中酸性火成岩岩石化学计算若干问题的讨论及解决方案

对于中酸性火成岩,CIPW标准矿物与岩石实际矿物成分之间的差别是明显的。为了缩小这一差別,作者讨论了和岩石化学计算有关的若干问题,在此基研上提出了适用于中酸性火成岩的岩石化学计算方案。计算实例表明,本文方案能够弥补CIPW标准矿物分子法的某些不足。     

ClPW标准矿物电算程序

一前言岩石化学分析数据的换算、整理和对比的方法很多,换算工作量也较大.笔者就国内外常用的CIPW标准矿物计算方法,用ALGOL60语言编制了电算程序.该程序除计算并输出经典的CIPW标准矿物含量外,还同时计算并输出近十年来岩石化学领域常用到的其他一些化学成分特征参数,供岩系划分、岩石分类命名时参考.本程序尽量做到一次计算后能获得更多的数据.     

CIPW标准矿物计算方法与程序设计

CIPW标准矿物计算方法是一百多年前由Cross、Iddings、Pirrson和Washington四位学者设计的岩浆岩岩石化学数据的处理方法,至今在岩浆岩研究中仍发挥着重要的作用.国外学者先后开发了多款软件及Excel工作表,但国内在相关的软件开发方面却显得薄弱.本文在全面评估CIPW标准矿物计算方法的基础上,介绍了作者应用Excel VBA设计的一套计算机程序,该程序除了可计算出标准矿物组成以外,还可计算常用的岩石化学参数.经与前人的计算结果对比表明,该程序的计算结果正确的、可靠的.     

关于高氟贫钙花岗岩“CIPW”法计算问题

“CIPW”法是美国岩石学家克劳斯、伊丁斯、皮尔逊和华盛顿于80多年前创立的一种岩石化学成分计算方法,目的在于把1900年以前积累的大量的岩浆岩分析结果归入一定的系统,进而划分岩石类型。目前,此方法在欧美及我国地质工作者中仍广为引用。一般是把岩浆岩化学成分经“CIPW”法逐步换算后,用来确定岩浆岩的种属、讨论岩浆的热力学状态和岩浆演化等等岩体地质问题。     

一种计算岩石中矿物组成的新方法

介绍根据显微下观察,应用岩石化学全分析结果和分子量计算法计算岩石中矿物组成的新方法。所得各种矿物的组成是整块岩石在三维立体体积中各种矿物的质量分数,比目前沿用的目测一个岩石切面上各种矿物的面积百分比法更准确,比CIPW标准矿物分子法更符合岩石样品组合的实际情况,而且可用于含云母族、绿泥石族和铀矿物等蚀变矿化的花岗岩及沉积岩、变质岩的矿物组成计算。     

微型计算机的岩石和矿物数据处理系统

中国科学院地质所岩石研究室经过多年实际运用,有下列主要岩石学和矿物学数据处理系统程序: 1.标准矿物分子(CIPW)计算程序:输入岩石化学分析数据,可计算28个标准矿物分子和39个常用的岩石化学特征参数,在程序中设计了几种Fe~(3+)和Fe~(2+)修正可选择开关, 2.矿物晶体化学式和某些矿物端员分子数计算程序:包括氧原子法和阳离子法,适用于硅酸盐矿物(含水矿物除外,但可计算含OH矿物的分子式)和氧化物。使用者可自由地进     

西秦岭温泉斑岩型钼矿花岗岩类地球化学特征

温泉斑岩型钼矿床产出于印支期复式杂岩体中。围岩属富钾钙碱性岩石,经CIPW计算,岩石属正常型,在Q-A-P图解中样品均落入二长花岗岩区。通过微量元素分析,与成矿关系密切的元素为Mo、Cu、Ag、As、Bi。稀土地球化学研究表明,岩石轻稀土富集,分馏程度好,铕亏损强烈。岩石属壳、幔源混浆作用的产物,提供了成矿物质来源。     

基于改进的SVM技术和高光谱遥感的标准矿物定量计算

基于支持向量机(SVM)统计理论,并对其从核函数构造方面进行改进,通过主成分分析、包络线去除、光谱导数变换等对原始Hyperion高光谱数据进行降维、变换与特征提取,分析比较了这些变换后不同的回归效果,并将其应用在内蒙古霍林郭勒地区岩石中氧化物质量分数的反演中。同时,鉴于某些重要矿物本身并没有明显的特征光谱曲线,提出一种新的矿物定量方法。首先,基于高光谱遥感数据,利用改进的SVM回归技术反演矿物中的化学成分,然后通过标准矿物计算（CIPW）推导岩石中标准矿物的质量分数。研究结果表明：基于改进核函数后的SVM回归精度有所提高,其中导数变换后的反演精度达74.87%,比原始光谱反演精度提高了4.11%。CIPW应用于高光谱遥感地质填图效果良好,为岩性鉴定和评价提供了科学依据。     

岩石侵蚀速率测算方法研究综述及展望

讨论了目前应用比较广泛的几种测算岩石侵蚀速率的方法,将目前岩石侵蚀速率测算方法分为2类:一类为质量测算法,包括公式计算法、流域水化学监测法、样品称重法;另一类为几何测算法,包括微侵蚀测量仪法、对比计算法和宇宙成因核素法.探讨了各方法的测算原理、优缺点及其适用领域,质量测算法中的公式计算法和流域水化学监测法比较适用于大面积的国土监测工作;样品称重法和3类几何测算法适用于尺度较小的地学研究和文物保护、工程技术等应用领域.最后,总结了岩石侵蚀速率研究者和案例地的地理分布规律,并对岩石侵蚀速率测算研究进行了展望.     

花岗岩类自然矿物岩石化学换算及程序设计

花岗岩类自然矿物岩石化学换算是由我国学者朱为方和唐春景设计的针对花岗岩类的标准矿物计算方法.该方法相对于CIPW标准矿物计算做了很大的改进,突出的表现在:(1)几乎能计算出花岗岩中所有的矿物,如各类云母、角闪石、堇青石、夕线石,使标准矿物与实际矿物的组成更加接近;(2)部分矿物的化学组成(如云母、角闪石)会随主岩的成分...     

东天山博格达造山带石炭纪火山岩及其形成地质环境

东天山博格达造山带早、中石炭世海相火山地具有双峰式特征,主要岩性为富钠的玄武岩和流纹岩,其次是英安岩,安山质岩石极少出现。玄武岩的特征是：少数岩石含有实际矿物石英,个别岩石含橄榄石斑晶;辉石主要是透辉石和次透辉石,其成分富含铝（Ａｌ２Ｏ３＝４．１７～５．９９）和钛（ＴｉＯ２＝２．８０～４．７８）;基质中的长石主要是钠－更长石,斑晶中有相当数量的中长石和拉长石;全岩化学成分ＣＩＰＷ计算结果绝大部分含     

Moon—An albite depleted giant Skaergaard?

The chemical composition of 2188 terrestrial igneous rocks ranging from ultrabasic to granitic composition was analyzed statistically using the method of factor analysis (principal components). The resultant first and second factors were: $$\begin{gathered} {\text{ }}F_1 = 0.933{\text{ Na}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O + 0}}{\text{.143 SiO}}_{\text{2}} + 0.206{\text{ K}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}} - 0.346{\text{ CaO}} - 0.263{\text{ MgO}} - \hfill \\ .203{\text{ FeO}} \pm \cdot \cdot \cdot \hfill \\ {\text{ }}F_2 = 0.979{\text{ Al}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}_{\text{3}} - 0.269{\text{ MgO}} - 0.151{\text{ SiO}}_{\text{2}} - 0.112{\text{ FeO}} \pm \cdot \cdot \cdot \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ where oxides are in weight percent. A plot of the first factor against the second results in a useful igneous variation diagram. When the compositions of the 2188 terrestrial rocks and 604 lunar rocks are plotted on this diagram, the two groups of rocks are clearly separated within an albite-anorthite-forsterite-fayalite-quartz polygon. None of the terrestrial differentiation trends are significant for lunar rocks. The major difference in the chemistry of lunar and terrestrial rocks lies in the former being albite poor. Removal of most of the albite from the compositions of terrestrial layered intrusives such as the Skaergaard results in an excellent match between the compositions of the two groups of rocks. Albite subtracted compositions of Skaergaard rocks in particular cover the entire range of chemical variation in the lunar rocks. The statistical results prompt us to speculate further on the similarity of the moon and Skaergaard. We note that the average composition of the moon (Wanke et al., 1974) is similar to the albite subtracted composition of the Skaergaard magma. The lunar crust and a significant part of the lunar interior may match the albite subtracted and somewhat Mg enriched Skaergaard magma.     

滇西剑川OIB型苦橄玢岩:俯冲板块断离的产物?

滇西剑川地区出露小规模的OIB型苦橄质次火山岩,主要由橄榄石、单斜辉石和斜长石组成,其中橄榄石主要为贵橄榄石,Mg^#最高可达88.8。全岩SiO₂含量为43%~48%,MgO含量为12%~24%。根据橄榄石-熔体平衡原理,恢复的原始岩浆为苦橄质岩浆(MgO=13%,FeO=10%)。苦橄玢岩的微量元素标准化图解与洋岛玄武岩(OIB)相似,具有相对富集轻稀土(LREE)和大离子亲石元素(LILE)的特点。此外,斑晶橄榄石中普遍含有熔融包裹体和尖晶石包裹体。尖晶石属于富铬尖晶石,Cr^#最高可达69.0,且尖晶石具有较低的Al₂O₃(12.5%~18.6%)和较高的TiO₂(0.2%~1.7%)含量。微量元素模拟结果表明,苦橄质岩浆是高温高压(T≈1470℃,P≈2.7GPa)条件下石榴子石相橄榄岩低度部分熔融(4%~7%)的产物。结合苦橄玢岩的分布特征,推测苦橄质岩浆的形成可能与中新世时印度板块向欧亚板块高角度深俯冲过程中板片的断离导致软流圈物质沿着板片窗上涌而发生熔融有关。     

汪清县六道崴子地区碱长花岗岩地质特征及构造背景分析

分布在汪清县六道崴子地区的碱长花岗岩,研究后认为是A型花岗岩。其特征是具晶洞构造,钾长石是中正微长石,斜长石为钠长石(An=1),SiO2、K2O、Na2O质量分数较高,CaO、MgO质量分数较低。∑REE质量分数为139.3,δEu为0.14,亏损十分明显,是非造山期拉张构造环境形成的碱性花岗岩。     

济南辉长岩岩浆演化过程:来自熔体包裹体的证据

本研究首次报道了早白垩世济南辉长岩中橄榄石斑晶捕获的熔体包裹体的研究结果。济南辉长岩中橄榄石的Fo(60.3~74.6),Mn(2500~3500μg/g),Ni(70~1349μg/g),Fe/Mn比值(61.2~83.5),与源区母岩为纯的橄榄岩形成的熔体结晶出的橄榄石性质不同,可能与源区存在辉石岩的贡献有关。橄榄石中熔体包裹体主量元素具有较大的变化范围。熔体包裹体成分的标准矿物计算(CIPW)表明,MgO10%的熔体包裹体为含有霞石和橄榄石标准矿物分子的硅不饱和熔体,Mg O10%时为含石英标准矿物分子的硅饱和熔体。橄榄石中包裹有辉石和斜长石,说明岩浆演化过程应该处于开放环境。熔体包裹体的(~208Pb/~206Pb)i和(~207Pb/~206Pb)i与MgO具有良好的负相关关系,与SiO_2具有良好的正相关关系,以及熔体包裹体具有较高的SiO_2特征表明岩浆演化过程中可能有下地壳长英质组分的加入。熔体包裹体的Pb同位素落在EMI附近并向EMII延伸,其源区可能有EMI和EMII的贡献,熔体包裹体的主量元素成分说明其源区母岩可能有橄榄岩和辉石岩的贡献。     

Fluid–rock interaction at a carbonatite-gneiss contact, Alnö, Sweden

We evaluate balanced metasomatic reactions and model coupled reactive and isotopic transport at a carbonatite-gneiss contact at Alnö, Sweden. We interpret structurally channelled fluid flow along the carbonatite-gneiss contact at ～640°C. This caused (1) metasomatism of the gneiss, by the reaction: ${\hbox{biotite} + \hbox{quartz} + \hbox{oligoclase} + \hbox{K}_{2} \hbox{O} +\,\hbox{Na}_{2}\hbox{O} \pm \hbox{CaO} \pm \hbox{MgO} \pm \hbox{FeO} = \hbox{albite} + \hbox{K-feldspar} + \hbox{arfvedsonite} + \hbox{aegirene-}\hbox{augite} + \hbox{H}_{2} \hbox{O} + \hbox{SiO}_{2}}We evaluate balanced metasomatic reactions and model coupled reactive and isotopic transport at a carbonatite-gneiss contact at Aln?, Sweden. We interpret structurally channelled fluid flow along the carbonatite-gneiss contact at ∼640°C. This caused (1) metasomatism of the gneiss, by the reaction: , (2) metasomatism of carbonatite by the reaction: calcite + SiO₂ = wollastonite + CO₂, and (3) isotopic homogenization of the metasomatised region. We suggest that reactive weakening caused the metasomatised region to widen and that the metasomatic reactions are chemically (and possibly mechanically) coupled. Spatial separation of reaction and isotope fronts in the carbonatite conforms to a chromatographic model which assumes local calcite–fluid equilibrium, yields a timescale of 10²–10⁴ years for fluid–rock interaction and confirms that chemical transport towards the carbonatite interior was mainly by diffusion. We conclude that most silicate phases present in the studied carbonatite were acquired by corrosion and assimilation of ijolite, as a reactive by-product of this process and by metasomatism. The carbonatite was thus a relatively pure calcite–H₂O−CO₂–salt melt or fluid.     

Thermodynamic analysis of Fe and Mg partitioning between plagioclase and silicate liquid

 Thermodynamic analysis of Fe- and Mg-bearing plagioclase and silicate liquid was carried out based on reported element partitioning data between plagioclase and silicate liquid in reduced conditions, solution properties of ternary feldspar, standard state properties of plagioclase endmembers and solution properties of multicomponent silicate liquid. Derived mixing properties of Fe- and Mg-bearing plagioclase are in harmony with estimated results from synthetic experiments in the systems CaAl₂Si₂O₈-CaFeSi₃O₈ and CaAl₂Si₂O₈-CaMgSi₃O₈. Based on the determined solution properties of the plagioclase, a computer program to calculate the element partition relationships between Fe- and Mg-bearing plagioclase and multicomponent silicate liquid was developed. The FeO, MgO and MgO/(MgO + FeO) in plagioclase predicted from known liquid compositions and pressure are in agreement with measurements within 0.2 wt%, 0.1 wt% and 0.1 (mol ratio), respectively. The Fe³⁺ content in plagioclase crystallized at high oxygen fugacity can be estimated with this program. The Fe³⁺/total Fe ratio in plagioclase crystallized near the quartz-fayalite-magnetite buffer ranges from 0 to 0.5, which is consistent with previous study on natural plagioclase in submarine basalt. Derived solution properties of the Fe- and Mg-bearing plagioclase are also used to calculate equilibrium composition relationship between olivine and plagioclase. Change of X _Fo in olivine coexisting with plagioclase affects MgO and FeO contents in plagioclase greatly. The present model predicts X _Fo of coexisting olivine from the chemical composition of plagioclase to ±0.1 accuracy at given pressure and temperature. Received: 27 March 1998 / Accepted: 30 September 1999     

Description and interpretation of the composition of fluid and alteration mineralogy in the geothermal system,at Svartsengi,Iceland

The bulk composition and mineralogy of hydrothermally altered tholeiite, along with the composition and speciation of fluid, have been determined for a well-defined alteration zone at 240°C and 110 bars at Svartsengi, Iceland. Mass balances between the geothermal fluid and altered tholeiite, relative to a seawater/fresh water mixture and unaltered tholeiite, indicate the overall reaction per 1000 cm³ is: 1325 gm plagioclase + 1228 gm pyroxene + 215 gm oxide-minerals break down to form 685 gm chlorite + 636 gm albite + 441 gm quartz + 249 gm epidote + 266 gm calcite + 201 gm oxide-minerals + 15 gm pyrite, requiring an influx of 123 gm CO₂, 10 gm H₂S and 4 gm Na₂O and a release of 57 gm SiO₂, 35 gm FeO, 21 gm CaO, 8 gm MgO and 4 gm K₂O.Principal reactions, deduced from textural evidence, include Na-Ca exchange in plagioclase, precipitation of quartz, calcite and anhydrite, and formation of chlorite and epidote by reactions between groundmass minerals and fluid.Thermodynamic analyses of authigenic minerals and downhole fluid indicate that the fluid maintains a state close to equilibrium with the secondary mineral phases chlorite, epidote, albite, quartz, calcite, prehnite, anhydrite, pyrite and magnetite, whereas remnant primary labradorite and augite are out of equilibrium with the fluid.Water/rock ratios for the system are determined under a variety of assumptions. However, the open nature of the system makes comparisons with experimental and theoretical closed system studies ambiguous.     

粤北诸广矿区碱交代岩岩石化学和矿物化学特征及其与铀成矿关系

诸广矿区与铀矿化关系密切的碱交代作用广泛发育,碱交代岩与围岩(正常花岗岩)对比,Na2O、K2O明显增高,Al2O3、Fe2O3也增高;SiO2明显降低,FeO、MgO、CaO也降低,表明K2O和Na2O被带入。矿物化学成分分析得出诸广碱交代岩的长石主要为钠长石与钾长石;绿泥石主要属铁镁绿泥石和蠕绿泥石;黄铁矿有的含铀量较高,据Fe/S值属硫亏损型,据S/Se值属岩浆热液矿床范畴;云母属白云母及少量铁白云母;铀矿物和含铀矿物的UO2含量以沥青铀矿较高,钍石较低,铀矿石的蚀变矿物和造岩矿物有的也含微量铀。碱交代作用既释放矿质又为矿质沉淀创造空间,碱交代岩既提供铀源又是一种有利的成矿围岩。     

八方山大型多金属矿床热水沉积岩相特征与矿化剂组分关系

陕西八方山大型(金)多金属矿床赋存在于中泥盆统吉维特晚期的热水沉积岩相中。富SiO2酸酐型热水同生—交代沉积作用形成热水同生沉积微相(层状硅质岩)、热水同生交代微相(微晶石英岩及硅化灰岩)；富Fe^2 - Mg^2 碳酸盐型热水同生沉积作用形成层状含铜硅质铁白云岩；在同生断裂附近，因热水液压致裂-隐爆作用形达含铜黄铁矿硅质铁白云石角砾岩；富Na^ 铝硅酸盐型／富Fe^2 、Mg^2 碳酸盐型热流体在同生断裂中形成热水充填微相(穿层脉状钠长石碳酸岩)；低温热卤水(富F、Ba、B、As、Sb)形成热卤水同生沉积微相。矿质大规模沉淀的地球化学动力学因素为：在热水沉积成矿盆地中，在单一成分热水体系的温度、压力改变而发生快速化学沉淀；不同成分、性态的热水混合后，强烈的酸—碱作用及Eh-pH剧变等，触发热水体系失稳，引起矿质大规模沉积。[SiO2]和F可能是重要的矿化剂。