盐湖相低熟油脂肪酸的组成与分布特征

对泌阳凹陷碱性盐湖相、舞阳凹陷盐湖相、襄城凹陷膏盐湖相、南阳凹陷淡水湖相低熟油脂肪酸组成和分布特征进行了分析与研究。结果表明这些不同盐湖相的低熟原油的脂肪酸为丰度不同的饱和正构酸、不饱和正构酸、少量异构酸、类异戊二烯酸及脂肪酸乙酯系列化合物。脂肪酸的组成和分布反映了原始有机质的来源。     

河南舞阳和襄城两凹陷未熟—低熟油形成模式及勘探前景

河南舞阳、襄城凹陷下第三系核桃园组为一套含膏岩、盐岩的暗色泥岩生油建造 ,大部分暗色泥岩属较好和好的烃源岩 ,生油母质以Ⅱ1型为主 ,烃源岩大部分处于未熟—低熟演化阶段。两凹陷在已钻探的井中见到丰富的油气显示 ,并试获少量原油 ,均属未熟—低熟油 ,但是至今未发现工业油流。通过与江汉盆地的对比研究 ,认为舞阳、襄城两凹陷具备形成中小油气田的地质条件 ,有望获得工业油流。     

沾化凹陷长堤潜山披覆构造带油气成藏特征

通过分析沾化凹陷长堤潜山披覆构造带的形成机理及发育史,利用三维地震及钻井、试油、试采等资料,解剖了其油气藏分布特点及油气分布规律,证实长堤潜山披覆构造带是一个复式油气聚集带,工堤断层不仅是油气运移的通道,也是油藏的侧向封堵断层,还是该区形成油气藏的主要控制因素。该潜山披覆构造带的中生界、下第三系和上第三系发育有背斜、断块、断鼻、地层超覆及不整合等多种油气藏类型,是一个油气比较富集的潜山披覆构造带。     

东营凹陷通61断块沙二段沉积微相特征及对油藏形成的控制作用

该文综合利用沉积学、古生物学及地球物理学标志，对东营凹陷通６１断块的沉积微相类型及其特征进行了详细划分和描述。系统编制了区内沙二段７个砂层组中５１上小层沉积微相平面展布图，展示了各小层沉积时的地理面貌和沉积格局，阐明了各类储集砂体的平面分布特征，文中还详细讨论了沉积微相对油藏形成的控制作用。     

琼东南盆地崖北凹陷构造特征及其对油气成藏的影响

在对崖北凹陷地震资料精细解释的基础上,重新认识了凹陷结构和断裂发育特征。研究认为,受5号断裂控制,崖北凹陷整体呈北断南超的构造格局,凹陷可划分为陡坡带、深洼带和缓坡带。2号断裂控制的陵水低凸起对崖北凹陷崖城组煤系烃源岩发育有重要影响。继承性发育的伸展构造是崖北凹陷的主要构造样式,断层型圈闭是该地区发育的主要圈闭类型。崖北凹陷南部、东南部低角度缓坡带圈闭落实,并发育有匹配的煤系烃源岩,是崖北凹陷的有利勘探区域。     

苏丹穆格莱德盆地福拉凹陷油气成藏特征及勘探启示

福拉凹陷下白垩统Abu Gabra组发育有湖相好—极好烃源岩,但热演化程度低、成藏主控因素不确定,勘探潜力不明。通过地层层序划分、构造分析、沉积相分析,认为张剪性区域构造背景控制福拉凹陷的构造与沉积发育,下白垩统Abu Gabra组发育有一定规模有效生烃凹陷,可形成Abu Gabra组烃源岩层,Abu Gabra组自储自盖,Bentiu组储、Aradeiba组盖及Aradeiba组自储自盖等3套生储盖组合,其中第二套储盖组合为该凹陷不同于六区其他凹陷的良好储盖组合。紧邻生烃凹陷、继承性发育的构造带,如中部滚动背斜—断鼻、南部次凹西缘断鼻、南部断阶带断鼻、北部次凹东缘断鼻等构造带是有利的成藏带。继承性发育的Fula1号滚动背斜、Fula2号断鼻构造具有多套储盖组合,勘探风险低,为有利的勘探目标。这些认识为福拉凹陷油气勘探提供了科学依据,且其研究方法及思路也为新区油气勘探提供良好的借鉴。     

海拉尔盆地呼和湖凹陷下白垩统层序构成样式及油气成藏模式

分析在不同构造背景下发育的层序构成样式,可以更加精确地预测有利勘探区带和油气藏。利用地震、钻井、测井、岩心以及古生物等资料,依据层序界面特征,将呼和湖凹陷下白垩统划分为3个二级层序、5个三级层序。依据构造背景,将研究区划分出断控陡坡带、缓坡断阶带、洼槽带等3种构造单元,在此基础上分不同构造单元建立了相应的层序构成样式:断控陡坡型层序构成样式、缓坡断阶型层序构成样式、洼槽型层序构成样式。研究结果表明,不同的构造单元具有各自特征的层序构成样式和沉积体系域构成模式,不同类型层序构成样式也决定了不同的构造单元具有不同的油气成藏模式。在断控陡坡带主要发育断层-岩性和断鼻型油气藏,在缓坡断阶带发育断层-岩性和地层超覆型油气藏,在洼槽带主要发育自生自储型的透镜体油气藏;此外,洼槽边缘可发育断层-岩性型油气藏。     

泌阳凹陷核桃园组未熟——低熟油地球化学特征及精细油源对比

未熟-低熟油在南襄盆地泌阳凹陷广泛分布,并具有饱和烃含量较低、胶质和沥青质含量较高的特征.在分析泌阳凹陷未熟-低熟油地球化学特征的基础上,开展了精细油源对比,并研究了未熟-低熟油的形成条件.泌阳凹陷未熟-低熟油成熟度参数:C29ααα20S/(S R)峰面积比值为0.10～0.33,C29ββ/(αα ββ)峰面积比值为0.11～0.28,Ts/(Ts Tm)峰面积比值均不大干0.34,具有未熟一低熟油成熟度低的特征.利用伽马蜡烷/C30藿烷峰面积比值和三环萜烷/(C29 C30)藿烷峰面积比值两项指标将泌阳凹陷未熟-低熟油划分为A、B和C型.A型具有伽马蜡烷/C30藿烷峰面积比值和三环萜烷/(C29 C30)藿烷峰面积比值都较低的"两低"特征,母源主要为核三段上部泥质烃源岩;B型具有伽马蜡烷/C30霍垸峰面积比值和三环萜烷/(C29 C30)藿烷峰面积比值均较高的"两高"特征,与核三段下部泥质烃源岩具有很好的亲缘关系;C型具有伽马蜡烷/C30藿烷峰面积比值高,但三环萜烷/(C29 C30)藿烷峰面积比值低的"一高一低"特征,源岩为核二段白云岩.研究表明泌阳凹陷核三段和核二段未熟-低熟烃源岩高可溶有机质含量和有利的生储组合关系是研究区未熟-低熟油形成的两个重要条件.     

潍北凹陷孔二段沉积特征

综合运用岩心、钻井、测井及地震资料,对潍北凹陷古近系孔二段地层特征及沉积演化进行了系统研究。结果表明,潍北凹陷孔二段可以划分为两个中期旋回和9个短期旋回。受到早期古城-潍河口断裂强烈活动的影响,在盆地西北部存在一个沉积沉降中心,地层向南部超覆,由北向南变薄。孔二段主要发育扇三角洲相和湖泊相,古城-潍河口断裂下降盘发育小规模近岸水下扇相。孔二下亚段为盆地初始形成期沉积,湖盆水体较浅,半深湖相仅在古城-潍河口断层下降盘发育,物源供给少且粒度较细;孔二中亚段沉积时期,物源供给充足,南部斜坡带、瓦城断阶带和灶户断鼻带发育大规模的扇三角洲相,扇体前端发育大规模滨浅湖滩坝相;孔二上亚段沉积时期,湖盆水体最深,发育大范围的半湖相沉积,物源供给减少,南部斜坡带、瓦城断阶带和灶户断鼻带继承性发育扇三角洲相,但分布范围变小。扇三角洲前缘水下分流河道砂体、浊积扇及滩坝砂体是孔二段的有利储集砂体。     

惠民凹陷基山砂体成因及成藏机制探讨

基山砂体是沙三段沉积时期发育于惠民凹陷西北部的一套碎屑岩沉积。前人认为它是与东营凹陷有少体相似的深水浊积扇。通过近期对砂体的沉积相、地震相及测井相特征的综合分析,认为基山砂体属三角洲沉积。作为优质储集层,砂体存在三种油藏类型,即构造油藏、岩性油藏与构造－岩性油藏。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.