季铵盐类化合物灭杀赤潮异弯藻的实验研究

通过对几种不同结构的季铵盐类化合物对赤潮异弯藻的去除效率进行比较，发现具有一定结构的季铵盐类化合物对该种藻具有较强的灭杀去除效果；在相同用量（质量）下，含有一个长碳链的季铵盐化合物的灭杀效果明显高于含有双长链的季铵盐化合物。同时，通过测定十六烷基三甲基溴化铵作用下的赤潮异弯藻的叶绿素含量变化和光合作用强度，并借用透射电镜研究了受肋迫藻细胞的亚显微结构，从而分析了季铵盐类化合物灭杀赤潮生物的原理：季铵盐对赤潮异弯藻的“毒性“主要是由于其强表面活性，易于吸附在藻细胞的磷脂双分子膜结构的表面，从而引起膜结构的破坏和功能的丧失，进而导致细胞死亡。     

铁铝复合改性粘土去除藻华生物的效率与机制初探

粘土表面改性是提高粘土絮凝有害藻华效率的重要方法。本文融合铁系与铝系絮凝剂的优点,将两者复合,制备出了不同Fe含量的铁铝复合改性粘土,考察其对东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)、赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiwo)和塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)的去除效率。结果表明,铁的复合对原改性粘土去除藻华生物的效率具有提升作用,该作用随Fe含量的增加而增大,最高可达20%—30%。本研究还采用Zeta电位仪和粒子成像测速仪测定了复合改性粘土在海水中的表面特征和絮凝特性,发现与原改性粘土相比,铁铝复合改性粘土体系中,随Fe含量的增多,粘土表面电位最高可提升15%;稳定絮凝体指数(γ)降低,絮体强度增加。因此, Fe盐的引入,可以有效提高改性粘土颗粒表面正电性和絮体的抗破坏能力,从而增强改性粘土的絮凝除藻效果。     

改性粘土絮凝法对太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)稚贝的影响

本实验以太平洋牡蛎稚贝(Crassostrea gigas,～0.2cm)为对象,研究了HDTMA有机改性粘土和PAC无机改性粘土絮凝法治理赤潮时对海洋底栖生物的影响。96h急性毒性实验中二者对牡蛎稚贝的半致死浓度(LC50)分别为4.62g/L和2.67g/L。在能够有效去除赤潮微藻的浓度条件下(0.10g/L),经慢性毒性实验发现改性粘土对牡蛎稚贝成活率无影响,牡蛎生长速度较对照组没有明显差异,滤食率比培养实验初始时升高了3～4倍,同时在牡蛎超微组织结构中未发现机械损伤。通过模拟改性粘土去除赤潮生物(Heterosigma akashiwo和Prorocentrum donghaiense)过程中对生物体的影响,发现改性粘土絮凝法通过去除赤潮藻能显著提高牡蛎的存活率,所以HDTMA有机改性粘土和PAC无机改性粘土絮凝法在赤潮生物防控中可以作为一项有效的应急措施。     

粘土-MMH体系絮凝赤潮生物的动力学研究

根据分子碰撞理论和粘土表面改性对絮凝作用的影响,进行了粘土－ＭＭＨ体系絮凝沉降赤潮异弯藻（Ｈｅｔｅｒｏｓｉｇｍａ ａｋａｓｈｉｗｏ针藻）和新月菱形藻（Ｎｉｔｚｓｃｈｉａ ｃｌｏｔｅｒｉｕｍ）硅藻）表面电性,并对上述两种藻进行絮凝动力学实验。结果表明,一定颗粒度的粘土对赤潮异弯藻和新月菱表藻的絮凝速率随体系中ＭＭＨ比例的增大而呈不同程度的提高,对于粘土／ＭＭＨ比一定的混合体系,絮凝速率随粘土浓度的增     

芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)及其复合粘土对典型赤潮生物的去除作用研究

有害赤潮对海洋生态环境和沿海经济危害巨大,如何安全、有效地治理有害赤潮非常重要。文章考察了几种常见芽孢杆菌对近海典型赤潮生物——东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)的去除作用,发现解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)对其去除作用最强。进一步考察解淀粉芽孢杆菌对不同赤潮生物的去除作用,发现该芽孢杆菌对米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)和赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiwo)的去除作用高于东海原甲藻。在此基础上,将解淀粉芽孢杆菌与高岭土复合,研究了微生物复合粘土对典型赤潮生物的去除效果。结果表明,解淀粉芽孢杆菌与高岭土复合后,能够有效促进该菌的生长,进而提升了其对赤潮生物的去除能力。文章对芽孢杆菌及其复合粘土去除赤潮生物的机制进行了分析和探讨,为进一步发展和优化改性粘土治理赤潮技术体系提供了重要参考。     

改性粘土对球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)和东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)的去除作用

利用改性粘土去除藻华生物是目前有害藻华应急处置最常用的方法。本文研究了六种铝盐改性粘土(PAC-MC、PAFC-MC、PAFCs-MC、AC-MC、AS-MC、PAS-MC)对藻华生物球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)、东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)的去除效率,考察了悬浮液pH、改性粘土颗粒表面电位及粒径分布等因子对去除效率的影响。结果显示:不同赤潮生物由于生物特征不同,其去除效率存在较大差异,PAC-MC、PAFC-MC、PAFCs-MC对东海原甲藻有较高的去除效率,但对于球形棕囊藻去除能力较差;AC-MC、AS-MC、PAS-MC对两种藻华生物均有较好的去除效果,但对水体酸碱扰动较大,在pH敏感水域应注意用量;对于同一种改性粘土,提高铝离子含量、增加改性粘土浓度有利于除藻效率的提升;自絮凝程度越低、表面正电性越强(或负电性越弱)、悬浮液pH值越低的改性粘土,除藻能力越强。本研究进一步为改性粘土应急处置有害藻华提供了参考。     

粘土-MMH体系对赤潮生物的絮凝作用机制研究

根据粘土表面改性对其絮凝作用影响的理论模型,提出在粘土中引入ＭＭＨ（混合金属层状氢氧化物正电胶体）的改性方法,考察了ＭＭＨ浓度及ｐＨ值对絮凝作用的影响。结果表明,粘土中引和ＭＭＨ后,显著提高了对赤潮异弯藻（Ｈｅｔｅｒｏｓｉｇｍａａｋａｓｈｉｖｏ）和新月菱形藻（Ｎｉｔｚｃｈｉａｃｌｏｓｔｅｒｉｕｍ）的去除效率,二者的适宜配比为ＭＭＨ;粘土＝０．１ｇ：１ｇ,在此基础上,进一步研究了ＭＭＨ促进粘土絮凝作     

超声改性对不同粘土去除藻华生物效率的影响

粘土表面改性方法是提高改性粘土絮凝有害藻华效率的关键。本文研究了超声改性法对粘土去除藻华生物效率的影响,对比分析了粘土颗粒在改性前后的粒度分布、扫描电镜图像以及表面电位等理化特征变化,进而初步探讨了超声改性的作用机制。结果显示,超声改性处理可以有效提高本研究中所试验五种粘土去除藻华生物能力。超声改性导致粘土颗粒粒径进一步减小,且超声时间越长,颗粒粒径越小;超声处理后的粘土粒度分布集中、颗粒均匀,延长超声处理时间可以有效提高增效效果。同时发现,超声改性后粘土颗粒的表面电位负电性变弱,降低了粘土颗粒与表面负电性藻细胞之间的静电斥力,从而提高了粘土对藻华生物藻细胞的絮凝去除能力。本研究探索了提高粘土去除藻华生物效率的新方法,为进一步增强改性粘土去除能力提供了参考。     

一种提高粘土矿物去除赤潮生物能力的新方法

在研究粘土颗粒与赤潮生物絮凝作用的基础上，建立了粘土表面改性对其絮凝作用影响的理论模型，认为改变粘土颗粒的表面性质提高其去除赤潮生物能力的主要途径，提出在粘土中引入ＰＡＣＳ（聚羟基氯化铝）的改性方法。结果表明，对于微型原甲藻（Ｐｒｏｒｏ－ｃｅｎｔｒｕｍ ｍｉｎｉｍｕｎ）体系，粘土中引入微量ＰＡＣＳ后，其去除率达９０％以上的高岭土用量由原来的２ｇ／Ｌ降至０．１ｇ／Ｌ，去除效率提高近２０倍。考察了ＰＡ     

《海洋与湖沼》2010 年第2 期论文导读

<正>赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiwo)对蒙古裸腹溞(Moina mongolica)和日本新糠虾(Neomysis japonica)的毒性影响采用生物急性和慢性毒性实验的方法,研究了赤潮异弯藻对蒙古裸腹溞和日本新糠虾的毒性影响,并初步探讨了赤潮异弯藻导致二者较快死亡的机制。结果发现,赤潮     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.