UV-B辐射增加对小麦的影响

通过观测，分析了UV—B辐射增加对小麦生长发育的影响，计算了UV—B增加条件下对作物群体生产力生态特征值发生变化的情况。分析结果表明，UV—B辐射增加影响小麦生长发育表现在：生育期推迟，叶面积、分蘖和开花数减少，植株矮化，绿叶数、单株干物重、叶重、穗重等减小；影响小麦群体生产力表现在：群体生长率、相对生长率、叶面积指数、叶日积、净同化率都在生育期的中后期有很大幅度的减小，从而使小麦每亩株数、每株穗数、每穗粒数、千粒重也明显下降，最终影响到小麦群体生物学产量及经济学产量。     

紫外UV-B辐射增强对麦田蚜虫的影响

观测分析了大田条件下UV—B辐射增强对麦田中麦蚜的影响，结果表明UV—B辐射增强，蚜虫发生总量、小麦植株发生的百分率显著降低，蚜虫在穗部和植株上部叶片的发生概率下降，但蚜虫在叶片背光面发生数量增多，小麦植株的虫害发生概率降低。     

Interactive Effects of UV-B Radiation and Chemical Contamination on Physiological Parameters in the Lichen Ramalina lacera

To assess the impact of ultraviolet B (UV-B) radiation under laboratory conditions on lichens from different biomonitoring sites, thalli of the lichen Ramalina lacera were transplanted from a clean air site to nine different polluted sites in Israel. Our objective was to determine the probability of synergistic/antagonistic effects on physiological parameters by considering two stressors: chemical contamination and UV-B. Exposure to both airborne pollutants in the field and subsequent UV-B radiation in the laboratory which led to a severe disintegration of cell membranes, followed by electrolyte leakage, indicate the probability of a synergistic effect. The impairment of the potential quantum yield of electron transfer through photosystem II (PSII) of photosynthesis indicated by a significant decrease of the ratio F_v/F_m, further demonstrated the synergistic effect of both chemical contamination and UV-B radiation. Besides enlarged amounts of stress-ethylene in lichens at contaminated sites, the reduced levels of ethylene production upon UV-B radiation in the present study suggest the likelihood of an antagonistic effect of xenobiotic elements and UV-B radiation as a result of an impaired ethylene-producing system.     

Influence of UV-B Radiation and Temperature on Photodegradation of PAHs: Preliminary Results

The joint impact of UV-B radiation and temperature on photodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) sorbed to an organic solvent was assessed in this study. This approach was experimentally performed in a laboratory investigation by means of comparison of two different environments: Atlantic (Lancaster, UK) and Mediterranean (Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain) climatic conditions. The concentration of 10 PAHs contained in a tetradecane solution was compared under two different temperatures (10 and 20°C) and UV-B doses (6.5 and 22.5 kJ m⁻² day⁻¹). No photodegradation was observed for the heaviest hydrocarbons (benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenzo(g,h,i)perylene and coronene). In general terms, the half-life of PAHs was highly dependent on their molecular weight. Significant faster photodegradation rates were detected specially for light PAHs. It indicates that a synergistic effect occurred when both temperature and UV-B dose increased. This synergism might have a great implication on the long-range transport of environmental organic pollutants taking into account that low-latitude areas are the hottest and most irradiated of the planet.     

多种单多普勒雷达风场反演方法对比试验

采用典型风场资料对 4种单多普勒天气雷达风场反演方法进行了对比试验 ,这4种方法是 VAP方法 ,涡度 -散度法 ,简单伴随函数方法 ,动力方程组求解方法。试验结果表明 ,不同风场应采用不同反演方法。     

两种太阳紫外线辐射监测仪的对比观测

应用上海气科所SUR—1太阳紫外线辐射强度监测仪和美国EPPLY公司TUVR宽波段紫外线总辐射计在南宁进行对比观测，观测结果表明：SUR—1仪观测值比TUVR仪观测值明显偏小。两种仪器观测值相关系数高达0．98，可以从一种仪器的观测比较准确地估算出另一种仪器的观测值。该分析结果为采用不同紫外观测仪城市进行紫外观测对比具有一定意义，并可为准备购置紫外观测仪器的城市提供技术参考。     

UV-B辐射增强对河南省夏直播花生产量及品质的影响

在大田条件下,研究了模拟地表UV-B辐射增强对花生（开农49号）的产量及品质的影响.UV-B辐射设3个水平,即对照、增强20%和增强40%.结果表明：UV-B辐射增强能显著降低花生产量,产量下降的原因主要是由单位面积产量、株荚果数、百仁重减少造成的;花生品质受UV-B影响较为复杂,UV-B增强20%时,花生脂肪质量分数为51.02%,蛋白质质量分数为22.34%,油酸/亚油酸质量比为1.19,较对照组提高了0.02;UV-B增强40%时,花生脂肪质量分数为51.82%,蛋白质质量分数为22.56%,油酸/亚油酸质量比为1.28,较对照组提高了0.11.研究认为,UV-B辐射增强,不足以对花生的品质产生显著影响,这可能与设定的UV-B辐射强度、试验设计方案及花生的品种有关.     

UV-B辐射增强对不同品种花生结荚期生理特性日变化的影响

以3个花生品种（开农49号、64号和69号）为材料,通过大田模拟试验,研究UV-B辐射增强对花生结荚期叶片的净光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度（G_s）、胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）、蒸腾速率（T_r）和水分利用效率（E_wu）日变化的影响,为筛选高产、抗旱、抗UV-B辐射花生品种提供依据.UV-B辐射设2个水平即自然光（CK,1.5 kJ·m^-2）和UV-B增强20%（T,1.8 kJ·m^-2）.结果表明,UV-B辐射增强明显抑制花生的光合作用和蒸腾作用,与对照相比,UV-B增强条件下,开农49号、64号和69号P_n日均值分别降低19.4%、27.8%、24.7%;G_s日均值降低26.7%、42.9%、28.6%;C_i日均值降低27.2%、20.4%、23.1%;T_r日均值降低17.8%、23.3%、25.1%;E_wu日均值降低16.6%、23.2%、23.9%.UV-B辐射增强对3个品种生长都具有抑制效应,但品种间存在一定的敏感性差异,其中开农49号最不敏感,因此,开农49号在抗UV-B辐射方面比其他2个品种具有更大的优势.     

影响地面紫外辐射的因素分析

通过作者改进的离散坐标法（DISORT）辐射传输模式和部分观测资料考察了臭氧总量及其垂直分布、二氧化硫、气溶胶及火山气溶胶、地表反照率、太阳天顶角对到达地面紫外辐射的影响,以及云与紫外辐射的相互作用,给出了一些最主要的结果。此外,还简要地介绍了国内外紫外辐射观测研究的一些进展,特别是欧盟委员会资助开展的“确定UV-B辐射观测网标准”的科学计划。     

黄土高原典型塬区冬小麦地表辐射和能量平衡特征

利用2006年4～7月黄土高原陆气相互作用试验实际观测资料,分析了黄土高原典型塬区冬小麦生长过程中不同天气条件下的地表通量特征。发现在不同天气条件下辐射平衡和能量平衡特征有很大变化。地面向上长波辐射在晴天、阴天、降水天时依次减小,到达峰值时间约滞后总辐射峰值到达时间1 h左右。大气向下长波辐射与地表向上长波恰恰相反,晴天量值最小,基本稳定在300 W·m-2左右,阴天和降水天依次增大。潜热是能量通量的主要消耗项,在夜间也大于零,夜间感热则为负值。土壤热通量达到峰值时间滞后于净辐射峰值到达时间约1.5 h,其日平均值晴天为正,阴天约为零,降水天则为负值。日平均波文比阴天大于晴天和降水天。植被覆盖度高时,土壤植被系统截留的总辐射也高。