计算分析潮流对海缆路由稳定性的影响

通过野外勘察和室内试验分析结果,了解琼州海峡北海—临高段海缆路由区浅层海底土分布特征和路由区及其附近海区的潮流特征,利用计算的方法分析了10 a和50 a一遇的潮流对海缆路由区冲刷破坏的可能性。结果发现,在琼州海峡海缆路由区海底砂性土平均起动流速(23.2~58.9 cm/s)小于10 a一遇(75.2~93.8 cm/s)和50 a一遇(85.4~113.7 cm/s)的预测流速;海底粘性土的平均起动流速(64.8 cm/s)也小于10 a一遇(76.2 cm/s)和50 a一遇(87.4 cm/s)的预测流速。路由区海底土会因潮流冲刷作用而发生失稳破坏,影响埋设在海底土中海缆的安全。同时,结果还发现潮流对砂性海底土的影响大于对粘性海底土的影响。     

地震作用下海缆路由的稳定性分析

通过野外勘察和室内试验分析,了解琼州海峡北海-临高段海缆路由区浅层沉积物分布和物理力学特征.同时,对调查区及其附近地区的地震资料进行分析.将地震作用与路由区海底土的特性结合起来,计算分析了地震作用下路由区3 m以浅海底土液化或滑移的可能性,从而,评价了路由区海底的稳定性.结果发现,在烈度为Ⅶ度的地震作用下,路由区海底稳定性良好;在烈度为Ⅷ度的地震作用下,路由区海底会发生失稳破坏.该结论可以用于指导海缆工程建设.     

亚洲快线海底光缆香港段路由条件及评价

根据在亚洲快线海底光缆香港段(水深小于300m区域)开展的路由勘察中获取的浅地层剖面、侧扫声纳、柱状取样、多波束等数据,同时结合该区域的自然环境特征,对路由区的海底工程地质条件、自然环境条件等进行了详细的分析。通过分析发现,路由区海底地形无大的起伏,平均坡度小于0.3%;路由区跨越了淤泥/粘土质、砂质以及沙波区海底,其中发现的沙波最大波高达3~4m;路由区地震活动强度小,属于地壳稳定性较好的地区;路由区海底面存在沉船、抛弃物等海底障碍物。综合所有获取的数据和信息,在路由跨越大型沙波及距离障碍物太近的区域,对路由线路进行了适当调整,调整后的路由基本适合海底光缆的铺设,同时也提出了一些建议。     

太平洋海底光缆中国段路由条件及评价

根据在太平洋海底光缆中国段路由勘察中所获得的多波束、侧扫声呐、浅地层剖面、海洋磁力、柱状取样等资料,结合勘察区的自然环境特征,对路由区的自然环境条件、海底工程地质条件进行了详细的分析,并对该段路由条件进行了综合评价。研究发现,此段路由在大陆架路由区海底地形平缓,平均坡度小于2°,其中发现沙波、麻坑、冲刷沟等轻微不良地貌因素,跨越了黏土/粉砂、砂砾、砾/固结砂海底,地震活动少,地壳稳定性好,适合海底光缆铺设;在大陆架与大陆坡结合带地形起伏大,最大落差达500 m,发育有海底峡谷、海槽、陡坎等海底地形,路由条件相对较差,综合所获资料,针对路由不良区域进行了适当调整,并提出应对措施。调整后的路由基本适合海底光缆的铺设。     

黄河口海底液化粉土特征研究

选取黄河口埕岛油田海域作为研究区,在先前调查研究工作的基础上对该区域海底液化粉土特征进行研究,从声学特征、物理力学参数特征、微结构特征以及动三轴试验分析这4个方面详细分析了液化粉土与未液化粉土的性质差异。研究表明,液化粉土的物理力学性质相对于未液化粉土有着明显的变化,液化粉土的标贯击数值较未液化粉土增加,在相同的振次条件下,液化粉土的抗液化剪应力比比未液化粉土大,土的抗液化强度增加,液化粉土较未液化粉土更难发生液化。     

东海气田群海底管道区浅层土性特点及地震液化判别

管道工程的实施以海底土体为依托,预先查明土体的物理力学性质及其稳定性是管道设计、施工不可缺少的前期工作,影响着管道的安全.利用东海气田群海底管道路由区所获取的振动样品、钻孔样品和室内测试资料及原位海洋静力触探(CPT)资料,分析了浅层土体物理力学性质,定量估判了地震作用下土体液化可能性.研究结果表明:根据工程地质评价要...     

河北南堡-曹妃甸海域工程地质条件及海底稳定性评价

本文通过土工实验分析,发现河北南堡-曹妃甸海域沉积物主要由淤泥、粉砂、黏土和粉土组成,约占总沉积物的85%,另含有少量的淤泥质黏土、粉质黏土、细砂和中砂。综合归纳南堡-曹妃甸海域的工程地质条件,根据影响研究区工程地质条件差异性最突出的因素即海底地形地貌、潜在地质灾害分布,结合海底土质类型及其物理力学性质等条件,将研究区划为4个工程地质区,分别为近岸水下岸坡混合土工程地质区（Ⅰ）、侵蚀平原、洼地砂质土工程地质区（Ⅱ）、侵蚀洼地混合土工程地质区（Ⅲ）、陆架堆积平原细粒土工程地质区（Ⅳ）。通过海洋环境因素、灾害地质条件、地震活动性、海底土体稳定性等方面对各工程地质区进行海底稳定性评价,4个工程地质区的稳定性分别为Ⅰ区:不稳定区;Ⅱ区:较稳定区;Ⅲ区:较不稳定区;Ⅳ区:稳定区。研究成果对该地区的海底工程建设和防灾减灾具有重要的指导意义。     

波浪作用下海底粉质土液化过程的速率特征

海底的粉质土在强烈波浪作用下会发生液化现象。粉质土从液化发生到最后形成流体有其变化的过程。本文针对黄河三角洲的粉质土,进行了波浪水槽试验和现场监测试验,记录了孔压在粉质土液化过程中的变化,给出了波浪作用下粉质土液化过程的速率特征。试验结果给出:海底粉质土在波浪作用下某一深度层的液化发展迅速,水槽试验重塑土用孔压增长速率反映的液化发展速率平均为0.15kPa/min,现场监测原状土液化发展速率平均为0.29kPa/min;水槽试验重塑土和现场监测原状土均出现液化深度自上而下的发展过程,本文水槽试验条件和现场条件给出的液化深度发展平均速率分别为0.01和0.10m/min。     

海底管线区浅表层土孔压静力触探参数特征及应用

利用东海陆架海底输油管道路由调查获得的孔压静力触探数据和钻探资料等,采用统计分析的方法,对管道路由区5 m以浅土体的孔压静力触探曲线特征、土的分类方法鉴别作了探讨,结果表明:研究区5 m以浅黏性土的锥尖阻力(qc),侧摩阻力(fs)值较小,且随深度呈线性增加,粉质土的qc,fs值增大,但随深度线性增加规律不明显,砂类土的qc值急剧增大,但fs值变化不大;Robertson法和Eslami-Fellenius法两种土类划分方法均适用于研究区浅表层软土的土类划分,但Robertson法在判别粉质土时受到一定限制,Eslami-Fellenius法判别较为准确,应用简单。本研究可为我国在海底管线工程路由勘察中直接利用孔压静力触探(CPTU)参数划分土层和判别土类作铺垫。     

东海油气资源区海底沉积物的工程地质特征

根据2001年6月的航次调查及随后的沉积物样品的试验室分析资料,从物理性质和力学特征各方面对东海油气资源区海底沉积物进行了综合工程地质特征研完。发现本区沉积物结构、剪切特征、含水量和液塑限随深度的变化而变化;本区海底沉积物类型既分布有中砂、细砂和粉砂3种砂性土,也分布有扮质粘土、淤泥质粘土和粘质扮土3种粘性土,沉积物的物理力学性质与相立的土类性质相一致。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.