北极归来话科考

<正>76天·90多个站位·11858海里第六次北极科学考察是"南北极环境综合考察与评估"专项(以下简称南北极专项)实施以来进行的第二个北极科考航次。考察海域主要位于北冰洋太平洋扇区,具体包括白令海盆、白令海陆架、楚科奇海、楚科奇海台和加拿大海盆等海域。考察海域海底地形起伏较大,既有平坦的陆架浅水区,也有地形变化复杂的海山区,更有水深超过3000米的深水洋盆。本次科考共历时76天,总航程约11858海里(22000千米),总航时1201小时,其中浮冰区总航程2586海里(约4800千米)。现场考察     

北极海域铁锰结核和结壳的分布与成因

对公开发表的有关北极海域铁锰结核和结壳的分布区域、化学成分,矿物类型以及年代学等数据资料进行搜集整理后发现,目前已知的浅水铁锰样品主要分布在喀拉海和楚科奇海域内,而深水铁锰样品主要位于楚科奇海台、加拿大海盆、门捷列夫海岭和阿尔法海岭内。深水铁锰样品主要为水生成因,除Mn外,主要有用金属含量均远高于浅水样品,且多种金属与全球重要结核和结壳成矿带内的样品含量相当,展示出一定的资源潜力。深水铁锰样品生长时间长达1 500万a,对应着中新世弗拉姆海峡开启,北冰洋开始与北大西洋进行深水交换时期。浅水铁锰样品主要为成岩成因,周边陆源非金属物质的供给量较大,资源潜力低。     

基于卫星图像的北极浮冰大小分布特征分析

随着全球气候变暖,海冰厚度逐渐变小,海冰面积逐渐缩小,开阔海域的面积越来越大,北极地区海冰也越来越容易受到海浪的侵袭导致浮冰发生破碎,加速海冰融化。因此在全球气候变暖的环境下,分析浮冰大小分布特征,对于研究北极海区的动量和热量收支有着重要意义,同时有助于改进现有的海冰模型。文中基于3种不同空间分辨率的卫星图像,利用限制增长法分析了2014年夏秋季转化季节波弗特海和楚科奇海的浮冰大小分布特征,所用的卫星图像包括Medea图像,RADARSAT-2图像以及Landsat 8图像,3种图像的空间分辨率分别为1 m,15 m和100 m。不同的空间分辨率为研究浮冰大小总体分布特征提供了一个广泛的数据基础,能够更充分地研究不同尺寸的浮冰大小分布。采用的限制增长法,能够自动识别并提取出浮冰,最终得到浮冰大小分布特征满足幂律分布形式,幂指数的范围在0.8~1.91之间,较大的浮冰对应的幂指数也相应较大,且随着远离海冰边界的距离,幂指数有增大的趋势。处于在夏秋转换季节,部分浮冰开始发生冻结,小尺度浮冰数量逐渐减少。     

福建外来船舶压舱水中浮游植物种类组成与丰度及其影响因素的初步研究

2006～2008年间对进入福建沿海4个主要港口的12艘国际航船所携带的压舱水进行浮游植物种类组成和丰度分布的调查.此调查共检测出浮游植物7个门86属239种（含变种和变型）,77μm孔径网滤样和20μm孔径网滤样的平均藻类丰度分别为1.2×10^2cells/dm^3（变动在0～9.1×10^2cells/dm^3间）和3.4×10^3cells/dm^3（变动在0～3.0×10^4cells/dm^3间）.同时对其中6艘船舶的压舱水样品用f/2培养基培养,共有13种硅藻和1种甲藻被成功培养.文中还分析了压舱水中浮游植物丰度与盐度、水龄的关系,并结合历史资料讨论了压舱水里各类浮游植物的分布.     

夏末亚热带太平洋至楚科奇海微微型浮游植物群落

依托2019年8月至2019年9月中国第十次北极科学考察,基于流式细胞术,对亚热带太平洋至楚科奇海的表层微微型浮游植物丰度、细胞大小和色素含量的变化特征进行了分析,研究了各类群的环境适应性。结果表明,微微型浮游植物群落未检出原绿球藻,仅包含聚球藻和微微型真核藻,其丰度范围分别为(0.1～46.7)×10~3个/mL和(1.1～43.2)×10~3个/mL;聚球藻和微微型真核藻丰度高值均出现在白令海陆架区,其丰度升高与营养盐浓度升高有关;聚球藻最小丰度出现在楚科奇海,而微微型真核藻最小丰度出现在亚热带太平洋。聚球藻和微微型真核藻的侧向散射光(与细胞大小有关)和色素荧光强度均存在两倍以上的变化,与纬度或温度不存在显著的相关关系。在相同温度条件下,营养盐限制会降低微微型浮游植物的细胞大小。聚球藻的细胞大小与色素含量不相关,而在微微型真核藻中两者存在同向变化。在全球气候变暖和北极冰盖减少背景下,微微型浮游植物在北极生态系统中的作用会增加,对食物网和生态系统功能产生重要影响。     

西北冰洋表层沉积物中的底栖有孔虫组合及其古环境意义

通过对中国第1~4次北极考察在西北冰洋采集的表层沉积物中底栖有孔虫丰度及其优势种分布特征与环境因素关系的综合研究发现,楚科奇海区低的底栖有孔虫丰度主要受较高的陆源物质输入的稀释作用影响;楚科奇海台和阿尔法脊较高的底栖有孔虫丰度主要受到暖而咸的大西洋中层水的影响;受碳酸钙溶解作用影响的门捷列夫深海平原和加拿大海盆底栖有孔虫丰度较低,并且水深3 597 m的站位出现了似瓷质壳的Pyrgo williamsoni和Quinqueloculina orientalis,说明该区的CCD深度大于3 600 m。根据底栖有孔虫7个优势属种的百分含量分布特征可以划分出5个区域组合:南楚科奇海陆架-白令海峡组合以优势种Elphidium excavatum和Buccella frigida为特征,可能反映受白令海陆架水影响的浅水环境;阿拉斯加沿岸-波弗特海组合以优势种Florilus scaphus和Elphidium albiumbilicatum为特征,可能反映受季节性海冰融化,低盐的阿拉斯加沿岸流以及河流淡水输入的低盐环境;大西洋中层水组合以优势种Cassidulina laevigata为特征,可能反映高温高盐的大西洋中层水影响的环境;北极深层水组合以优势种Cibicides wuellerstorfi为特征,可能反映水深大于1 500 m低温高盐的北极深层水环境;门捷列夫深海平原组合以优势种Oridorsalis umbonatus为特征,可能反映低营养的底层水环境。     

楚科奇海附近表层沉积物中类脂生物标志物的分布特征和意义

多参数生物标记物法已被广泛用于重建浮游植物生产力和种群结构,研究了2003年夏季我国二次北极考察时采集的楚科奇海表层沉积物样品中浮游植物生物标志物的比例变化及其作为浮游植物种群结构替代指标的潜力。观测海区表层沉积物中菜子甾醇、甲藻甾醇、长链烯酮的总含量为20~3149 ng/g,平均值为1 010 ng/g,生物标志物总量分布表明南部的楚科奇陆架海域生产力明显高于北部海台区,不同站位的菜子甾醇和甲藻甾醇相对比例有明显变化,但都显示菜子甾醇占优势,楚科奇海陆架的站位中都是硅藻为主,菜子甾醇占生物标志物总量的比例为42%~74%,甲藻甾醇占生物标志物总量的比例为17%~37%,在海台区仍然是硅藻占优势,但是甲藻和颗石藻的比例有了很大的提高,加拿大海盆的4个站位中以甲藻和颗石藻为主,硅藻并非加拿大海盆的优势种群。这与用显微镜下鉴定得到的硅藻和甲藻分布趋势相似。研究结果为生物标志物作为浮游植物种群结果替代指标并为利用柱状样中的生物标志物研究古生态提供现代依据。     

2009 年冬季南海北部网采浮游植物群落结构

根据2010年1月6～30日对南海北部的调查取样,作者对该海域网采浮游植物的分布和群落结构特征等进行了分析。共鉴定浮游植物4门52属155种（包括变形及变种）,主要以温带近岸和广布性种为主,其中硅藻有38属94种,占总种数的60．6％;甲藻有12属58种,占总种数的37．4％;浮游植物平均细胞丰度为36．46×10^4个／m^3,硅藻平均细胞丰度为13．77×10^4个／m^3,甲藻平均细胞丰度为1．39×10^4个／m^3,铁氏束毛藻（Trichodesmium thiebautii）平均细胞丰度为21．30×10^4个／m^3。粤东近岸区域是浮游植物高密集区,珠江口及其西南沿岸其次,而浮游植物稀疏区主要在调查区的中部海域,呈现出沿远岸区域逐渐降低的平面分布格局。除铁氏束毛藻为绝对优势种外,主要优势种有：菱形海线藻（Thalassionema nitzschioides）、短刺角毛藻（Chaetoceros messanensis）、圆筛藻（Coscinodiscus spp．）、粗根管藻（Rhizosolenia robusta）及角毛藻（Chaetoceros spp．）等。浮游植物群落香农．威纳物种多样性指数（H’）平均值为4．50,Peilou均匀度指数（J）平均值为0．81。浮游植物多样性程度较高,与细胞丰度平面分布基本呈相嵌分布,仅在近岸出现低值。     

更新世北极陆架的古地理和冰川作用

本文探讨了晚更新世高纬度北极陆架古地理的两个主要方面：一是末次间冰期（在不同地区该间冰期被称为伊姆、桑加门、米库林、喀山时期）该区形成的环境;另一为末次冰期最盛时期的环境,其中包括陆架的范围和特征（略）。对大部分欧亚北极区的陆架和沿岸地带来说,米库林沉积层是基准层。它们在巴、伦支海盆、喀拉海、东西伯利亚海和楚科奇海的剖面已经进行过研究。巴伦支海米库林沉积层为若干相组,其中有开放陆架的沉积层（深海的）,后者见于海洋中部由钻探船“硬沸石”号（AMMffi）施工的钻孔中。在我们研究的26号钻孔中,米库林沉积…     

北冰洋西部表层沉积物中生源组分及其古海洋学意义

通过对中国首次和第二次北极科学考察在北冰洋西部所采取的66个表层沉积物中生源组分的分析,探讨了该海区表层生产力变化与水团的相互关系。楚科奇海西南部呈现出高的有机碳和生源蛋白石含量,而中部和东部哈罗德浅滩至阿拉斯加沿岸,以及楚科奇海台、北风脊和加拿大海盆表现出低的有机碳和生源蛋白石含量。楚科奇海陆架区表层沉积物以底栖有孔虫为主,丰度低;而楚科奇海台、北风脊和加拿大海盆则以浮游有孔虫占绝对优势,丰度较高。生源组分的分布特征显然与通过白令海峡进入楚科奇海的三股太平洋水和大西洋次表层水相关。楚科奇海西侧沿富营养的阿纳德尔流方向的区域呈现出高的表层生产力。而东侧受寡营养的阿拉斯加沿岸流及阿拉斯加西北沿岸陆源物质输入的影响,呈现出低的表层生产力。北纬75°以北及加拿大海盆受海冰覆盖影响,也表现出最低的表层生产力。而受北大西洋次表层水的影响,楚科奇海陆架外侧高纬海域表现出较高的钙质生物生产力。表层沉积物中Corg/N比值及其分布反映楚科奇海表层沉积物中的有机碳以海洋自身来源为主,且主要受生物泵过程控制。有机碳和生源蛋白石含量呈现高的正相关关系,说明硅藻等浮游植物的初级生产力可能控制着生物泵对碳的吸收和释放。     

楚科奇海陆架有机碳埋藏研究

分析了楚科奇海数个站位表层沉积物中有机碳含量、J8站位的沉积速率和有机碳含量的垂直分布.结果显示沉积物中有机碳含量为0.56%～2.00%,平均值为1.31%（m/m,下同）,J8站位有机碳含量随埋藏深度的增加呈略为降低的趋势,有机碳的埋藏速率约1.56mg/（cm2.a）,相对于楚科奇海和该站位的浮游植物光合作用合成的有机碳而言,进入沉积物的有机碳占初级生产力的比例很高.这说明楚科奇海沉积物有很高的接纳初级生产者产生的有机碳并将其固定、保存的能力.     

Phytoplankton in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas: Distribution, dynamics, and environmental forcing

Time-series of remotely sensed distributions of phytoplankton, sea ice, surface temperature, albedo, and clouds were examined to evaluate the variability of environmental conditions and physical forcing affecting phytoplankton in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas. Large-scale distributions of these parameters were studied for the first time using weekly and monthly composites from April 1998 to September 2002. The basic data set used in this study are phytoplankton pigment concentrations derived from the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS), ice concentrations obtained from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) and surface temperature, cloud cover, and albedo derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). Seasonal variation of ice cover was observed to be the dominant environmental factor as the ice-edge blooms followed the retreating marginal ice zones northward. Blooms were most prominent in the southwestern Chukchi Sea, and were especially persistent immediately north of the Bering Strait in nutrient-rich Anadyr Water and in some fronts. Chlorophyll concentrations are shown to increase from a nominal value during the onset of melt in April to a maximum value in mid-spring or summer depending on location. Large interannual variability of ice cover and phytoplankton distributions was observed with the year 1998 being uniquely associated with an early season occurrence of a massive bloom. This is postulated to be caused in part by a rapid response of phytoplankton to an early retreat of the sea-ice cover in the Beaufort Sea region. Correlation analyses showed relatively high negative correlation between chlorophyll and ice concentration with the correlation being highest in May, the correlation coefficient being −0.45. 1998 was also the warmest in the 5 years globally and the sea-ice cover was least extensive in the Beaufort/Chukchi Sea region, partly because of the 1997–1998 El Niño. Strong correlations were noted between ice extent and surface temperature, the correlation coefficient being highest at −0.79 in April, during the onset of the bloom period.     

2011年南黄海辐射沙脊群海域浮游植物种类组成和密度的时空变化

于2011年2～12月,在南黄海辐射沙脊群海域设置6个采样站位,每逢双月份调查1次,研究该海域浮游植物密度及优势种的时空变化.调查共获得浮游植物87种,以硅藻种类最多.浮游植物密度呈周年双峰变化,分别在4月和8月成峰,4月峰值最大,水样浮游植物平均密度为1.59×104cells/dm3,网样浮游植物平均密度为2.71×106cells/m3,8月峰次之,水样浮游植物的平均密度为1.28×104cells/dm3,网样浮游植物平均密度为7.38×105cells/m3;浮游植物密度在2月和4月,北高南低,6月和8月中部高,外围较低,10月和12月南部高北部低.2月和4月,中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）为第一优势种,6月和12月虹彩圆筛藻（Coscinodiscus oculus-iridis）为第一优势种,8～10月琼氏圆筛藻（Coscinodiscus jonesianus）为第一优势种,枯水期（2月）铁氏束毛藻（Trichodesmium thiebautii）在局部海域形成优势.     

西北冰洋中太平洋入流水营养盐的变化特征

利用1999,2003和2008年夏季(7-9月)三次中国北极科学考察数据资料,分析和讨论太平洋入流水营养盐的分布和楚科奇海关键生物地球化学过程对太平洋水化学性质的改造.结果表明,2003和2008年在白令海峡南部64.3°N纬向断面(BS断面)由于水团性质差异显著,营养盐呈西高、东低的分布趋势.2003年BS断面水柱...     

Phytoplankton of the western Arctic in the spring and summer of 2002: Structure and seasonal changes

We analyzed the taxonomic structure and spatial variability of phytoplankton abundance and biomass in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas during spring and summer seasons of the SBI program. Phytoplankton samples were collected during two surveys from May 10 to June 13 and from July 19 to August 21 of 2002. In May and June, ice cover exceeded 80% over most of the study area and there was no vertical stratification, indicating that the successional state of the phytoplankton corresponded to the end of the winter biological season. The phytoplankton abundance ranged from a few tens to a few thousands of cells per liter, while biomass varied from 0.1 to 3.0 mg C m⁻³. Small areas of high phytoplankton abundance (0.13–1.3×10⁶ cells L⁻¹) and biomass (22–536 mg C m⁻³), dominated by early spring diatoms Pauliella taeniata and Fragilariopsis oceanica in the surface waters, which indicated the beginning of the spring bloom, were observed only in the southeastern part of the Chukchi shelf and off Point Barrow. In July and August summer period, more than a half of the study area had <50% ice cover and the water column was stratified by temperature and salinity. Over the Chukchi shelf and continental slope of the Beaufort Sea, the phytoplankton abundance and biomass were an order of magnitude higher in July–August than in May–June. The taxonomic diversity of algae also increased due to the appearance of late-spring and summer diatoms, dinoflagellates, and coccolithophorids (Emiliania huxleyi). Interestingly, the seasonal differences between phytoplankton abundance and taxonomic composition in the spring and summer periods varied the least over the Chukchi Sea slope and in the deep-water area of the Arctic Ocean. High algae concentrations in summer were located in the lower layers of the euphotic zone, suggesting that the spring bloom on both the Chukchi shelf and in the western part of the Beaufort Sea occurred in late June/early July. In the spring and summer, the microalgal community was characterized by a high abundance of 4–10 μm flagellates, which exceeded the abundance of all other taxonomic groups. In both seasons studied, phytoplankton reached its maximum abundance within restricted areas in the southern part of the Chukchi Sea southwest of Point Hope, in the northern part of the Chukchi shelf between the 50- and 100-m isobaths, on the shelf northwest of Point Barrow, and over the continental slope in the Beaufort Sea. The pronounced spatial difference in the seasonal state was a characteristic feature of the phytoplankton community in the western Arctic.     

Vertical Distribution of Phytoplankton in the Central and Northern Part of the Gulf of California (June 1982)

Abstract. Vertical profiles of temperature, nutrients (silicate, phosphate, and nitrate), chlorophyll a and phytoplankton abundance are given for six stations located in the Gulf of California, June 1982, above 1 % of light intensity. The vertical distribution of phytoplankton was related to the water column structure: stratified stations had a defined nutricline and subsurface chlorophyll and phytoplankton abundance maxima were present, which were found to be related to the depth of the principal thermocline; vertical distribution of taxa was not uniform and low affinity values (< 0.5) were calculated among depths at these stations. Despite the irregular vertical distribution of chlorophyll and cell number, there was a great affinity in the species composition throughout the euphotic zone at well-mixed or weakly stratified stations. Nanoplankton organisms, mainly coc-colithophorids, were the most important numerical contributors at the chlorophyll maxima, except when this was superficial, in which case diatoms were the most numerous group. Some patterns of the vertical distribution of the main phytoplankton groups ( e.g. , diatoms, dinoflagellates, and microflagellates) are shown. The spectrum of diversity in the water column was useful only for mixed-waters. The relationship between stability, nutrients, and phytoplankton - regarding their vertical distribution - and the importance of physical and biological processes on phytoplankton ecology are discussed.     

Phytoplankton community in the Western Arctic in July–August 2003

The phytoplankton community was studied in Bering Strait and over the shelf, continental slope, and deep-water zones of the Chukchi and Beaufort seas in the middle of the vegetative season (July–August 2003). Its structure was analyzed in relation to ice conditions and the seasonal patterns of water warming, stratification, and nutrient concentrations. The overall ranges of variation in phytoplankton abundance and biomass were estimated at 2.0 × 10² to 6.0 × 10⁶ cells/l and 0.1 to 444.1 mg C/m³. The bulk of phytoplankton cells concentrated in the seasonal picnocline, at depths of 10–25 m. The highest values of cell density and biomass were recorded in regions influenced by the inflow of Bering Sea waters or characterized by intense hydrodynamics, such as the Bering Strait, Barrow Canyon, and the outer shelf and slope of the Chukchi Sea. In the middle of the vegetative season, the phytoplankton in the study region of the Western Arctic proved to comprise three successional (seasonal) assemblages, namely, the early spring, late spring, and summer assemblages. Their spatial distribution was dependent mainly on local features of hydrological and nutrient regimes rather than on general latitudinal trends of seasonal succession characteristic of arctic ecosystems.     

Sea-ice-thickness variability in the Chukchi Sea,spring and summer 2002–2004

Measurements of sea-ice thickness were obtained from drill holes, an ice-based electromagnetic induction instrument (IEM), and a ship-borne electromagnetic induction instrument (SEM) during the early-melt season in the southern Chukchi Sea in 2002 and 2004, and in late summer 2003 at the time of minimum ice extent in the northern Chukchi Sea. An ice roughness criterion was applied to distinguish between level and rough or ridged ice. Ice-thickness modes in the probability density functions (PDFs) derived from drill-hole and IEM measurements agreed well, with modes at 1.5–1.6 and 1.8–1.9 m for all data from level ice. The PDFs derived from SEM measurements show that the primary modes are at 0.1 and 1.1 m in 2003 and 0.7 m in 2004. In 2002 and 2004, significant fractions (between one-third and one-half) of level ice were found to consist of rafted ice segments. Snow depth varied significantly between years, with 2004 data showing more than half the snow cover on level ice to be at or below 0.05 m depth in late spring. Ice growth simulations and examination of ice drift and deformation history indicate that impacts of atmospheric and oceanic warming on level-ice thickness in the region over the past few decades are masked to a large extent by variability in snow depth and the contribution of deformation processes. In comparison with submarine sonar ice-thickness data from previous decades, a reduction in ice thickness by about 0.5–1 m is in part explained by the replacement of multi-year with first-year ice over the Chukchi and Beaufort shelves.     

楚科奇海与白令海表层沉积中的钙质和硅质微体化石研究

通过对北冰洋楚科奇海和令海41个表层沉积样品中的有孔虫、介形类等钙质微体化石和硅藻、放射虫、海绵骨针等硅质微体化石的定量分析，发现表层沉积中浮游有孔虫几乎缺失，这可能与该区表层生产力相对低、碳酸盐溶解作用较强有关，而底栖有孔虫和硅质微体化石的丰度分布则明显受表层沉积物类型、表层初级生物生产力和碳酸盐溶解作用所控制。其中，北冰洋楚科奇海陆架区有孔虫丰度和分异度低，含少量浅水介形类，放射虫在陆架浅水区缺失，但含有较多硅藻和海绵骨针等其它硅质微体化石，反映该区由于海冰、表层海水温度较冷而导致表歧初级生产力相对低。白令海陆坡区底栖有孔虫丰度比较科奇海高一个数量级，底栖有孔虫分异度也相对高，硅藻、放射虫、海绵骨针等硅质微体化石的丰度与钙质化石一样，其丰度比楚科奇海明显高，反映表层初级生产力相对高。根据白令海陆坡区底栖有孔虫和硅质微体化石丰度、底栖有孔虫胶结质壳比值的水深变化，推测该区碳酸盐溶跃层和补偿深度（CCD）相对浅，分别位于水深2000m和3800m处。