery, only ORCLUS is able to produce acceptable results as compared to other unsupervised methods. The main concern lies with identification of right parameter settings. More experiments are required in this direction.     

基于小波分量特征值匹配的高光谱影像分类

提出了一种基于小波分量特征值的高光谱影像分类算法。针对每个像素构建一个能反映该分量特征的函数，得到其特征值。再利用这些特征值与参考光谱的特征值进行匹配，从而对整幅影像实现分类。实验证明，该方法比传统的光谱角制图法和交叉相关系数法的分类精度有较大提高。     

Radiometric Correction of Multispectral Images Using Radon Transform

Satellite imagery analysis has played a key role in environmental monitoring and modeling over the past few decades. Remotely sensed multitemporal, multisensor data are often required in Earth observation applications. A common problem associated with the use of multisource image data is the gray value differences caused by non-surface factors such as different illumination, atmospheric or sensor conditions. Radiometric corrections serve to remove the effects that alter the spectral characteristics of land features, except for actual changes in ground target, becoming mandatory in multi-sensor, multi-date studies. This paper presents methodology for correction of Landsat TM images in Radon domain. We propose radiometric correction using Radon Transform based regression method. The transform domain method statistically determines correction values based on contrast between spectral properties of various homogeneous areas. TM band 1 is the band most affected by atmospheric scattering whereas TM band 5 is less affected by atmospheric scattering effect. Hence TM Band 5 is taken as the reference image. Results are assessed statistically and compared with results of popular spatial domain Regression Line Method. The application of the methods for vegetation analyses is also shown in this paper. Test results show that the method gives improved results in removal of atmospheric influence.     

多层级二值模式的高光谱影像空-谱分类

利用高光谱遥感影像的空间纹理特征,可以提高高光谱遥感影像的分类精度。提出了一种多层级二值模式的高光谱影像空-谱联合分类方法。该方法将高光谱影像转化为局部二值模式特征图像获取像元微观特征,基于特征图像生成多层级特征向量获取像元宏观特征。为验证该方法的有效性,选取PaviaU、Salinas和Chikusei高光谱影像数据,利用核极限学习机分类器,分别针对光谱、局部二值模式、多层级二值模式等特征开展实验。结果表明,多层级二值模式空-谱分类总体精度分别达到97.31%、98.96%和97.85%,明显优于传统光谱、3Gabor空-谱等分类方法。该方法可为高光谱影像分类提供更加有效的类别判定特征,有助于提高影像分类精度并获取更加平滑的分类结果图。     

Multi range spectral feature fitting for hyperspectral imagery in extracting oilseed rape planting area

Spectral feature fitting (SFF) is a commonly used strategy for hyperspectral imagery analysis to discriminate ground targets. Compared to other image analysis techniques, SFF does not secure higher accuracy in extracting image information in all circumstances. Multi range spectral feature fitting (MRSFF) from ENVI software allows user to focus on those interesting spectral features to yield better performance. Thus spectral wavelength ranges and their corresponding weights must be determined. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the performance of MRSFF in oilseed rape planting area extraction. A practical method for defining the weighted values, the variance coefficient weight method, was proposed to set up criterion. Oilseed rape field canopy spectra from the whole growth stage were collected prior to investigating its phenological varieties; oilseed rape endmember spectra were extracted from the Hyperion image as identifying samples to be used in analyzing the oilseed rape field. Wavelength range divisions were determined by the difference between field-measured spectra and image spectra, and image spectral variance coefficient weights for each wavelength range were calculated corresponding to field-measured spectra from the closest date. By using MRSFF, wavelength ranges were classified to characterize the target's spectral features without compromising spectral profile's entirety. The analysis was substantially successful in extracting oilseed rape planting areas (RMSE ≤ 0.06), and the RMSE histogram indicated a superior result compared to a conventional SFF. Accuracy assessment was based on the mapping result compared with spectral angle mapping (SAM) and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The MRSFF yielded a robust, convincible result and, therefore, may further the use of hyperspectral imagery in precision agriculture.     

Understanding the Unique Spectral Signature of Winter Rape

Driven by significant technological developments in the hyperspectral imaging, material mapping using reference spectra has received renewed interest of the remote sensing community. The applicability of reference spectral signatures in image classification depends mainly on the material type and its spectral signature behaviour. Identification and spectral characterization of materials which exhibit unique spectral behaviour is the first step in this approach. Consequently there have been active researches for the identification of surface materials which exhibit unique spectral signatures. The uniqueness of reflectance signature of winter rape relative to its co-occurring crop species was reported in this study. Reflectance spectral libraries constructed from field spectral reflectance measurements collected over five agricultural crops (alfalfa, winter barley, winter rape, winter rye, and winter wheat) during four subsequent growing seasons were classified by the linear discriminant analysis (LDA). Further, the reference field spectral database was used for the spectral feature fitting and classification of a historical HyMAP airborne hyperspectral imagery acquired at a separate site, by spectral library search. Results indicate the existence of a meaningful spectral matching between image and field spectra for winter rape and demonstrate the potential for transferring spectral library for hyperspectral image classification. The observed consistency in the discrimination of winter rape demonstrates experimentally the fundamental principle of remote sensing which suggests the theoretical existence of unique spectral signatures for materials which can be incorporated as reference spectral signatures for hyperspectral image classification.     

Results of three year observation with a superconducting gravimeter at the GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam

The superconducting gravimeter (SG) TT70 has been continuously recording gravity data at the GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ) Potsdam absolute gravity site since July 1992. The recorded data are edited and preprocessed by spike and step detection and elimination and gap filling. An atmospheric pressure correction is carried out on gravity data in the time domain with a complex admittance before tidal fitting. The atmospheric pressure admittance is calculated from tide free output of SG data and local atmospheric pressure using the cross spectral method. The ground water level admittance is determined by a single coefficient. Improvements with these corrections are shown in analysis results. New tidal parameters for Potsdam site are determined and compared with recordings of an Askania spring gravimeter at a nearby site. Deviations against the Wahr-Dehant-model are shown. Polar motion data of the IERS (International Earth Rotation Service, Paris) are used to calculate variations of centrifugal acceleration caused by polar motion (pole tide). These are compared with the corrected tide free output of SG series. For drift determination the polar motion correction is applied on SG data. The nutation period equivalent to the Earth's Nearly Diurnal Free Wobble is calculated from the SG data with a value of T_FCN = (437.4 ± 1.5) sidereal days. This result is compared with those obtained from other SG stations. Received 19 December 1995; Accepted 13 September 1996     

基于非正定 OCSVM 的高光谱影像地物异常检测

针对基于高斯径向基核函数的OCSVM等异常检测算法,对地物光谱变异极为敏感,导致算法异常检测性能不稳定的问题,根据光谱角度余弦测度对光谱形状相似性的描述不受地物光谱辐射强度变异影响的特性,将具有非正定核特性的光谱角度余弦核测度引入非正定SVM算法中,提出一种基于非正定OCSVM的高光谱影像地物异常检测算法。利用四组模拟数据进行目标异常检测实验,结果表明,该算法能够有效检测出高光谱影像数据中的目标地物,检测精度提升明显。     

Multiple spectral similarity metrics for surface materials identification using hyperspectral data

Modern hyperspectral imaging and non-imaging spectroradiometer has the capability to acquire high-resolution spectral reflectance data required for surface materials identification and mapping. Spectral similarity metrics, due to their mathematical simplicity and insensitiveness to the number of reference labelled spectra, have been increasingly used for material mapping by labelling reflectance spectra in hyperspectral data labelling. For a particular hyperspectral data set, the accuracy of spectral labelling depends considerably upon the degree of unambiguous spectral matching achieved by the spectral similarity metric used. In this work, we propose a new methodology for quantifying spectral similarity for hyperspectral data labelling for surface materials identification. Developed adopting the multiple classifier system architecture, the proposed methodology unifies into a single framework the differential performances of eight different spectral similarity metrics for the quantification of spectral matching for surface materials. The proposed methodology has been implemented on two types of hyperspectral data viz. image (airborne hyperspectral images) and non-image (library spectra) for numerous surface materials identification. Further, the performance of the proposed methodology has been compared with the support vector machines (SVM) approach, and with all the base spectral similarity metrics. The results indicate that, for the hyperspectral images, the performance of the proposed methodology is comparable with that of the SVM. For the library spectra, the proposed methodology shows a consistently higher (increase of about 30% when compared to SVM) classification accuracy. The proposed methodology has the potential to serve as a general library search method for materials identification using hyperspectral data.     

利用PC-SIFT的多源光学卫星影像自动配准方法

针对多源光学卫星影像几何校正过程中同名点匹配率低、配准过程自动化差等问题,本文采用相位一致性代替原始尺度不变特征变换(scale invitation feature transform,SIFT)算法中的像素灰度值梯度对主方向和特征向量进行描述,提升特征描述的正确率;以频率域下相位分析结果为约束条件对匹配结果进行优化,抑制错误匹配同名点;同时,提出了一种基于随机采样一致性(RANSAC)的自适应选择策略,提高参数估计阶段的自动化水平;最后,实现多源光学卫星影像间的配准。多组数据实验结果表明了该方法在辐射非线性畸变多源光学卫星影像间配准中的有效性和适用性。     

Pan Sharpening for Hyper Spectral Imagery Using Spectral Mixing-Based Color Preservation Model

With nanometric spectral resolution and number of bands as high as 220, Hyper spectral sensors like Hyperion and AVIRIS are gaining wide appreciation. Narrow, continuous wavelength of bands upon a vast spectrum of electromagnetic wavelength enables better precision in identification of materials by distinguishing between their unique spectral signatures. However, their poor spatial resolution is a major impediment in realising the full potential of hyperspectral imaging. Efforts are being made worldwide to improve the spatial resolution of hyperspectral imagery by fusing them with registered panchromatic imagery of higher resolution. However, most of the conventional methods fail to preserve the spectral fidelity of the fused images due to severe color distortion. Here, we propose an efficient paradigm to sharpen hyperspectral imagery with high spatial information content and minimal color distortion using color normalization by Lαβ and intensity image generation using Spectral Mixture Analysis. Quantitative assessment indices have been calculated to prove that our method is superior in terms of minimization of color distortion and maximization of spatial details as compared to other methods.     

Spectral Overlap Correction Using Weighted Deconvolution for Improved Dark Object Technique for Correction of EO1-Hyperion Data

We present a critical modification to improved dark object technique for correcting hyperspectral data (EO1-Hyperion). The modification is required in improved dark object technique as the original method does not take into account overlap of spectral response functions of two adjacent bands of hyperspectral sensor. We used weighted deconvolution for correcting the original overlap affected path radiance correction propagation factors. Further, we compared the reduction in correction factors—in different conditions—because of the overlap. We calculated the path radiance for April 22 Hyperion image and compared it with other methods such as 6SV. We found noticeable difference in corrected and uncorrected path radiance propagation factors with “clear” to “very clear” atmospheric models. For the other models (“moderate”, “hazy”, “very hazy”), the difference is negligible and can be ignored and improved dark object technique can be applied without any overlap correction.     

Developing a spectral library of mangrove species of Indian east coast using field spectroscopy

Development of a spectral library is a prerequisite for the higher order classification of satellite data and hyperspectral image analysis to map any ecosystem with rich diversity. In this study, sampling methodology, collection of field and laboratory spectral signatures and post-processing methodologies were investigated for developing an exclusive spectral library of mangrove species using hyperspectral spectroscopic techniques. Canopy level field spectra and leaf level laboratory spectra were collected for 34 species (25 true and 9 associated mangroves) from two different mangrove ecosystems of the Indian east coast. Post-processing steps such as removal of water vapour absorption bands, correction of drifts which occur due to the thermal properties of the instrument during data collection and smoothing of spectra for its further utilisation were applied on collected spectra. The processed spectra were then compiled as spectral library.     

Spectral material mapping using hyperspectral imagery: a review of spectral matching and library search methods

Imaging spectroscopy is an emerging and versatile technique that finds applications in diverse fields concerned with remote identification, discrimination and mapping of materials. The large amount of spectral data produced by hyperspectral imaging necessitates the development of automated techniques that convert imagery directly into thematic maps. Spectral library search method, a method of choice for organic compound identification by the mass spectroscopy, has caught the attention of researchers as one of the appropriate methods for an efficient exploitation of high quality spectral data available from the hyperspectral imaging systems. Given the apparent increase in the number of papers appearing on the subject as well as the variety of methods proposed, it is reasonable to say that the field of automated interpretation of reflectance spectral data has passed its infancy now gaining important space in the scientific community. We present an overall view of the literature relevant to the development of library search method, the various search algorithms and systems available in the purview for developing an automated hyperspectral data analysis system for material identification.