南方岩溶石山地区农业生态环境地质初步探讨

我国南方的岩溶石山区分布面积很广,具有丰富的自然资源,但它有特殊的农业生态环境,并且存在各种农业生态环境问题,如早涝、森林退化、水土流失,“石山化”等等,这些问题影响农业经济的发展,必须根据各地区的生态环境,采取综合开发治理的措施。岩溶生态系统中,水、土、植物是农业生态平衡的关键、又是岩溶生态系统中的薄弱环节,对此应有深入的研究,才能保持其良好的生态环境,并促使其经济有较快的发展。      

湖南洛塔岩溶山区水土流失影响因素分析

水土流失是一个全球性的灾害问题,严重的水土流失不仅导致侵蚀区土壤退化、土地资源遭到破坏、岩溶石山区石漠化,而且还会通过淤积河道、污染水质等过程来破坏下游地区的生态环境。本文根据湖南洛塔岩溶山区不同生态环境水土流失监测成果,对岩溶山区水土流失影响因素进行分析,为湖南湘西及西南岩溶石山地区石漠化治理与生态建设,有效控制水土流失,实现生态系统可持续发展提供了理论依据。      

石漠化的成因机理与防治对策

从石漠化的研究现状出发，依据我国西南岩溶石山地区石漠化特征，着重分析其主要控制介质为岩性、构造、地貌、气候、岩溶、地下水、植被等自然介质因子与森林砍伐、高坡开垦等人为介质因子．石漠化是以岩溶山区脆弱的岩溶生态环境为基础，以内、外地质作用和人类恶性生态地质作用为驱动力，以资源退化和恶化为本质，基岩不断裸露，生态环境不断恶化，周而复始的恶性循环过程．提出对石漠化的研究重点是成固机理研究，对石漠化的防治应着重于对石漠化的驱动力及其主异因子的防治，阐述了治山必须先治水等防治对策与建议．     

论改善我国生态环境

文章详细介绍了我国生态环境所面临的森林破坏、水土流失、土壤盐碱化、沙漠化扩大、草原退化、水域缩减,环境污染等问题,分析了其原因、特点及危害性,指出这些问题仍有加重的趋势,到1995年将是环境污染的高峰时期。为改善我国生态环境,必须建立正确的生态观,增强环境意识,制定全国环境保护规划、国土整治规划、生态建设规划以及环境发展建设战略;健全管理体制,加强监督,实行政策、行政、技术、经济、法制等多方位管理,提高管理效应;从加强小区生态建设入手,发动全民搞建设、管环境;加强生态科学研究,推广生态工艺,实行生态、生产、生活三统一的大生态建设原则。     

西南岩溶区生态地质环境特点及其重建策略

西南岩溶区生态地质环境具有水热充沛、矿产和旅游资源丰富,但存在地上地下双层岩溶空间结构和山高水深、地形陡峻、土壤贫瘠等两重性的特点,在人为活动的干扰影响下很容易导致生态退化,产生水土流失和石漠化等生态环境问题。本文在充分论述了西南岩溶区生态地质环境的这种特点的基础上,通过生态系统退化过程的机理分析,提出了岩溶生态系统退化是脆弱的岩溶生态地质环境和人类活动共同作用的结果的成因观点,以及以将人为活动限制在岩溶生态系统环境承载允许的范围之内作为前提条件,并辅以因地制宜开发水资源、合理利用土地资源、发展立体化生态农业、挖掘地方经济增长潜力、改善农村能源结构及生态移民等工程措施的生态系统恢复重建策略。      

湘西大龙洞岩溶流域农业生态环境与治理措施

大龙洞岩溶流域水土流失与石漠化严重、旱涝灾害频繁,造成该流域这种农业生态环境现状的主要原因是岩溶生态环境的脆弱性和长期的人为干扰。在研究湘西大龙洞岩溶流域自然地理与地质构造、岩溶水资源、土地与植被环境等特征的基础上,剖析大龙洞岩溶流域石漠化等农业生态环境存在的问题,并根据大龙洞岩溶流域农业生态环境特点,提出了有效开发利用岩溶水资源,提高地表水、地下水与降水资源的利用率及生态重建与恢复等措施。      

喀斯特石漠化的形成背景、演化与治理

喀斯特石漠化是青藏高原隆升在其东南翼所诱发的重要地质生态灾害问题,是制约中国西南地区社会经济发展的关键因素.它不是一种纯自然过程,而是与人类活动密切相关,不仅造成土地资源丧失,干旱缺水,生态系统退化,而且使该区的贫困问题加剧,具有明显的自然和社会学属性.本文着重从地质和生态的角度,阐述喀斯特石漠化的形成特点和演化方式,及其对综合治理的指导意义.对西南岩溶山地而言,土壤和植被是生态环境中最为敏感的自然环境要素,与非岩溶区相比,具有明显的脆弱特征.它们在干扰下发生迅速演替,诱发地表水文条件的改变,导致石漠化的形成.文中特别强调岩溶山区碳酸盐岩基底岩性的不同、生态环境类型与植被演替的方式和进程的多样性对于岩溶生态系统的影响作用.基于上述认识,对石漠化地区的土地利用方式和生态恢复过程以及可能发展的方向提出了一些建议和看法.     

毕节地区石漠化治理存在问题及对策

具体分析了毕节地区山区石漠化治理和生态修复研究中存在的问题,针对毕节开发扶贫、生态建设试验区山区石漠化的生态修复必须开展自我修复和人为修复相结合具体特点,提出了在进行山区石漠化治理和研究及山区石漠化区域的生态修复过程中需要注意的几点问题及山区石漠化治理的发展方向     

新书推介

由中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所、中国科学院广西植物研究所、广西师范学院、中国科学院亚热带农业生态研究所、广西山区综合技术开发中心的科技人员共同合作,由中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所副所长蒋忠诚研究员、中国科学院广西植物研究所副所长李先琨研究员、广西师范学院资源与环境科学学院副院长胡宝清教授等编著的《广西岩溶山区石漠化及其综合治理研究》一书,近日已由科学出版社正式出版。     

西南岩溶区生态环境可持续发展的生态足迹分析——以广西为例

生态足迹是一种度量可持续发展程度的方法,能定量判断一个区域生态环境的发展是否处于生态承载能力的范围内.以西南岩溶地广西为例,采用生态足迹的理论和方法对2004年广西区域生态足迹状况进行了测算和实证分析,并与2003年进行了比较.结果表明:广西人均生态足迹由2003年的1.1378 hm2上升到2004年的1.2239 hm2;人均生态承载力由2003年的0.5753 hm2下降到2004年的0.5736 hm2,广西经济社会活动对生态环境的需求强度已经超过了生态承载力的供给;人均生态赤字由2003年的0.5625 hm2增长到2004年的0.6503 hm2,处于不可持续的发展状态.必须采取相应措施,促使广西生态环境发展向良性和可持续方向转化.     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

正~~     

GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861