尤里西斯彗星联测

尤里西斯彗星联测胡中为１９９０年１０月６日，欧洲空间局（ＥＳＡ）与美国航天局（ＮＡＳＡ）联合发射了尤里西斯（ＵＩ＿）太空飞船，按照设计方案，它飞临木星时借木星引力之助而转向飞越太阳的两极区，肩负９０年代空间探测的重大使命，尤其是探测太阳风。５０年代初...     

NGST,GAIA和SIM：21世纪初的空间天文望远镜

“下一代大型空间天文望远镜”（ＮＧＳＴ）、“空间干涉测量飞行任务”（ＳＩＭ）和“天体物理的全天球天体测量干涉仪”（ＧＡＩＡ）是２１世纪初的大型空间天文望远镜的计划。ＮＧＳＴ和ＳＩＭ是ＮＡＳＡ“起源计划”的关键项目,可用于探索宇宙最早期形成的第一批星系,星团,ＮＧＳＴ是大孔径被动控制冷望远镜,口径４－８ｍ,是哈毂空间望远镜（ＨＳＴ）和红外空间望远镜（ＳＩＲＴＦ）的后续项目,它强大的观测能力特别体现在     

空间VLBI研究的现状和未来

空间ＶＬＢＩ卫星ＶＳＯＰ／ＨＡＬＣＡ是日本宇航科学研究所（ＩＳＡＳ）的飞行任务,已经在１９９７年２月升空。它拥有８ｍ直径的射电望远镜,远地点达２２０００ｋｍ。和地面的射电望远镜联合观测（干涉观测）,其最高分辨率比地面ＶＬＢＩ提高了３倍。该项空间ＶＬＢＩ观测由ＮＳＡＳ的地面跟踪站支持。第一批ＶＬＢＩ图像已经在因特网上发表。ＲａｄｉｏＡｓｔｒｏｎ项目由俄罗斯科学院列别捷夫物理研究所天文空间中心（ＡＳＣ     

NEAR将近探爱神星

ＮＥＡＲ将近探爱神星许梅美国宇航局于１９９６年２月１６日发射了一艘近地小行星探测飞船（Ｎｅａｒ－ＥａｒｔｈＡｓｔｅｒｏｉｄＲｅｎｄｅｚｖｏｕｓＳｐａｃｅｃｒａｆｔ,缩写为ＮＥＡＲ）,其主要探测目标为第４３３号近地小行星爱神星（Ｅｒｏｓ）,预定飞船将...     

SgrB2中处于振动激发态的CH3CH分子

使用ＢＩＭＡ的Ｃ位形混合波导联结９元天线阵,对ＳｇｒＢ２（Ｎ）和ＳｇｒＢ２（Ｍ）观测了ＣＨ３ＣＮ分子振动激发态Ｖ８＝１的６Ｋ－５Ｋ线系,仅在ＳｇｒＢ２（Ｎ）的１０″＊４″区域里探测到上述发射线。     

一个极高光度IRAS星系样本在20cm观测的初步结果

使用澳大利亚致密阵（ＡＴＣＡ）在１．４ＧＨｚ上观测一个极 度的ＩＲＡＳ星系样本。在这个样本所包括的３７个ＩＲＡＳ星系中,探测到１９个源的射 电发射 ,获得了它们的射电参数,如峰值位置,射电流量等。该样本的射电功率范围在２２．９〈ｌｏｇＰ１．４Ｇ（Ｗ／Ｈｚ）〈２３．８,本文给出了观测的初步结果。     

精密测距测速系统的研究与应用

精密测距测速系统（ＰＲＡＲＥ）是由德国发展的双频双程微波卫星跟踪系统,其空间部分搭载在欧洲航天局（ＥＳＡ）的第二颗资源遥感卫星ＥＲＳ－２上并正常运行至今,该系统具有全天候,全自动,台站便于流动,数据多等特点,其高精度的跟踪信息可用于ＥＲＳ－２的定轨以主某些大地测量与地球物理参数的确定,其双频特性可用于电离层方面的研究,另外,ＰＲＡＲＥ还可用于精确的时钟同步,详细介绍了ＰＲＡＲＥ的发展,构成,测量原     

γ射线暴的logN（〉P）～logP分布

本用简单的宇宙学模型，在标准烛光和均匀分布的的假设下计算了γ射线暴的ｌｏｇＮ（〉Ｐ）￣ｌｏｇＰ分布（大小谱），在考虑了探测效率修正和死时间修正后，由宇宙学模型计算的理论结果和ＢＡＴＳＥ实测的大小谱没有显偏离。     

云南天文台高分辨率斑点成像的新进展

本文报道了对天文目标：双星ＡＤＳ１６８００、ＡＤＳ１６１７３,三星Ｈｕ６６（ＡＤＳ１１３４４）和Ｈｌｄ１７１（ＡＤＳ１６６４８）进行的斑点成像观测及测量结果。介绍了所用的二维光子计数斑点像探测系统的性能,分析了探测系统的光子噪声、附加噪声和其它更复杂的噪声对斑点图的平均功率谱和重谱的影响。在讨论了改正重谱中的噪声偏差项时提出了对重谱基底施加正性约束的算法。测量的结果表明,实现了高精度的微射受限天文     

空间紫外天文探测者

现代紫外天文学的测波段是３１００－１００Ａ,和Ｘ线相接,紫外观测要把望远镜到１５０ｋｍ高度以上,以避开臭氧层和大气吸收。９０年代以发射的专用紫外空间探测器有Ａｓｔｒｏ－１,Ａｓｔｒｏ－２,ＩＵＥ,ＥＵＶＥ,在ＨＳＴ和ＴＲＡＣＥ上也安装有紫外空间探测器。这些紫外空间观测已覆盖了全部紫外光谱。１９９９年６月２４日发射升空的ＦＵＳＥ卫星是ＮＡＳＡ的“起源计划”项目,将通过氘或“重氢”的探测来研究轻元素丰     

TOWARDS AN INTEGRATED SCIENTIFIC AND SOCIAL CASE FOR HUMAN SPACE EXPLORATION

I will argue that an ambitious programme of human space exploration, involving a return to the Moon, and eventually human missions to Mars, will add greatly to human knowledge. Gathering such knowledge is the primary aim of science, but science’s compartmentalisation into isolated academic disciplines tends to obscure the overall strength of the scientific case. Any consideration of the scientific arguments for human space exploration must therefore take a holistic view, and integrate the potential benefits over the entire spectrum of human knowledge. Moreover, science is only one thread in a much larger overall case for human space exploration. Other threads include economic, industrial, educational, geopolitical and cultural benefits. Any responsibly formulated public space policy must weigh all of these factors before deciding whether or not an investment in human space activities is scientifically and socially desirable.     

Scientific Objectives of China-Russia Joint Mars Exploration Program YH-1

Compared with other planets, Mars is a planet most similar with the earth and most possible to find the extraterrestrial life on it, and therefore especially concerned about by human beings. In recent years, some countries have launched Mars probes and announced their manned Mars exploration programs. China has become the fifth country in the world to launch independently artificial satellites, and the third country able to carry out an independent manned space program. However, China is just at the beginning of deep space explorations. In 2007, China and Russia signed an agreement on a joint Mars exploration program by sending a Chinese micro-satellite Yinghuo-1 (YH-1) to the Mars orbit. Once YH-1 enters its orbit, it will carry out its own exploration, as well as the joint exploration with the Russian Phobos-Grunt probe. This paper summarizes the scientific background and objectives of YH-1 and describes briefly its payloads for realizing these scientific objectives. In addition, the main exploration tasks of YH-1 and a preliminary prospect on its exploration results are also given.     

Performance evaluation of underwater platforms in the context of space exploration

Robotic platforms are essential for future human planetary and lunar exploration as they can operate in more extreme environments with a greater endurance than human explorers. In this era of space exploration, a terrestrial analog that can be used for development of the coordination between manned and robotic vehicles will optimize the scientific return of future missions while concurrently minimizing the downtime of both human explorers and robotic platforms. This work presents the use of underwater exploratory robots - autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV), remotely operated vehicles (ROV), and manned submersibles - as analogues for mixed human-robot exploration of space. Subaqueous settings present diverse challenges for navigation, operation and recovery that require the development of an exploration model of a similar complexity as required for space exploration. To capitalize on the strengths of both robotic and human explorers this work presents lessons learnt with respect to the fields of human-robotic interface (HRI) and operator training. These are then used in the development of mission evaluation tools: (1) a task efficiency index (TEI), (2) performance metrics, and (3) exploration metrics. Although these independent evaluations were useful for specific missions, further refinement will be required to fully evaluate the strengths and capabilities of multiple platforms in a human-robotic exploration campaign in order to take advantage of unforeseen science opportunities in remote settings.     

The Moon and the New Presidential Space Vision

The new US Vision for Space Exploration is briefly described, with particular emphasis on the place of lunar exploration. The value of humans in the exploration of the Moon is discussed, and it is argued that people offer significant advantages over robots for the purposes of scientific exploration. The Vision provides a new rationale for space activities, one aimed at both broadening our knowledge base and, in the longer term, of increasing prosperity by providing access to the material and energy resources of the Solar System.     

Spacecraft exploration of asteroids

The past, current, and planned space missions for asteroid exploration are reviewed. The main results based on observations performed with satellites in near-Earth orbits (OAO-2, IUE, FIRSSE, IRAS, HST, Hipparcos, ISO, MSX) and space probes sent to particular objects (Galileo, NEAR, DS1, Stardust) are reported. Future space missions (MUSES-C, Rosetta, DOWN, etc.) and their main goals in asteroid study are considered. The feasibility of using spacecraft for minor-body exploration is discussed.Translated from Astronomicheskii Vestnik, Vol. 39, No. 1, 2005, pp. 81–90. Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Shevchenko, Mohamed.     

The Vega project: A space mission to Venus and Halley’s comet

The launch of the Soviet space probes Vega 1 and Vega 2 to explore Venus, including its atmosphere, and flyby Halley??s comet, a rare guest in the inner Solar System, added a vivid page to the history of space exploration. This paper is dedicated to Designer General Vyacheslav M. Kovtunenko.     

Testing technologies and strategies for exploration in Australian Mars analogues: A review

Australia is an ideal testing ground in preparation for the robotic and human exploration of Mars. Numerous sites with landforms or processes analogous to those on Mars are present and the deserts of central Australia provide a range of locations for free-ranging Mars analogue mission simulations. The latest developments in testing technologies and strategies for exploration in Australian Mars analogues are reviewed. These include trials of analogue space suits based on mechanical counter pressure technology and the development of an analogue, crewed, pressurized rover for long-range exploration. Field science activities and instrumentation testing relevant to robotic and future crewed missions are discussed. Australian-led human factors research undertaken during expeditions to Mars analogue research stations and expeditions to Antarctica are also reviewed. Education and public outreach activities related to Mars analogue research in Australia are also detailed.     

Sample Return Missions from Minor Bodies: Achievements, Future Plan and Observational Support

We are entering in a new era of space exploration signed by sample return missions. Since the Apollo and Luna Program, the study of extraterrestrial samples in laboratory is gathering an increased interest of the scientific community so that nowadays exploration program of the Solar System is characterized by swelling sample return missions. Beside lunar samples, the NASA Stardust mission was the first successful space mission that on 15 January 2006 brought to Earth solid extraterrestrial samples collected from comet 81P/Wild 2 coma. Grains were collected during cometary fly-by into aerogel and once on Earth have been extracted for laboratory analyses. In the coming two decades many space missions on going or under study will harvest samples from minor bodies. Measurements required for detailed analysis that cannot be performed from a robotic spacecraft, will be carried out on Earth laboratories with the highest analytical accuracy attainable so far. An intriguing objective for the next sample return missions is to understand the nature of organic compounds. Organic compounds found in Stardust grains even if processed to large extend during aerogel capturing are here reported. Major objectives of Marco Polo mission are reported. Various ground-based observational programs within the framework of general characterizations of families and classes, cometary–asteroid transition objects and NEOs with cometary albedo are discussed and linked to sample return mission.     

基于解析梯度的近地小天体探测机会搜索问题研究木

研究近地小天体的探测机会搜索问题．针对交会型探测任务,通过结合变分理论和状态转移矩阵推导了性能指标关于可调参数的解析偏导数,然后在搜索空间中随机生成初始点,并从这些初始点出发利用解析偏导数寻优,从而得到搜索空间内对应潜在发射机会的全部局部极小值点．此方法既在一定程度上保持了传统搜索方法全局搜索的特点,又克服了传统搜索方法的盲目性,因此计算速度获得很大提高．此外该方法可以对探测机会的搜索精度进行有效地控制．     

How the UK Can Lead the Terrestrial Translation of Biomedical Advances Arising from Lunar Exploration Activities

Terrestrial translation of biomedical advances is insufficient justification for lunar exploration. However, terrestrial translation should be viewed as a critical part of the cycle of mission planning, execution and review, both in terms of the progress of space exploration, but also of sustained life on Earth. Thus, both the mission and its potential to benefit mankind are increased by the adoption of human-based exploration of the lunar surface. Whilst European biomedical sciences have grown in stature, there remains a gap between space biomedical science and terrestrial medical application. As such, an opportunity for the UK to take a sustainable leadership role exists by utilising its biomedical science community, socialised health care system (National Health Service) and defined mechanisms to determine the clinical efficacy and cost-effectiveness upon health and wellbeing (i.e. National Institute Clinical Excellence), aiding the difficult process of health care rationing. By focusing upon exploitation of the more scientifically rewarding, potentially long-term and more terrestrially analogous challenge of lunar habitation, the UK would circumnavigate the current impediments to International Space Station utilisation. Early engagement in lunar exploration would promote the UK, and its adoption of a leadership role incorporating a considered approach to the development of space biomedicine with an eye to its terrestrial value. For instance, prolonged lunar habitation could provide an ‘ideal controlled environment’ for investigation of medical interventions, in particular multiple interactions (e.g. between exercise and nutrition), a model of accelerated aging and a number of chronic pathologies, including those related to disuse. Lunar advances could provide a springboard for individualized medicine, insights into occupational and de-centralised medicine (e.g. telemedicine) and act as a stimulus for biomedical innovation and understanding. Leadership in biomedical science activities would retain mission critically (and thus avoid obsolesce) so long as a human is involved (irrespective of specific mission architecture) and could be used to leverage opportunities for UK-based institutions, companies and individuals, most notably current ESA astronaut candidate Major Tim Peake. A combination of ESA engagement and national support for space biomedical sciences via research councils (e.g. Medical Research Council) could facilitate a virtuous circle of investment, advancement and socio-economic return invigorating the NHS, education, and key research initiatives such as ESA Harwell, UK Centre for Medical Research and Innovation, and the newly instigated Academic Health Science Centres. Such a strategy could also boost private space enterprise within the UK including the creation of a space port and could help retain the UK’s position as a European aerospace transportation, services and legislative hub. By focusing upon its biomedical strength within a multi-faceted but co-ordinated strategy of engagement, the UK could reap significant socio-economic benefits for the UK and its citizens, be they on the Moon, or the Earth.