昔格达组地层研究中需要注意的若干关键问题

昔格达组与下伏、上覆冲积卵石层之间的垂向叠置关系具有重要的沉积环境指示意义。主要由水平纹层状杂色细粒沉积构成的昔格达组常夹有数十厘米厚的冲积砂卵石层,而粉细砂层中还常见交错纹理和交错层理,成因研究应充分考虑其冲湖积特征和湖底底流;不同地区昔格达组细粒沉积的矿物成分和卵石层的岩石类型各异,基本无可比性。有些地区昔格达组地层中发育有同生变形构造,有些还见有较多的地质构造形迹。昔格达组地层露头区的平面离散性很大,但对现今河流体系高度依赖,要么追踪不同序次干流及支流形成树枝状结构,要么仅沿干流分布、不受支流影响,形成棒状结构,表明昔格达组地层形成于现今河流之后,而且与河流密切相关;垂向上,不同昔格达组地层露头区之间的最大高差达2 290 m,不同露头之间常存在标高突变。昔格达组地层的沉积环境主要是不同序次河流岸坡失稳形成的滑坡坝堰塞湖,其次为沿断裂带发育的河流局部下陷演变而来的过水断陷湖泊。     

昔格达地层填方路堤滑坡分析与防治

研究目的:昔格达地层填方路堤滑坡主要发生于填方体下伏昔格达地层承载力较低、自然边坡较陡、地下水和地表水截排工程欠佳、支挡工程锚固力不足、老滑坡失稳牵引、路堤压实度较差等因素诱发的一种工程滑坡。为有效对昔格达地层填方路堤滑坡进行合理防治,本文以某高速公路填方路堤滑坡为例,对昔格达地层填方路堤滑坡的成因和工程治理方案进行针对性的分析。研究结论:(1)昔格达地层填方路堤滑坡的因素较多,正确分析诱发滑坡的主要因素是合理确定应急工程和永久治理工程的关键所在;(2)设置针对性的截、排工程措施和对路堤填方进行适时、适量的必要卸载,是有效控制昔格达地层路堤滑坡的主要应急工程手段;(3)昔格达地层填方路堤滑坡的治理,应充分考虑填方体内部发育的圆弧状滑面,以及由昔格达残坡积层、风化层和下伏基岩之间形成的多层潜在滑面,继而采取积极有效的支挡和反压工程对多层滑体进行治理;(4)应急工程设置时应充分考虑其将来作为永久工程的效用,尽量减小工程重复或报废;(5)路堤滑坡治理方案的确定,应考虑道路的正常保通、工程造价、社会影响、施工工期等综合因素。     

近水平红层路堑边坡滑动机理和防治对策

以广南高速宋家坡挖方堑坡岩体失稳为例,提出了近水平岩层的概念,总结了红层近水平岩体堑坡开挖造成部分岩体沿层面失稳的机理,提出了相应的防治方法。对此类工程的勘察、设计和施工具有一定的指导意义。     

昔格达组沉积环境演化与旋回地层学研究

昔格达组是我国西南地区著名的连续的晚新生代地层,在金沙江及其支流安宁河、大渡河、雅砻江等河谷地带均有分布,主要由灰绿色、灰黑色、灰黄色的粘土、粉砂质粘土和粉砂组成。自常隆庆(1937)对该组地层进行研究以来,昔格达组沉积物就一直引起地质学家的浓厚兴趣。然而,由于昔格达组沉积物中缺乏生物化石,地层出露不全,而区缺乏可靠的定年手段和分析测试手段,昔格达组的研究还较为肤浅,尚存在许多问题。昔格达村剖面厚约248m,位于攀枝花市盐边县红格乡昔格达村,在野外对昔格达村剖面进行了详尽的观察和描述。依据沉积物颜色,可以将昔格达组划分为下部“灰色层”和上部“黄色层”。昔格达村剖面“灰色层”仅厚10．2m,为灰     

昔格达组粘土的工程地质特性研究

一、概述 四川渡口地区广泛分布昔格达组地层。随着工农业建设的蓬勃发展,在昔格达组地层上兴建建筑物与日俱增。但昔格达组地层极易产生滑动,给建设带来危害,越来越引起人们的关注和重视。 渡口地区昔格达组地层分布在早一中更新世断陷盆地中,沿金沙江、雅砻江,安宁河一线呈南北向条带状分布。高程一般为1000—1500米,最厚地层达215米。昔格达组地层大面积近水平层状分布,粘土层与     

含水量对昔格达土填料工程地质性质的影响研究

昔格达地层的沉积地质历史环境决定了昔格达地层的多旋回性及其中泥岩的近饱和特性 ,因此昔格达土填料具有一般其他岩土填料不一样的工程特征。本文通过对昔格达土工程特性的论述 ,以含水量为锲入点 ,分析了含水量变化对昔格达土填料工程性质的影响 ,得出昔格达土混合填料最大干密度 dmax、压实度及强度c、 值都与含水量存在一致的相关性 ,即存在一个最优含水量 ,这个最优含水量接近随机混合的昔格达填料的天然含水量的结论。     

金沙江何时开始向东流

青藏高原的东南缘具有独特的地貌特征,不像其它边缘,这里坡面非常平缓,这上面发育的主要河流有金沙江,雅砻江和大渡河。金沙江的主支流河谷保存着大量的湖相沉积--昔格达层,我们通过宇宙成因埋藏年龄法定出湖相沉积的年龄为158～134 Ma。对金沙江上游的碎屑锆石U Pb年龄分析表明其物源主要体现了所流经的羌塘地块的冈瓦纳地体特征,并加入了华北地体的特征,明显有别于雅砻江流域的物源。对昔格达及其下伏河流砂砾的U Pb年龄分布特征研究表明昔格达古湖形成之前攀枝花至涛源河流流向为自东而西,与现流向相反; 伴随着昔格达古湖的形成与切穿,攀枝花至涛源一带的水流开始由西向东,金沙江从此开始向东流去。     

昔格达地层研究综述

昔格达地层是分布于攀西地区的一种特殊的半成岩。围绕昔格达地层的地质环境、地质历史以及对西南地区古气候变化的反映等方面,地质学家展开了研究。攀西地区是我国能源、资源富集的地区,是我国未来重点发展的地区。昔格达地层的研究对于当地地质灾害的处理、基础设施的建设等都具有重要的意义。综述了昔格达地层的研究情况,对昔格达地层研究和攀西地区的建设具有重要的参考意义。     

昔格达地层研究综述

昔格达地层是分布于攀西地区的一种特殊的半成岩。围绕昔格达地层的地质环境、地质历史以及对西南地区古气候变化的反映等方面，地质学家展开了研究。攀西地区是我国能源、资源富集的地区，是我国未来重点发展的地区。昔格达地层的研究对于当地地质灾害的处理、基础设施的建设等都具有重要的意义。综述了昔格达地层的研究情况，对昔格达地层研究和攀西地区的建设具有重要的参考意义。     

四川泸定昔格达组的堰塞湖成因及其意义

文章通过对泸定大渡河上松林-大板厂地段T6阶地基座古堰塞坝崩塌-块体流堆积的识别,以及与其上游邻近地段甘海子T₆阶地基座昔格达组崩塌、块体流堆积至湖相沉积序列的对比和成因联系分析,阐明了泸定昔格达组的堰塞湖成因。该区在晚新生代时,由于古大渡河岸坡的不稳定性,发生大型崩塌-块体流,堵塞河道,形成古堰塞坝和古堰塞湖,并在湖盆中充填了以海子坪昔格达组上部为代表的湖相沉积和少量的低能河流相沉积;同时,指出在对昔格达组大区域对比和综合研究中,特别是在分析它的地质意义时,必须考虑这种复杂性和非等时性。古堰塞坝和古堰塞湖应对地质灾害监测和水利工程建设有很好的启示。     

A comparison of slope units and grid cells as mapping units for landslide susceptibility assessment

Landslides lead to a great threat to human life and property safety. The delineation of landslide-prone areas achieved by landslide susceptibility assessment plays an important role in landslide management strategy. Selecting an appropriate mapping unit is vital for landslide susceptibility assessment. This paper compares the slope unit and grid cell as mapping unit for landslide susceptibility assessment. Grid cells can be easily obtained and their matrix format is convenient for calculation. A slope unit is considered as the watershed defined by ridge lines and valley lines based on hydrological theory and slope units are more associated with the actual geological environment. Using 70% landslide events as the training data and the remaining landslide events for verification, landslide susceptibility maps based on slope units and grid cells were obtained respectively using a modified information value model. ROC curve was utilized to evaluate the landslide susceptibility maps by calculating the training accuracy and predictive accuracy. The training accuracies of the grid cell-based susceptibility assessment result and slope unit-based susceptibility assessment result were 80.9 and 83.2%, and the prediction accuracies were 80.3 and 82.6%, respectively. Therefore, landslide susceptibility mapping based on slope units performed better than grid cell-based method.     

河北省顺平县李思庄滑坡稳定性分析

李思庄滑坡为河北省顺平县境内潜在危险性最大的一残坡积堆积层滑坡,近年由于削坡建房,滑坡稳定性降低,极端降雨条件下存在复活可能。在野外调查确定滑坡结构特征的基础上,采用改进Mein-Larson降雨入渗模型分析不同降雨强度及持时对李思庄滑坡安全系数影响,运用有限差分软件FLAC3D计算分析该滑坡在天然和极端降雨工况下的稳定状态。研究结果表明:天然状态下,边坡潜在滑移面为基岩与残坡积层分界面,边坡安全系数为1.18,未发生失稳破坏;随降雨历时增加,潜在滑移面由基岩与残坡积层分界面转移到湿润峰面,当湿润峰达到基岩与残坡积层分界面,边坡安全系数为0.83,属不稳定状态。并对李思庄滑坡初步提出设置挡土墙和截排水沟的治理建议。      

卡拉水电站上田滑坡体稳定性分析及评价研究

[摘 要] 为了分析卡拉水电站工程区某滑坡体的稳定性,通过对其滑坡成因、地形地貌、地质构造、 岩土力学参数敏感性等内在因素分析可知,滑坡体随着坡面隆起和坡内扩容加剧,在外界作用下易导致 边坡失稳破坏;其层面与节理裂隙的不良组合为边坡变形失稳提供了边界,陡倾坡内的裂隙,为地下水 的入渗创造了条件;滑坡稳定性随着岩土力学强度参数的提高而增强。通过对降雨、水位升降和地震等 外在因素的敏感性分析可知,库水位骤升骤降对滑坡的稳定性影响较大;短期降雨影响较小,但时间增 长滑坡失稳概率增加;地震峰值对滑坡稳定性影响较为明显。同时根据分析结果对滑坡体进行了工况 及荷载组合,并对各工况组合进行了稳定性计算及评价,得出水位下降时滑坡稳定性处于极限状态,在 蓄水地震工况下失稳概率较大。     

Field investigation of force and displacement within a strata slope using a real-time remote monitoring system

Research on monitoring and forecasting technology for slope stability is important for ensuring railway operation. This paper presents field investigation of force and displacement within a strata slope using a real-time remote monitoring system. Based on the interactions of the landslide body, the landslide bed and the monitoring anchor of slope, the mechanical principle of relative movement between the landslide body and the landslide bed can be found. This paper puts forward stress data obtained from a monitoring anchor as the main criterion for landslide stability. The stress will change continually inside the slope mass before the occurrence of a landslide. When the sliding force is larger than the anti-sliding force, deformation and landslides will occur; thus, the change in stress occurs before the change in displacement. In this study, the internal stress, deep displacement and surface strain of a railway slope were measured by a real-time remote-monitoring system, and a vibration metre was installed on the surface of the railway slope to study the influence of the train vibration load on the stability of the slope. The monitoring results are synthetically analysed temporally and spatially, then a railway slope forecasting model is proposed. According to the railway slope field application, the forecasting model makes successful predictions.     

坡脚型与偏转型地震滑坡运动距离及地形因素作用

运动距离作为滑坡防灾减灾的主要评价指标之一,不仅受到滑坡体积和落差的控制,还与滑坡的下垫面场地的地形作用相关。通过分析坡脚型和偏转型两类典型的地震滑坡运动特征,研究了滑坡体积V、落差 、坡度差 和偏转角度 对最大垂直运动距离H、水平运动距离L以及坡脚以下或偏转后的水平运动距离 的作用。由于偏转型滑坡受偏转前、后坡度和偏转角度对运动距离的共同影响,导致 指标小于坡脚型滑坡,而两类滑坡的 的均值较为一致,表明地形因素对不同类型滑坡的水平运动参数的作用具有一致性特征。分别建立了体积、落差与地形参数的坡脚型和偏转型滑坡运动距离拟合方程。拟合方程的参数指标表明：体积对H的作用指数较小,体现了高位滑坡的运动特征; 对 的影响指数较小;坡脚型滑坡的坡度 对运动距离的影响指数都较为显著,偏转角度 对偏转型滑坡的 的影响较为显著。研究结果为滑坡运动距离的预测和地形因素控制提供了参考,并且对于坡脚型和偏转型滑坡运动距离的模拟和机制研究而言,不应忽略坡脚坡度差和偏转角度的作用。     

福建省周宁县马头山滑坡成因分析及治理研究

文章在分析福建周宁县马头山滑坡的地质环境条件的基础上,阐述了滑坡的形态、滑面滑床特征和变形特征以及气象水文、地形地貌和人类工程活动等内外营力对该滑坡的影响,并对滑坡的形成过程和机理进行了详细分析。研究结果表明,该滑坡形成过程及机理为：开挖-滑带土浸水软化、抗剪强度降低或丧失-坡面、坡顶开裂和坡脚剪切破坏-剪切破坏区向上发展与后缘张裂隙贯通-滑面贯通、滑坡产生。根据定量分析计算,在连续降雨或暴雨条件下,该滑坡整体超过临界稳定状态而处于不稳定状态,滑坡可能继续失稳破坏。根据滑坡特征,提出了采取削坡减载、排水及坡面防护的综合治理方案。     

Are real-world shallow landslides reproducible by physically-based models? Four test cases in the Laternser valley,Vorarlberg (Austria)

In contrast to the complex nature of slope failures, physically-based slope stability models rely on simplified representations of landslide geometry. Depending on the modelling approach, landslide geometry is reduced to a slope-parallel layer of infinite length and width (e.g., the infinite slope stability model), a concatenation of rigid bodies (e.g., Janbu’s model), or a 3D representation of the slope failure (e.g., Hovland’s model). In this paper, the applicability of four slope stability models is tested at four shallow landslide sites where information on soil material and landslide geometry is available. Soil samples were collected in the field for conducting respective laboratory tests. Landslide geometry was extracted from pre- and post-event digital terrain models derived from airborne laser scanning. Results for fully saturated conditions suggest that a more complex representation of landslide geometry leads to increasingly stable conditions as predicted by the respective models. Using the maximum landslide depth and the median slope angle of the sliding surfaces, the infinite slope stability model correctly predicts slope failures for all test sites. Applying a 2D model for the slope failures, only two test sites are predicted to fail while the two other remain stable. Based on 3D models, none of the slope failures are predicted correctly. The differing results may be explained by the stabilizing effects of cohesion in shallower parts of the landslides. These parts are better represented in models which include a more detailed landslide geometry. Hence, comparing the results of the applied models, the infinite slope stability model generally yields a lower factor of safety due to the overestimation of landslide depth and volume. This simple approach is considered feasible for computing a regional overview of slope stability. For the local scale, more detailed studies including comprehensive material sampling and testing as well as regolith depth measurements are necessary.     

斜坡临滑形变能释放与滑体起程速度关系的探讨

斜坡内聚集的巨大剪切形变能在临滑时释放,坡体能量释放率具有力的量纲,在坡体能量释放率幅值大于锁固段潜滑带抗剪强度幅值的情况下,坡体临滑释放的形变能将大于潜滑带岩体破裂需要的能量,所大于的部份将转变成滑体动能,滑动为剧动式滑坡;反之,则为缓动式滑坡。剧动式滑坡横截面上的弹冲速度与该点切应力的大小成正比。潜滑面附近坡体介质的切应力和切应变能密度最大,滑动时获得的弹冲速度也最大。导得蕴涵丰富信息量的斜坡弹性势能变化率曲线及其表达式,通过解析及Matlab图解形式对坡体的形变能聚集、临滑形变能释放量及其与滑体启动速度、启动方式进行了阐述。     

Mechanism and failure process of Qianjiangping landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir,China

The Qianjiangping landslide is a large planar rock slide which occurred in July 14, 2003 shortly after the water level reached 135 m in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China. The landslide destroyed 4 factories and 129 houses, took 24 lives, and made 1,200 people homeless. Field investigation shows that the contributing factors for the landslide are the geological structure of the slope, the previous surface of rupture, the water level rise, and continuous rainfall. In order to reveal the mechanism and failure process of the landslide, numerical simulation was conducted on Qianjiangping slope before sliding. Based on the characteristics and the engineering conditions of the landslide, the topography and the geological profiles of Qianjiangping slope before sliding is reconstructed. The seepage field of Qianjiangping slope before sliding was simulated with the Geostudio software. The results show that ground water table rises and bends to the slope during the rise of water level, and the slope surface becomes partially saturated within the period of continuous rainfall. Using the ground water table obtained above, the failure process of Qianjiangping slope is simulated with the Flac3D software. The results demonstrate that the shear strain increment, displacement, and shear failure area of the slope increased greatly after the water level rose and continuous rained, and the landslide was triggered by the combined effect both of water level rise and continuous rainfall. The development of shear strain increment, displacement, and shear failure area of the slope shows that the landslide was retrogressive in the lower part of the slope and progressive in the upper part of the slope.     

地震与强降雨作用下堆积体滑坡变形破坏机理及防治方案分析

位于西南山地堆积体滑坡常受到地震和强降雨的双重作用,查明此类滑坡变形破坏机理是地质灾害防治和风险防控的基础。文章的研究对象是鲜水河断裂带附近的炉霍县马居滑坡。研究表明,地震作用对位于斜坡地带堆积体滑坡体结构损伤明显,不但使滑坡整体稳定性下降,还促使坡体内裂隙大量发育,利于降雨入渗,进一步恶化滑坡的水文地质条件。强降雨形成的大规模洪水和泥石流下切坡脚沟道,牵引滑坡体整体向下。长历时强降雨入渗影响坡体稳定性,且在降雨结束后较长时间持续影响坡体稳定性。因此,对此类滑坡防治的对策应考虑坡脚防护和抗滑支挡设置。在对防治方案的有效性分析后,表明防护方案在极端条件下仍然能保障安全性,达防治和风险管控的目的。