CONSERVATION OF MOIST POTENTIAL VORTICITY AND DOWN-SLIDING SLANTWISE VORTICITY DEVELOPMENT*

An accurate form of the moist potential vorticity(MPV) equation was deduced from a complete set of primitive equations.It was shown that motion in a saturated atmosphere without diabatic heating and friction conserves moist potential vorticity.This property was then used to investigate the development of vertical vorticity in moist baroclinic processes.Results show that in the framework of moist isentropic coordinate,vorticity development can result from reduction of convective stability,or convergence,or latent heat release at isentropic surfaces.However,the application of the usual analysis of moist isentropic potential vorticity is limited due to the declination of moist isentropic surfaces.and a theory of development based on z-coordinate and p-coordinate was then proposed.According to this theory,whether the atmosphere is moist-symmetrically stable or unstable,on convective stable or unstable,the reduction of convective stability,the increase of the vertical shear of horizontal wind or moist baroclinity may result in the increase of vertical vorticity,so long as the moist isentropic surface is slantwise.The larger the declination of the moist isentropic surface,the more vigorous the development of vertical vorticity.In a region with a monsoon front to the north and the warm and moist air to the south,or by the north of the front,the moist isentropes are very steep.The is the region most favorable for development of vorticities and formation of torrential rain.For a case of persistent torrential rain occurring in the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang and Huaihe Rivers in June 11-15,1991,moist potential vorticity analysis,especially the isobaric analysis of its vertical and horizontal components,i.e.MPV1 and MPV2,respectively,is effective for identifying synoptic systems not only in middle and high latitudes,but also in low latitudes and in the lower troposphere.It can serve as a powerful tool for the diagnosis and prediction of torrential rain.     

湿位涡和倾斜涡度发展

从完整的原始方程出发，在导出精确形式的湿位涡方程的基础上，证得绝热无摩擦的饱和湿空气具有湿位涡守恒的特性。并由此去研究湿斜压过程中涡旋垂直涡度的发展。结果表明，在湿等熵坐标中，涡旋的发展与对流稳定度的减少，等熵面上的辐合和潜热的释放有关。由于等熵位涡分析的应用受等熵面倾斜的限制，又进而发展了Ｚ坐标及Ｐ坐标中的倾斜涡度发展理论。指出无论是湿对称不稳定或对流不稳定大气，还是湿对称稳定或对流稳定大气，除对流稳定度的影响外，风的垂直切变的增加或水平湿斜压的增加均能因湿等熵面的倾斜而引起垂直涡度的增长。湿等熵面的倾斜越大，这种由干湿斜压性加强所引起的涡旋发展更激烈。在梅雨锋附近及其南侧暖湿区的北端，湿等熵面十分陡立，是涡旋发展及暴雨发生的重要地区。对１９９１年６月１２—１５日江淮流域暴雨过程的湿位涡分析表明，湿位涡分析，尤其是等压面上湿位涡量ＭＰＶ１和ＭＰＶ２的分析不仅在中高纬有效，在低纬度及低对流层也十分有效，是暴雨诊断和预报的有力工具。     

Up-sliding Slantwise Vorticity Development and the complete vorticity equation with mass forcing

The moist potential vorticity (MPV) equation is derived from complete atmospheric equations including the effect of mass forcing, with which the theory of Up-sliding Slantwise Vorticity Development (USVD) is proposed based on the theory of Slantwise Vorticity Development (SVD). When an air parcel slides up along a slantwise isentropic surface, its vertical component of relative vorticity will develop, and the steeper the isentropic surface is, the more violent the development will be. From the definition of MPV and the MPV equation produced here in, a complete vorticity equation is then put forward with mass forcing, which explicitly includes the effects of both internal forcings, such as variations of stability, baroclinicity, and vertical shear of horizontal wind, and external forcings, such as diabatic heating, friction, and mass forcing.When isentropic surfaces are flat, the complete vorticity equation matches its traditional counterpart. The physical interpretations of some of the items which are included in the complete vorticity equation but not in the traditional one are studied with a simplified model of the ChangjiangoHuaihe Meiyu front. A 60-h simulation is then performed to reproduce a torrential rain event in the ChangjiangoHuaihe region and the output of the model is studied qualitatively based on the theory of USVD. The result shows that the conditions of the theory of USVD are easily satisfied immediately in front of mesoscale rainstorms in the downwind direction, that is, the theory of USVD is important to the development and movement of these kinds of systems.     

一次华南持续性暴雨的动力诊断分析和数值模拟

利用倾斜涡度发展（slantwise vorticity development,SVD）理论,对2008年6月中旬华南地区持续性暴雨进行了动力学机制的诊断分析,讨论了低空急流（10wleveljet,Lu）在低涡发展过程中起的作用,同时利用MM5数值模式对暴雨过程进行了验证并对模拟结果进行了进一步分析。结果表明,高原低涡的发展是前期广西地区降水的主要动力因素,由于湿等熵面相对地形倾斜,且气块沿等熵面有相对运动,同时满足热力学参数CM〈0的条件,使得SVD发生作用,导致低涡移出高原后得到进一步发展;而LLJ的增强改变了大气斜压性,是后期低涡继续东移发展,并造成广东地区持续性暴雨的重要原因。数值模拟控制试验结果很好地反映了这次低涡降水的发展过程。敏感性试验结果初步表明,LLJ改变了低层大气稳定度和风的垂直切变,即大气斜压性增强,从而促进了中尺度低涡的进一步发展。     

Mesoscale dynamics and its application in torrential rainfall systems in China

Progress over the past decade in understanding moisture-driven dynamics and torrential rain storms in China is reviewed in this paper. First, advances in incorporating moisture effects more realistically into theory are described, including the development of a new parameter, generalized moist potential vorticity(GMPV) and an improved moist ageostrophic Q vector(Qum). Advances in vorticity dynamics are also described, including the adoption of a "parcel dynamic" approach to investigate the development of the vertical vorticity of an air parcel; a novel theory of slantwise vorticity development, proposed because vorticity develops easily near steep isentropic surfaces; and the development of the convective vorticity vector(CVV)as an effective new tool. The significant progress in both frontal dynamics and wave dynamics is also summarized, including the geostrophic adjustment of initial unbalanced flow and the dual role of boundary layer friction in frontogenesis, as well as the interaction between topography and fronts, which indicate that topographic perturbations alter both frontogenesis and frontal structure. For atmospheric vortices, mixed wave/vortex dynamics has been extended to explain the propagation of spiral rainbands and the development of dynamical instability in tropical cyclones. Finally, we review wave and basic flow interaction in torrential rainfall, for which it was necessary to extend existing theory from large-scale flows to mesoscale fields, enriching our knowledge of mesoscale atmospheric dynamics.     

等熵面和湿等熵面倾斜发展的诊断分析

利用等压坐标系中的热力学方程和水汽方程推导出可以诊断分析等熵面（等位温面）和湿等熵面（等相当位温面） 倾斜变化的倾角方程。等熵面倾角的局地变化由倾角平流输送项、风速切变项和非绝热加热项共同决定,而影响湿等熵面倾角局地变化的强迫项除倾角平流输送项、风速切变项和非绝热加热项之外,还包括垂直热量通量切变项。NCEP/NCAR实时分析资料的分析结果表明,大气斜压性、相对垂直涡度与等熵面和湿等熵面的倾角密切相关,它们的正高值区互相重叠;垂直风速切变项,特别是垂直速度的经向切变项是影响等熵面倾斜发展的主要强迫项,而纬向和经向风速的垂直切变项对湿等熵面倾角演变的贡献最大。     

Dynamical and Thermal Problems in Vortex Development and Movement. Part II: Generalized Slantwise Vorticity Development

The development of vertical vorticity under adiabatic condition is investigated by virtue of the view of potential vorticity and potential temperature (PV-θ) and from a Lagrangian perspective. A new concept of generalized slantwise vorticity development (GSVD) is introduced for adiabatic condition. The GSVD is a coordinate independent framework of vorticity development (VD), which includes slantwise vorticity development (SVD) when a particle is sliding down the concave slope or up the convex slope of a sharply tilting isentropic surface under stable or unstable condition. The SVD is a special VD for studying the severe weather systems with rapid development of vertical vorticity. In addition, the GSVD clarifies VD and SVD. The criteria for VD and SVD demonstrate that the demand for SVD is much more restricted than the demand for VD. When an air parcel is moving down the concave slope or up the convex slope of a sharply tilting isentropic surface in a stable stratified atmosphere with its stability decreasing, or in an unstable atmosphere with its stability increasing, i.e., its stability θ z approaches zero, its vertical vorticity can develop rapidly if its C D is decreasing. The theoretical results are employed to analyze a Tibetan Plateau (TP) vortex (TPV), which appeared over the TP, then slid down and moved eastward in late July 2008, resulting in heavy rainfall in Sichuan Province and along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The change of PV 2 contributed to the intensification of the TPV from 0000 to 0600 UTC 22 July 2008 when it slid upward on the upslope of the northeastern edge of the Sichuan basin, since the changes in both horizontal vorticity η s and baroclinity θ s have positive effects on the development of vertical vorticity. At 0600 UTC 22 July 2008, the criterion for SVD at 300 K isentropic surface is satisfied, meaning that SVD occurred and contributed significantly to the development of vertical vorticity. The appearance of the stronger signals concerning the VD and SVD surrounding the vortex indicates that the GSVD concept can serve as a useful tool for diagnosing the development of weather systems.     

湿位涡与锋面强降水天气的三维结构

湿位涡（MPV）给出了大气短期行为的热力状态和涡旋运动之间的约束关系，这种关系导致了强降水这样的天气现象中涡旋爆发性增长的重要机制，它的大小与大气层结的状态、斜压性以及风的垂直切变有关，其正负符号取决这三者的配置。文章分析指出500 hPa上MPV1零线或0～20（0.1 PVU）的区域可作为强降水区的后界（西北界）。锋面南侧暖湿对流不稳定层结大气中，在对流层700 hPa及以下的中低层（低空急流之上）。存在着向东的正涡度环流对应MPV2的正值中心，该中心北部对应强降水区，而锋面北侧的对流稳定层结大气中，     

ISENTROPIC POTENTIAL VORTICITY ANALYSIS ON THE MESOSCALE CYCLONE DEVELOPMENT IN A TORRENTIAL RAIN PROCESS*

The mesoscale model MM4 is used to simulate the torrential rain associated with Meiyu front occurring on 5-6 July.1991 in the Changjiang-Huaihe Basin.Based on the outputs of the model,the cause of the mesoscale cyclogenesis on the lower troposphere is investigated in terms of the potential vorticity principle.The results show that because of the favorable pattern of moist isentropic surface,the absolute vorticity increases when cold air with high moist potential vorticity value rapidly slides down southwards along the moist isentropic surface,and then causes the cyclonic vortex development.     

西大西洋锋面气旋过程的数值模拟和等熵分析

文中使用PSU/NCARMM 5非静力数值模式对 1992年 3月 13～ 15日发生在西大西洋上的一次海洋气旋爆发过程进行了 6 0h的模拟 ;基于倾斜涡度发展理论 ,从等熵面倾斜的角度研究了气旋的发生、发展、运动和变化 ,利用高分辨率模拟结果对这次过程进行了分析。模拟结果很好地再现了气旋的发生、移动、加深、气旋的热力结构以及地面环流等特征。其中主要气旋M在6 0h的模拟中共降压 4 5hPa ;第 36～ 4 2时 (模式时间 ) 6h内降压达 12hPa。剖面图及等熵面图分析指出 ,气旋的发生、发展、运动和变化与等熵面或等相当位温面的倾斜密切相关 ,气旋中心总是位于等熵面或等相当位温面近于垂直的对流中性地区 ,这与倾斜涡度发展理论的阐述是一致的。气旋在弱静力稳定度的海洋表面启动发展之后 ,气旋与大尺度环境场相互作用 ,气旋得到迅速发展。“倾斜涡度发展理论”(以下简称SVD理论 )可以很好地解释此次海洋锋面气旋的发展与移动。气旋的发展和移动与等熵面的倾斜密切相关 ,发展期气旋前部及其移动路径前方自组织的斜升气流与倾斜的等熵面相配合 ,共同构成上滑“倾斜涡度发展”(SVD理论的推广 ,以下简称USVD理论 )的必要因子 ,在一定的条件下 (C·D<0 ,CD 为SVD指数 ) ,使得气旋及其前方 ,尤其是移动路径前方出现USVD发     

湿位涡在"96.8"特大暴雨过程中的应用分析

1996年 8月 3～ 5日受减弱的 96 0 8号台风低压影响 ,河北省境内出现了自“6 3 8”以来的特大暴雨过程 (简称“96 8”特大暴雨 ) ,暴雨落区覆盖了太行山的东、西两侧。文中利用非静力中尺度模式MM5和常规观测资料运算结果 ,根据倾斜涡度发展理论 ,对台风减弱低压在北方产生强降水的“96 8”暴雨过程进行分析 ,发现湿位涡这一综合物理量对此类暴雨具有较好的指示意义 ,MPV1小于 0且MPV2大于 0的区域对应暴雨区。     

湿斜压性与热带气旋强度突变

应用湿位涡方程和倾斜涡度发展理论 ,研究了热带气旋内部相当位温结构的演变与其强度突变的可能关系 ,并用一套高分辨率的模拟资料对所得结论进行验证。结果表明 ,由于热带气旋眼壁附近等相当位温面陡立 ,湿斜压性变化所激发的倾斜涡度发展是引起该区域垂直涡度突然增大或突然减小的主要原因。当热带气旋中心附近大部分区域的垂直涡度显著增长时 ,热带气旋就会在整体上表现为爆发性或迅速发展。最后还据此对同心双眼结构的出现和消失如何影响热带气旋强度变化进行了探讨。     

副高断裂前后四川盆地一次暴雨过程的比较分析

利用NCEP1°×1°6 h再分析资料,对副热带高压与西风槽典型环流形势配合下发生的一次四川区域性暴雨过程的不同阶段进行对比分析。结果表明,前期暴雨天气过程,其动力条件占到了主导地位,具有明显的经向垂直环流圈和垂直上升运动支,而在副高断裂后较强冷空气作用下,在副高边缘发生的区域性暴雨过程受西风带槽前的能量锋区影响,动力强迫作用和热力强迫作用激发的次级环流,进一步加强了四川盆地垂直运动的发展;冷空气作用前期的暴雨过程和冷空气进入后副高边缘发生的区域性暴雨过程中暴雨区域内的假相当位温均强于高层,大气处于对流性不稳定层结状态,对四川盆地暴雨的增强也起了不可忽视的作用,但由副高控制到副高逐渐断裂,湿位涡的斜压扰动是逐渐增强的过程,导致倾斜垂直涡度发展,激发更为强烈的上升运动;副高与西风槽环流形势相配合的暖区暴雨过程水汽主要来自中低层孟加拉湾;而副高断裂后发生在副高边缘的区域性暴雨过程,水汽主要来自850hPa层南海和孟加拉湾,从对流层中到低层,四川盆地东部恰恰是冷暖气流的交汇处,偏南气流将海上充沛的水汽输送到盆地东部,为暴雨的发生提供充足的水汽条件,并与对流层低层秦岭附近的东北冷气流交汇。      

暴雨中尺度气旋发展的等熵面位涡分析

利用中尺度模式ＭＭ４对１９９１年７月５～６日的江淮梅雨锋暴雨过程进行了数值模拟。用模式输 出资料，根据湿位涡理论分析了这次暴雨过程中对流层低层的中尺度低涡及地面气旋发生发 展的原因。结果表明，在有利的等熵面形态下，具有较高湿位涡值的高层冷空气沿等熵面快 速向南下降的过程中绝对涡度增加，导致了气旋性涡旋的发展加强。     

山东省春秋季暴雨天气的环流特征和形成机制初探

对山东省春秋季暴雨的气候特征和影响系统进行了分析, 制作了春秋季暴雨的平均环流形势图。分析了2003年春秋季两次大范围暴雨的环流特征和影响系统及暴雨期间大气的热力特征和水汽输送特征, 应用k-螺旋度和倾斜涡度发展理论, 分析了暴雨的形成机制。结果表明:4月暴雨均受气旋影响, 10月暴雨以冷锋影响居多。2003年4月17—18日为气旋暴雨, 10月10—12日为切变线冷锋暴雨。两次暴雨前都有低空偏南风急流向暴雨区输送水汽, 大气强烈增温增湿, 对流不稳定度增大, 湿斜压性增强。强冷锋南下触发对流不稳定能量释放, 产生暴雨。暴雨期间低层正k-螺旋度猛烈发展。暴雨前期中低层MPV1 < 0且MPV2 > 0, 冷锋影响期间MPV1 > 0且MPV2 < 0, 都有利于倾斜涡度发展, 增强了上升运动。     

副高断裂前后四川盆地一次暴雨过程的比较分析

利用NCEP1°×1°6 h再分析资料,对副热带高压与西风槽典型环流形势配合下发生的一次四川区域性暴雨过程的不同阶段进行对比分析。结果表明,前期暴雨天气过程,其动力条件占到了主导地位,具有明显的经向垂直环流圈和垂直上升运动支,而在副高断裂后较强冷空气作用下,在副高边缘发生的区域性暴雨过程受西风带槽前的能量锋区影响,动力强迫作用和热力强迫作用激发的次级环流,进一步加强了四川盆地垂直运动的发展;冷空气作用前期的暴雨过程和冷空气进入后副高边缘发生的区域性暴雨过程中暴雨区域内的假相当位温均强于高层,大气处于对流性不稳定层结状态,对四川盆地暴雨的增强也起了不可忽视的作用,但由副高控制到副高逐渐断裂,湿位涡的斜压扰动是逐渐增强的过程,导致倾斜垂直涡度发展,激发更为强烈的上升运动;副高与西风槽环流形势相配合的暖区暴雨过程水汽主要来自中低层孟加拉湾;而副高断裂后发生在副高边缘的区域性暴雨过程,水汽主要来自850hPa层南海和孟加拉湾,从对流层中到低层,四川盆地东部恰恰是冷暖气流的交汇处,偏南气流将海上充沛的水汽输送到盆地东部,为暴雨的发生提供充足的水汽条件,并与对流层低层秦岭附近的东北冷气流交汇。     

非均匀饱和广义湿位涡在暴雨分析与预测中的应用

考虑实际大气非均匀饱和特性, 通过引入广义位温及广义湿位涡方程, 对华北暴雨和江淮梅雨锋暴雨的发生及落区进行了广义湿位涡异常的诊断分析, 表明暴雨形成时大气低层有广义湿位涡的异常出现。对广义湿位涡倾向的计算表明:它对暴雨的发生有一定指示作用, 因而可利用广义湿位涡的异常来识别暴雨的出现。     

AN EXPERIMENT STUDY OF FRONTAL CYCLONES OVER THE WESTERN ATLANTIC OCEAN*

By using PSU/NCAR MM5 mesoscale model,a 60-h simulation is performed to reproduce a frontal cyclogenesis over the Western Atlantic Ocean during March 13-15 1992.The model reproduces well the genesis,track and intensity of the cyclone,its associated thermal structure as well as its surface circulation.The major cyclone (M) deepens 45 hPa in the 60-h simulation and 12 hPa in 6 hours from 36 h to 42 h (model time) and 27 hPa in 24 hours from 36 h to 60 h (model time).Cross-section and isentropic analysis tell us that the cyclogenesis is in very close relation with slantwise isentropic surfaces;the cyclone is always superposed on the core of neutral convective stability with nearly vertical isentropic surfaces,which coincides with what the theory of Slantwise Vorticity Development (SVD) says.Beginning with the theory of SVD,the development and propagation of the oceanic frontal cyclone are studied by using high-resolution model output in the context of slantwise isentropic surfaces.The results show that the frontal cyclone deepens rapidly by the interaction with the large-scale environment after occurring over the ocean with weak static stability;and the theory of SVD can well interpret the development and propagation closely related with slantwise isentropic surfaces,The downstream slantwise up-sliding movement along canting isentropic surfaces makes vorticities develop (USVD) under favorable condition (C_D<0,where CD is SVD index),and results in the moving and development of the cyclone.     

登陆台风环流内的一次中尺度强对流过程

2005年05号台风“海棠”登陆福建后,在外围云系里有1个明显发展的中尺度对流云团经过温州东部及北部地区,引起了强降水。通过分析这次中尺度对流系统的环流形势,得到该次中尺度对流系统的垂直结构特征,并对中尺度强对流系统的形成和发展机制进行研究。结果表明:台风东南急流在温州附近冷区边缘处低层受地形影响发生强烈辐合引起的垂直上升运动和冷暖空气相汇产生的对流不稳定性是台风环流内中尺度对流系统的主要形成机制;对流系统在暖湿空气和冷空气中心交汇处发展,西北侧的冷空气堆迫使暖湿东南气流沿西北倾斜的等熵面爬升,有利于倾斜对流系统的发展;低层条件不稳定区与中层条件对称不稳定区叠加,产生对流对称不稳定,在湿等熵面倾斜引起的涡旋发展的强迫机制下在中层产生范围较广的倾斜上升对流;由于等熵面的倾斜,大气水平风垂直切变或湿斜压性增加,进一步加强涡度的发展,使得对流系统向西北方向发展;另外,源于东南沿海,由台风东南气流输送的水汽为特大暴雨的产生提供了有利的热力条件。     

湿位涡、热力学参数CD与涡度、散度演化

从湿斜压原始方程出发,将热力学方程引入散度方程,导出了显示包含热力学参数CD影响的散度方程。在此基础上,结合湿位涡方程,分析了湿斜压大气中湿位涡水平分量MPV2及其热力学参数CD的动力学性质,揭示了由热力学参数CD表征的斜压动力过程激发对流层中低层涡、散场演变的动力机制,阐明了应用热力学参数CD诊断暴雨中尺度系统发生发展和预报暴雨的理论依据。