联合超前支护技术在水下浅埋软岩公路隧道中的应用

湘江大道浏阳河隧道是一座用矿山法施工的水下浅埋软岩公路隧道,应用"全断面注浆+管棚+小导管"的联合超前支护技术。首先通过数值模拟,对比分析不采取任何超前支护措施、仅采取全断面超前预注浆、采取联合超前支护措施三种情况下的初衬拱顶沉降和最大轴力;然后根据应用实践,总结联合超前支护的主要技术参数;最后通过现场观察和现场测试浏阳河水位、初衬背后的水压力、初衬的拱顶沉降和水平收敛、连接小导管的型钢拱架的应力、二衬砼的应力等,分析联合超前支护的作用机理及效果。结果表明:三种超前支护措施通过互相补充加强,可为水下爆破开挖创造良好的条件、可与围岩共同作用形成承载拱、可改善初衬的受力变形状况、可避免过早施作二衬。     

浅埋偏压隧道洞口段软弱围岩失稳突变理论分析

含有断层的浅埋偏压隧道的断层错动引起围岩失稳是一个由渐变到突变的过程,具有非连续跳跃的特征,可以采用突变理论分析围岩破坏方式。以沪-昆客运专线长-昆湖南段CKTJ-Ⅸ标段某隧道洞口穿越断层破碎带为工程背景,根据围岩失稳情况,建立隧道穿越断层段的力学模型,构建断层围岩系统的总势能函数,求出突变模型的标准型式和分叉集方程;将拱顶下沉变形随时间变化的函数展开为泰勒级数,建立隧道围岩稳定状态判别式,实现突变模型和监测数据的融合。研究结果表明,围岩拱顶沉降变形随时间变化的函数与围岩失稳突变模型之间存在良好的转化关系;根据围岩失稳突变判据得出的围岩失稳状态与实际围岩破坏情况基本吻合,且判别式的组成型式简单,对于判断含有断层的浅埋偏压隧道围岩稳定性具有较强的实用性;判别式的大小与围岩的破坏程度之间存在一定的关联。     

初期支护对软岩隧道围岩稳定性和位移影响分析

软弱岩体隧道开挖后,围岩变形具有异常显著的流变性。基于Poyting-Thomoson模型,对隧道围岩位移进行了粘弹性解析分析,根据所得出的解析解,结合渝（重庆）沙（长沙）高速公路石龙隧道位移监控量测实践,对初期支护后隧道围岩变形特征量进行了分析对比,结果表明,理论曲线能较好地反映围岩实际位移变化特征。最后通过将支护前后围岩受力状态与单轴和三轴应力状态岩石蠕变进行类比,得知初期支护在一定程度上减小了围岩的最终变形量,可以有效地抑制隧道围岩的变形速率。其结果为确定合理的二次支护时机提供了理论依据,对同类隧道的施工支护具有很好的指导意义和较高的参考价值。     

软岩洞室最优支护的广义SMP准则解与对比研究

现有洞室最优支护设计均基于Mohr-Coulomb（简称M-C）准则,不能真实反映岩石强度的中间主应力效应以及围岩的三向不等应力状态。基于广义SMP准则和稳定蠕变J3准则,考虑中间主应力对岩石强度的提高作用,建立了软岩洞室最优支护力与围岩允许最大位移的理论解答。洞室最优支护解答对M-C准则、外接圆Drucker-Prager（简称D-P）准则均具有很好的拓展性,且工程实例验证了其正确性。研究结果表明：3种强度准则结果间的差异实际反映的是对中间主应力效应的不同考虑,M-C准则和外接圆D-P准则对应的结果是两个极端情况,推荐选用广义SMP准则解答;岩石长期强度是洞室最优支护设计的关键参数,围岩凝聚力与内摩擦角的影响亦很显著,应合理测定岩石的强度参数并充分考虑变异性。     

Three-dimensional stability analysis of a longitudinally inclined shallow tunnel face

The tunnel inclination angle (δ) generally exists in urban and cross-river (sea) tunnels; hence, its effect should be considered in the stability analysis of a tunnel face. However, the influence of this tunnel inclination angle is rarely studied. In this paper, considering the effects of the tunnel inclination angle and the tunneling length (L), the optimal upper-bound solutions of the active and passive failure pressures were obtained using sequential quadratic programming (SQP) based on the upper-bound limit analysis. The effects of the dimensionless parameters on the pressures and failure modes were investigated. The results show that the tunnel inclination angle δ and the dimensionless parameter L/D (D is the section diameter of the tunnel) significantly affect active and passive stabilities. The difference in the results between δ = −10° and δ = 10° is mostly greater than 10% and reaches 80% when the internal friction angle (φ) is large. When the value of δ is zero, L/D does not affect on the result. The maximum difference in the results between L/D = 0 and L/D = 5 are 92.5% (passive failure) and 36.3% (active failure). For the active failure mode, with increasing of φ, the curves, which have δ values of −10°, 0° and 10°, intersect at a particular point when φ reaches a specific value.     

软岩巷道中网壳锚喷结构受力监测分析

软岩巷道支护是煤炭开采中的一大难题,古汉山矿西大巷围岩工程地质条件差,巷道变形破坏严重,支护难度大,采用了网壳锚喷支护方式。通过实测在地应力及构造应力作用下,网壳锚喷支护支架主弦杆、内骨筋的应力分布情况及支架与围岩的接触应力,分析了支架应力分布及其变化规律。结果表明,网壳支架在偏载和高构造应力情况下均能保持良好的工作状态,能够很好地控制复杂地质条件下巷道围岩的变形和破坏。     

Analysis of support requirements for a shallow diversion tunnel at Guledar dam site, Turkey

Engineering geological properties and support design of a planned diversion tunnel at Guledar dam site, which was located at the North of Ankara, Turkey were studied in this article. The main purpose of the construction of the planned tunnel is to regulate, drainage and to provide water for irrigation purposes. The diversion tunnel runs mainly through formations of limestone, sandstone and diabase. Rock masses at the site were characterized using Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Rock Mass Quality (Q), Rock Mass Index (RMi) and Geological Strength Index (GSI). RMR, Q, RMi and GSI were determined by using field data and mechanical properties of intact rock samples, measured in the laboratory. Support requirements for the planned diversion tunnel were determined accordingly in terms of the rock mass classification systems. Recommended support systems by empirical methods were also analyzed using 2D Finite Element method. Calculated parameters based on empirical methods were used as input parameters in the finite element models. The results from both methods were compared with each other. This comparison suggests that more reliable support design could be achieved by using the finite element method together with the empirical methods.     

构皮滩导流洞软岩段围岩稳定性分析

采用弹塑性有限元方法,对构皮滩导流洞软岩段围岩开挖、喷锚支护进行合理的模拟,研究了洞室开挖过程及开挖完成后围岩的应力、应变状态、变形大小及塑性区的分布,并对喷锚支护效果作出评价。     

Design of tunnel linings in a creeping rock

Summary The effect of long term rock deformation on lining pressure is considered using different concepts of rock behaviour. These include the conventional characteristic-line or convergence-confinement method, modified to allow for rock ageing, and lining-rock interaction methods using models of linear-viscoelastic, linear-elastic linear viscous, and linear elastic non-linear viscous rock behaviour. Calculations of lining pressures show that the former tends to underestimate, compared with the latter.This paper was presented at the 28th US Symposium on Rock Mechanics in Tucson, Arizona, July 1987.     

隧道围岩稳定性正算反演分析研究——以厦门海底隧道穿越风化深槽施工安全监控为例介绍

为了降低海底隧道施工风险,确保隧道施工顺利穿越海底几处风化深槽和风化囊区域,解决难以获得隧道围岩力学参数的技术难题,采用位移反分析方法建立了动态反演预测模型;作为比较,还简单介绍了弹塑性反演的一种全局优化方法。根据隧道典型断面实际监控量测的围岩拱顶沉降量和周边收敛位移量,结合先行服务隧道揭露的水文地质情况,进行优化反演分析,得到该类围岩初期支护后的等效弹性模量和等效侧压力系数。在相应的同类地质条件下,对后续将开挖的左、右主洞围岩采用边界元法进行正演数值计算,使之能为主洞施工方案比选以及支护设计参数调整与修正提供定量依据,做到信息化动态设计与施工。工程实例分析表明,利用正算反演分析法得出的围岩等效力学参数是可靠的,可据此对类似地质条件下主隧道围岩进行正演计算分析,预测主洞围岩的变形破坏模式,判断其围岩稳定性。位移反分析法是隧道施工变形理论预测分析与工程实际相联系的有效平台,为工程设计施工技术决策提供了一种切实有效的途径。     

破碎岩体浅埋大跨公路隧道开挖方案对比研究

三车道高速公路隧道通常跨度较大、高跨比较小属于大跨扁平隧道。这种结构型式对围岩稳定和结构受力均产生不利影响,因此施工中有必要通过开挖方案比选确定合理的开挖方法。江苏省宁波-常州高速公路茅山东隧道为上下行分离式双向6车道浅埋大跨扁平隧道。对于破碎的Ⅳ级围岩,针对设计阶段拟采用CRD法和实际施工采用下断面左右分部台阶法的开挖方案在设计支护条件下的三维数值模拟,从理论上分析了下断面左右分部台阶法是可行的。与实际施工过程的监控量测结果进行对比分析,进一步证实了实际开挖方案的合理性。研究成果可以为同类工程的设计与施工提供理论参考。     

Analysis of fracture propagation in a rock mass surrounding a tunnel under high internal pressure by the element-free Galerkin method

Fractures developed around high pressurized gas or air storage tunnels can progressively extend to the ground surface, eventually leading to an uplift failure. A tool reasonably reproducing the failure patterns is necessary for stability assessment. In this study, a numerical method based on the element-free Galerkin (EFG) method with a cohesive crack model is developed to simulate fracture propagation patterns in the rock mass around a tunnel under high internal pressure. A series of physical model tests was also conducted to validate the reliability of the developed method. A qualitative agreement between physical model tests and numerical results can be obtained. The in situ stress ratio, k, has a strong influence on both the position of crack initiation and the propagation direction. The numerical analyses were extended to full-scale problems. Numerical tests were performed to investigate the prime influencing factors on the failure patterns of a high pressurized gas circular tunnel with varying parameters. The results suggest that initial in situ stress conditions with a high k (larger than 1) is favorable for construction of pressurized gas or air storage tunnels.     

Evaluate the performance of an accelerated initial stiffness method in three dimensional finite element analysis

Newton’s method is a commonly used algorithm for elasto-plastic finite element analysis and has three common variations: the full Newton–Raphson method, the modified Newton–Raphson method and the initial stiffness method. The Newton–Raphson methods can converge to the solution in a small number of iterations when the system is stable; however, the methods can be quite computationally expensive in some types of problems, for example where the tangent stiffness matrix is unsymmetric or the plasticity is highly localized. The initial stiffness method is robust in those cases but requires a larger number of iterations. This prompted the formulation of many acceleration techniques in literature. In this paper, those techniques will be briefly discussed. This will be followed by the development of a modified acceleration technique for the initial stiffness method. The performance of the modified accelerated initial stiffness method will be examined in elasto-plastic analyses, using both direct and iterative matrix solvers. The results will be compared – in terms of the required number of iterations and the computation time – with an existing accelerated initial stiffness method, the non-accelerated initial stiffness method and the Newton–Raphson tangent stiffness method.     

横观各向同性岩体中圆形巷道反分析的惟一性

惟一性研究是位移反分析的基础工作之一。推导了横观各向同性岩体中圆形巷道的位移解析解,利用参数可辨识条件对横观各向同性岩体中圆形巷道位移反分析的惟一性进行了探讨。结果表明,无论量测多少个点的位移也不能惟一地反演出所有6个参数;必须至少已知3个参数时,才有可能惟一地反演其他参数;2个地应力分量是否相等对反分析结果有明显的影响;2个地应力分量的可辨识性最好,各向同性面上的弹性模量和泊松比次之,垂直各向同性面方向的弹性模量和泊松比最差。     

Design and construction of a shallow tunnel with large span in an urban area

Summary A project to construct a tunnel with a 36 m span at a soffitt depth of about 8 m in strongly jointed layers of sandstones and claystones is described in detail. Each stage of the project is covered from exploration and testing; design; stability analysis and construction through to post-construction monitoring.This paper was presented at the 28th U.S. Symposium on Rock Mechanics, 29 June–1 July, Tucson, Arizona.     

华东某公路隧洞地应力测量与岩爆可能性浅析

通过华东某公路隧洞3个深钻孔的水压致裂法地应力测量结果,分析并推导得到了隧洞轴线水平面上的应力和隧洞轴线横截面内最大切向应力的估算公式,并用于隧洞形状选择及隧洞开挖时岩爆可能性判断。认为测区应力以水平作用为主,在测试深度域内最大水平主应力的数值在4.69~14.07MPa,优势方向约N61°W,用应力估算公式和岩爆判据得出岩爆发生的临界埋深厚度约304m。     

Investigation of desaturation in an old tunnel and new galleries at an argillaceous site

A numerical investigation of the desaturation process at the argillaceous Tournemire site has been carried out. This desaturation is initialized by the contact of the saturated rock with the ambient air in excavated openings. The used hydraulical model is based on the Richards’ approximation for unsaturated one phase flow coupled with the deformation of a porous medium with anisotropic linearly elastic behavior. In relation to the extent of the desaturated zone around an excavated opening, the intrinsic permeability and the relative permeability have been identified to be the most important model parameters. The mechanical deformation process itself, the seasonal influences and the tunnel lining are less important for the formation of the desaturated zone. The comparison with measured saturation values bares some difficulties but indicates the principle capacity of the applied finite element codes to simulate the desaturation process. The consideration of seasonal changes in humidity in the ambient air results in a constantly recurring desaturation–resaturation cycle in the near field of the openings. This seasonally influenced zone amount 1–2 m and is nearly independent from time and from a variation of model parameters within a reasonable range. The possibility of material weakening in this zone is of special interest, since claystone is a potential host rock for the disposal of radioactive waste.     

高地应力条件下层状地层隧道围岩挤压变形与支护受力特征

西部地区普遍出露层片状岩体。由于强度低、自稳能力差、结构强度呈现各向异性等特点,在隧道开挖过程中常引起围岩大变形,导致初期支护结构强烈变形失稳而不得不频繁进行拆换。部分洞段二次衬砌混凝土甚至发生劈裂、掉块的破坏现象,严重影响隧道施工的进度与安全。以兰渝铁路两水隧道为工程背景,采用现场实时监测、数值模拟等手段,获取大断面隧道围岩与支护系统之间的接触压力,揭示开挖断面不同位置接触压力随时间发展规律和空间分布特征。研究结果显示,受围岩结构强度的各向异性控制,隧道开挖后支护受力极不均匀。空间上与围岩变形集中部位一致,时间上变化历时长,且由于开挖方式的影响不易稳定。初期支护钢拱架局部荷载过大而发生侧向扭曲失稳,且监测的失稳发生时间与收敛形变稳定时间相比而明显滞后。根据层状围岩的支护受力特征,提出针对此类岩体更为合理的隧道设计建议。     

某高速公路隧道洞口错落体变形原因与治理措施分析

山区公路建设中,由于隧道洞口位于错落体上,造成隧道施工期间穿越错落体时出现多次冒顶,严重影响工期及施工安全。通过对该隧道洞口变形监测、工程地质条件及有限元数值模拟软件综合分析,研究了该错落体的形成机理、变形特征及变形原因,并在此基础上提出了综合治理措施,有效治理了隧道的冒顶及变形,保证了隧道的最终顺利贯通,从中总结出了薄层及中厚层泥灰岩岩层地段发生错落的影响条件,并提出在隧道洞口位于错落体上时设计施工的注意事项,为业内类似工程提供参考。     

寒区软岩隧道的水热耦合数值模拟与分析

介绍了寒区软岩隧道水热耦合的一般数值解法,应用Femlab软件对寒区大阪山隧道出口段kl06+025处围岩的温度场和水分场进行数值模拟,分析了软岩隧道中水热耦合迁移的规律。在考虑水分场时,隧道围岩的冻结圈将变薄,而且随着水分场中渗流系数的增大将更加变薄,水分场在很大程度上影响温度场的分布。模拟的结果表明：处于拱顶处的冻深最大,其次是仰拱处,最薄处是边墙,与工程经验类似。通过实例模拟分析说明,应用该软件可以在已有工程数据的前提下对工程设计提供一定的参考。