建筑密集区高倾角三维地震勘探效果

高倾角地区(地层倾角40～70°)一直是三维地震勘探的难题,特别是在地表建筑物极复杂区(占工区的95%)实施三维地震勘探,显得难度更大。本文从观测系统设计、炮点、检波器的特殊布设及特观设计上,论证了其可行性。对高倾角且建筑物密集区的三维地震勘探进行了探索,并取得了可喜的成果。     

克浪（KLSEIS）软件在复杂地表平原区三维地震勘探中的应用

克浪(KLSEIS)软件是三维地震勘探野外观测系统的设计软件，其依据测区的地表条件可以进行施工前的理论设计、施工中的现场指导、质量监控和施工后的资料分析。利用克浪(KLSEIS)软件对某一复杂地表平原区进行了观测系统设计，达到了勘探目的。     

三维地震勘探固定排列与中点放炮观测系统

三维地震勘探观测系统的模式较多，以常规束状观测系统的应用较为广泛。针对勘探区目的任务选择合理的观测系统以有利于勘探效果，是勘探前期施工设计的基本要求。三维地震勘探固定排列与中点放炮两种新型观测系统，均可使炮点在勘探区内呈地段性分布，与常规束状观测系统炮点在勘探区呈分散分布有所不同。在满足多次叠加提高分辨率的同时，能够使施工排列的滚动次数明显减少，从而使野外数据采集工作效率得以有效提高，并降低了生产成本，扩充了施工设计选择观测系统的范围，在三维地震勘探行业具有一定的实用价值。     

胜利油田滩浅海地区地震勘探技术

滩浅海地区由于特殊的地表条件和复杂多变的表层结构,既不同于陆上勘探也不同于海上勘探,尤其在两栖地带存在海陆2种施工方式。笔者对滩浅海地区地震勘探的激发震源、检波器和观测系统等野外采集各环节进行了系统研究,提出解决滩浅海地区野外难以采集到高品质地震资料问题的方法,开展了地震记录上的干扰波压制、差异校正等方面的深入研究,形成一整套适用于滩浅海地区油气资源探查的高精度实用性的特色技术,取得了较好的地质效果。     

三维地震勘探在构造复杂区的应用

三维地震勘探通过炮点与检波点的灵活组合，适合于复杂地表条件下地震勘探，从原理上也更加符合地质体的三维空间特性，有利于构造复杂的研究与探测。本文介绍在查庄煤矿就是利用三维地震勘探方法成功解决复杂构造问题的典型实例之一。     

高分辨三维地震勘探观测系统设计研究

以开滦林南仓矿业分公司-850区域高分辨率三维地震勘探为研究对象,根据其三维观测系统设计原理,考虑地物条件及区域构造特征,将测区沿该区向斜轴线分成南北两区,两区各自独立设计。北部采用规则观测系统,南部选用非规则观测系统,两者重复区域针对满覆盖、叠加次数、工作量等因素的影响,对观测系统进行适当的调整。观测系统除采用了规则观测系统参数外,还采用了“以道补炮、双边加密炮点、中间激发加密炮点”的方法,确保了勘探区内资料齐全,取得了较满意的观测数据。     

涡北河网区三维地震采集技术

涡北勘探区属于河网地带,难以进行正常的地震施工。为此,本文提出了一种以规则束状观测为基础和特殊观测系统相结合的数据采集方法。该方法适应了这种复杂的地表条件,获得了"空白区"的地震资料,为今后类似地表条件地区的三维地震勘探提供了经验。      

水陆过渡带改进地震施工方法初探

随着勘探程度的深入,探区地表条件越来越复杂,影响地震施工进度和地震资料品质的因素越来越多。某地区位于中伏尔加含油气区,其工区大部分为水域和水陆过渡带,加上天气等环境因素的影响,导致地震施工作业出现了一些问题。根据出现的问题,从仪器、气枪激发和炮线设计等方面加以检查和改进,从而获得了高品质的地震资料,推动了生产的顺利进行。另外也从质量控制管理的角度阐明在地震勘探过程中如何加强管理,控制质量。     

南方复杂山地碳酸盐岩出露区地震采集技术分析

在受山地和碳酸盐岩裸露双重复杂条件影响的南方地区开展地震勘探工作,采集的地震数据质量很难达到理想效果。基于对南方复杂地形山区的地震地质特征及勘探技术难点深入分析的基础上,对地震数据采集技术与方法进行了一系列的技术攻关和对比分析：(1)综合应用多种表层调查技术进行精细表层结构调查,建立相对准确的近地表结构模型和速度模型,求准静校正量,指导井位优选和井深设计。(2)采用动态观测系统,高陡构造成像方面采用长排列大炮检距,灰岩区采用加密炮观测系统,溶洞裂隙发育地区采用宽线观测系统;(3)针对复杂多变出露多地层岩性,改善激发接收条件,根据岩性变化优选炮点点位,尽量避开溶洞和厚层纯灰岩区。灰岩区采用双深井组合激发,每道至少要两串以上检波器面积大组合接收,检波器井下接收比地面接收效果好。采用以上技术方法,对采集的地震资料进行处理和分析,地震剖面和单炮记录品质有所改善,地震反射波能量及信噪比均有所提高。     

山地大型障碍区三维地震观测系统的设计与应用

在三维地震勘探中,在山地大型障碍区布设观测系统,为了避免因地表障碍物使地震反射剖面出现间断,需要动态调整观测系统设计,跨越大型障碍物（水库,矿区等）,以确保面元属性均匀,最佳压制噪声,以获得好的反射资料。在参与和研究野外实际过障碍观测系统的基础上,提出一套从物理点优化调整到辅助检测的方法。其基本思路是：利用高精度数字卫星照片和地震测量成果,对设计的规则观测系统进行反复调整,尽量避开障碍物,在计算出调整后的覆盖次数、炮检距,以及方位角分布情况后,设计出适用于障碍区的动态观测系统。这里总结了几条设计原则,并给出了相应的调整方法和辅助检测手段。通过合理动态调整炮点和检波点的位置,成功地解决了穿越大型障碍区时有效接收和安全激发的问题,确保了面元内覆盖次数、炮检距、方位角等属性的均匀,在W探区三维资料采集应用中取得了理想的效果。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.