川甘青复理石盆地地壳结构与演化

本文讨论川甘青复理石盆地的地质概况、地壳属性、形成机制和资源前景.这个地区是中央造山带中未发生陆-陆碰撞的构造单元,包括甘南、青海东及川西北的倒三角形地区,过去称为"松潘甘孜造山带".地壳波速结构的特点包括:①上地壳分两层,上层的波速较低的沉积岩层,厚度可达7km,波速小于6.0km/s;下层为结晶基底,波速6.0～6.2km/s.②中地壳为正常波速,但厚度较大,可达20km以上.③下地壳波速从6.6km/s随深度上升到7.3 km/s,厚度亦增加到20 km以上.上述特点的产生与复理石盆地形成时洋壳的俯冲有关.构造演化可分四个阶段,①洋壳俯冲阶段;②深水浊流沉积及等深流沉积阶段;③陆坡凸起沉积加剧阶段;④古特提斯洋封闭以后,地壳推挤成高原阶段.川甘青复理石盆地也许是中国大陆浅层油气勘探的最后希望.在盆地边部及西秦岭西延余脉,有良好的金矿资源开发前景.     

从地壳上地幔构造看大陆碰撞作用（下）

本篇讨论陆—岛碰撞、地体拼合和复理石建造等大地构造作用。根据碰撞陆块的尺度可将大陆碰撞分为陆—陆碰撞、陆—岛碰撞和岛—岛碰撞三种不同级别。大陆碰撞的强度与碰撞陆块边缘的形状有关。在陆块边缘的凸出部碰撞最为剧烈,形成岩石圈变形极为剧烈的碰撞造山带。在小陆块两侧或凹入部碰撞不易发生,形成沉积巨厚的复理石建造。如果多个陆块在会聚时相对运动速度不大,碰撞不大剧烈,这种碰撞称为地体拼合.地体拼合属于岩石圈挤压力较小而作用期较长的造陆作用,以蒙古—鄂霍次克带为代表,洋陆转换带岩石圈大部分成为增生的大陆。地体拼合过程分以下4个阶段:①双向俯冲形成岛弧;②洋—岛俯冲扩展洋陆转换带;③幔源岩浆底侵,洋陆转换带岩石圈向大陆岩石圈演化;④地体拼合造陆,大陆增生。大陆碰撞发生时不发生碰撞的部位板块会聚产物具复理石建造特征。复理石盆地是被洋壳俯冲推挤成陆的显生宙洋陆转换区,以巨厚深水浊流沉积及等深流沉积为特征。大陆岩石圈碰撞作用分为以下五类:裙边碰撞,裸碰撞、弱碰撞、无碰撞和碰撞走滑,碰撞的特征参数各不相同,其中只有裸碰撞在力学上属于弹性碰撞。     

大别山低级变质岩的构造背景

大别山南北两侧的浅变质岩是碰撞造山以前洋壳俯冲造山阶段的重要组成部分。木兰山片岩或张八岭群是俯冲的洋壳;苏家河群、信阳群和佛子岭群是由洋壳俯冲形成的海沟沉积,并因俯冲过程中的前进变形而形成增生楔;杨山煤系和梅山群是石炭纪弧前盆地沉积,并因俯冲过程中的前进变形而被增生楔逆掩。宿松群是扬子大陆被动边缘沉积,不是俯冲造山带的成员。因洋壳俯冲形成的弧和弧后盆地可能已被新生界沉积物掩盖。高压—超高压变质带是碰撞造山后期从深部折返的外来体。高压—超高压变质带正好处于洋壳和增生楔之间,破坏了早期洋壳俯冲造山带的完整性,使得洋壳俯冲造山阶段的特征被破坏,因而不易辨别。俯冲造山阶段应为奥陶纪到泥盆纪,碰撞造山阶段应从二叠纪开始。     

大别山低级变质岩的构造背景

大别山南北两侧的浅变质岩是碰撞造山以前洋壳俯冲造山阶段的重要组成部分。木兰山片岩或张八岭群是俯冲的洋壳;苏家河群、信阳群和佛子岭群是由洋壳俯冲形成的海沟沉积,并因俯冲过程中的前进变形而形成增生楔;杨山煤系和梅山群是石炭纪弧前盆地沉积,并因俯冲过程中的前进变形而被增生楔逆掩。宿松群是扬子大陆被动边缘沉积,不是俯冲造山带的成员。因洋壳俯冲形成的弧和弧后盆地可能已被新生界沉积物掩盖。高压-超高压变质带是碰撞造山后期从深部折返的外来体。高压-超高压变质带正好处于洋壳和增生楔之间,破坏了早期洋壳俯冲造山带的完整性,使得洋壳俯冲造山阶段的特征被破坏,因而不易辨别。俯冲造山阶段应为奥陶纪到泥盆纪,碰撞造山阶段应从二叠纪开始。     

中国满洲里-绥芬河地学断面地震学研究

满洲里－绥芬河地学断面域地震学研究表明：沿断面可划分额尔古纳－大兴安岭、松辽盆地－张广才岭和佳木斯－兴凯三个波速块体;纵向上地壳分为三层,地壳厚度２９～３８ｋｍ;Ｐ波平均速度６．２５～６．４０ｋｍ／ｓ;松辽盆地沉积盖层较厚,基底面下方附近低角度断层发育;Ｍｏｈｏ面厚度１．５～５．０ｋｍ,内部结构复杂;上地幔低速层埋深差异较大,松嫩块体埋深最浅;深源地震频度高、强度大、震源深,浅源地震相对较少和较弱,震源多位于地壳中上部;地壳构造应力场主压应力优势方向为北东—南西。     

楚雄中生代前陆盆地的构造沉降史研究

云南楚雄盆地位于场子陆块的西南边缘,为一典型的中生代周缘前陆盆地,盆地演化阶段明显,晚三叠世为前陆早期复理石沉积,侏罗纪则为前陆晚期磨拉石沉积。对盆地构造沉降史研究后笔者认为：①晚三叠世复理石沉积盆地构造沉降幅度巨大,沉降与沉积中心位于盆地最西部,紧邻古哀牢山造山带,沉积体呈形楔形展布;③侏罗纪磨拉石沉积盆地构造沉降和沉积中心以及前缘隆起向内陆方向迁移明显;③中生代构造快速沉降的沉积体的楔形展布表     

从地壳上地幔构造看洋陆转换作用

根据近年来全球地壳上地幔探测的成果,分析了洋陆转换、地壳和岩石圈加厚的作用过程。洋陆转换作用可分为以下五个演化阶段:①同大洋扩张期的地壳增厚;②海沟发生与早期俯冲;③俯冲带成熟与沟弧盆体系形成;④俯冲带汇聚和位移;⑤陆—岛碰撞和陆壳连接。同大洋扩张期的地壳增厚作用指发生在被动大陆边缘的地质作用。包括沉积作用,岩浆底侵作用,下地壳和岩石圈地幔压裂,形成海沟等。海沟形成后陆缘转变为主动大陆边缘,大地构造机制转换为板块俯冲作用。成熟期的洋—陆转换作用特征是海盆扩张和板块俯冲造成的洋壳缩短取得平衡。弧后盆地和弧后边缘海的打开,表明俯冲带进入完全成熟的阶段。洋脊俯冲之后过成熟期的洋—陆转换作用,其特征是海盆逐渐缩小而且板块俯冲带汇聚。这里既有密集的俯冲带又有短期打开的边缘海岭;俯冲带不断位移,既可后撤也可前冲;俯冲板块经常发生断裂和拆沉。过成熟期的板块俯冲结果是边缘海微板块的萎缩。经过陆—岛碰撞,岛弧地壳增厚,与大陆板块连为一体,成为大陆内部的一个构造单元,即显生宙的"古洋—陆转换带"。     

巴颜喀拉残留洋盆的沉积特征

巴颜喀拉盆地垂向沉积序列表明：盆地于早古生代被动陆缘的浅海基础上裂陷、拉开，泥盆纪贯通，早石炭世洋盆扩展为成熟大洋，晚石炭世洋盆北部开始消减、南部继续扩张，晚二叠世-中三叠世进入残留洋阶段，晚三叠世转化为周缘前陆盆地．三叠纪末完全闭合，盆地自形成到消亡为一个连续的沉积和地质构造演化过程。其主体由早中三叠世深海沉积、典型浊积岩复理石和晚三叠世浅海复理石、风暴岩沉积、海相磨拉石构成，北部零星出露了中二叠世海山型沉积，昆南结合带以北有早中三叠世岛弧沉积。以盆地为中心具有向南北两侧陆块双向相背俯冲的极性特点，东西两端的碰撞造山不迟于晚二叠世。总体反映了古特提斯晚二叠世-中三叠世的残留洋盆性质和主洋域之所在。     

从地壳上地幔构造看洋陆转换作用

根据近年来全球地壳上地幔探测的成果,分析了洋陆转换、地壳和岩石圈加厚的作用过程。洋陆转换作用可分为以下五个演化阶段：① 同大洋扩张期的地壳增厚;② 海沟发生与早期俯冲;③ 俯冲带成熟与沟弧盆体系形成;④ 俯冲带汇聚和位移;⑤ 陆—岛碰撞和陆壳连接。同大洋扩张期的地壳增厚作用指发生在被动大陆边缘的地质作用。包括沉积作用,岩浆底侵作用,下地壳和岩石圈地幔压裂,形成海沟等。海沟形成后陆缘转变为主动大陆边缘,大地构造机制转换为板块俯冲作用。成熟期的洋—陆转换作用特征是海盆扩张和板块俯冲造成的洋壳缩短取得平衡。弧后盆地和弧后边缘海的打开,表明俯冲带进入完全成熟的阶段。洋脊俯冲之后过成熟期的洋—陆转换作用,其特征是海盆逐渐缩小而且板块俯冲带汇聚。这里既有密集的俯冲带又有短期打开的边缘海岭;俯冲带不断位移,既可后撤也可前冲;俯冲板块经常发生断裂和拆沉。过成熟期的板块俯冲结果是边缘海微板块的萎缩。经过陆—岛碰撞,岛弧地壳增厚,与大陆板块连为一体,成为大陆内部的一个构造单元,即显生宙的“古洋—陆转换带”。     

湖南及邻区志留纪兰多弗里世鲁丹期至埃隆期岩相古地理及加里东期板块构造演化

湖南兰多弗里世鲁丹期岩相古地理格局以桃江—白马山—苗儿山一线为界,其南东为华夏洋壳板块兰多弗里统鲁丹阶周家溪组陆屑浊积深水盆地相,陆屑来自更南东的湘中南褶皱山地;其北西为扬子陆壳板块兰多弗里统鲁丹阶龙马溪组沉积洋盆,南东后缘是上陆棚相,北西前缘是下陆棚相,陆屑都由南东湘中南褶皱山地提供。至兰多弗里世埃隆期岩相古地理发生巨变：龙马溪组顶部Coronograptus cyphus笔石带末即大约440.8±1.2 Ma时,发生华夏洋壳板块向扬子陆壳板块俯冲碰撞事件,华夏洋壳板块周家溪组本身褶皱造山为华夏褶皱山地,华夏洋壳板块洋盆关闭。同时华夏洋壳板块以A型俯冲形式下插到扬子陆壳板块之下,并使扬子陆壳板块南东前缘崛起形成加里东期雪峰造山带。后者将扬子陆壳板块南东前缘牵引、挠曲和凹陷成华夏洋壳板块弧后前陆盆地,小河坝组是该弧后前陆盆地的沉积盖层,陆屑都由南东的雪峰造山带提供。该弧后前陆盆地沉积了三角洲相—滨海相的小河坝组,向北东、北西和南西方向相变为台地相石牛栏组,再向北西陕南紫阳相变为盆地相斑鸠关组。小河坝组两次采集的重砂样均出现蓝闪石,它是蓝闪石片岩标志矿物,蓝闪石片岩是确认加里东期华夏洋壳板块与扬子陆壳板块俯冲碰撞及形成雪峰造山带的判别标志。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)