Numerical modelling of bifurcation and localisation in cohesive-frictional materials

Methods are reviewed for analysing highly localised failure and bifurcation modes in discretised mechanical systems as typically arise in numerical simulations of failure in soils, rocks, metals and concrete. By the example of a plane-strain biaxial test it is shown that strain softening and lack of normality in elasto-plastic constitutive equations and the ensuing loss of ellipticity of the governing field equations cause a pathological mesh dependence of numerical solutions for such problems, thus rendering the results effectively meaningless. The need for introduction of higher-order continuum models is emphasised to remedy this shortcoming of the conventional approach. For one such a continuum model, namely the unconstrained Cosserat continuum, it is demonstrated that meaningful and convergent solutions (in the sense that a finite width of the localisation zone is computed upon mesh refinement) can be obtained.     

A swallow-tail type catastrophic model of earthquake process

（殷有泉）（杜静）Ａｓｗａｌｌｏｗ－ｔａｉｌｔｙｐｅｃａｔａｓｔｒｏｐｈｉｃｍｏｄｅｌｏｆｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ￥Ｙｏｕ－ＱｕａｎＹＩＮａｎｄＪｉｎｇＤＵ（ＰｅｋｉｎｇＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｄｙ，Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ１００８７１，Ｃｈｉｎａ）（Ｎｏｒｔ...     

等效拉压荷载下饱和粉质黏土的弹塑性变形特性研究

动三轴试验中,若在一定轴向静偏应力基础上施加对称正弦波荷载,土体会在荷载正半部分出现轴向压缩状态,而在荷载负半部分有可能因为侧向应力大于轴向应力而出现轴向等效拉伸状态,将此类荷载暂称为等效拉压荷载。为研究等效拉压荷载下饱和粉质黏土的弹塑性变形,设计了多级正弦波荷载室内不排水动三轴试验。依据试验数据揭示了围压、静偏应力、动偏应力和压实系数对土体弹塑性变形发展的影响,并提出用拉压效应系数来确定轴向塑性累积应变的发展趋势。研究表明:若取轴向压缩方向为正方向,拉压效应系数存在一临界值,当实际值大于临界值时,塑性累积应变向负方向发展,反之则向正方向发展或基本保持不变;同时Hardin模型可以较好地描述饱和粉质黏土的动弹模-动应变关系,且塑性累积应变向负方向发展时动弹模量普遍偏小。     

饱和混凝土单轴拉伸动态统计损伤本构模型

饱和混凝土中孔隙自由水的存在对材料的力学性能有显著的影响,动态工况中主要表现为自由水的粘性效应,且该效应随细观损伤引起的微裂纹密度的改变而变化。本文结合太沙基“有效应力原理”,建立了饱和混凝土考虑动态应变率效应的单轴拉伸统计损伤模型,将材料宏观力学性能同细观损伤机理有机地结合起来,综合考虑了动态条件下惯性效应和自由水粘性效应的影响,认为材料自身的惯性效应引起材料破坏形态以及细观损伤演化过程的改变;水的粘性效应则调整了混凝土基体的受力状态。通过算例和试验结果比较,表明该模型可预测等应变率加载情况下饱和混凝土材料均匀损伤阶段的动态拉伸本构行为,形象地描述了饱和混凝土材料动态损伤演化机制。     

城市立交桥结构三维地震反应

本文建立了城市立交桥结构地震破坏过程的分析模型，考虑了柱墩、梁、支座的单元模式，推导并建立了行波法输入下结构动力平衡方程，进而研究了地震多点输入下立义桥结构的地震反应问题，建立了立交桥结构的破坏准则，分别对几种方式地震输入下城市立交桥结构的地震反应瓿进行了具体研究。从而为人们对实际立交桥结构在地震作用下的破坏过程有了更科学的认识；在对桥梁结构进行地震反应分析时，不应该忽略地震对它的多方面的影响。     

Uncertainty analysis of strain modal parameters by Bayesian method using frequency response function

Structural strain modes are able to detect changes in local structural performance, but errors are inevitably intermixed in the measured data. In this paper, strain modal parameters are considered as random variables, and their uncertainty is analyzed by a Bayesian method based on the structural frequency response function (FRF). The estimates of strain modal parameters with maximal posterior probability are determined. Several independent measurements of the FRF of a four-story reinforced concrete frame structural model were performed in the laboratory. The ability to identify the stiffness change in a concrete column using the strain mode was verified. It is shown that the uncertainty of the natural frequency is very small. Compared with the displacement mode shape, the variations of strain mode shapes at each point are quite different. The damping ratios are more affected by the types of test systems. Except for the case where a high order strain mode does not identify local damage, the first order strain mode can provide an exact indication of the damage location.     

Particle size distribution of bed materials in the sandy river bed of alluvial rivers

The particle size distribution of bed materials in the sandy river bed of alluvial rivers is important in the study of topics such as friction, river bed evolution, erosion, and siltation. It also can reflect the dependency relation between river bed sediment and flow intensity. In this paper, the critical pattern of sediment movement in the near-wall region of a sandy river bed was analyzed. According to the principle of momentum balance, the critical settling-rising condition of bed material in a sandy river bed was found to be instantaneous turbulent velocity equal to 2.7 times the sediment settling velocity in quiescent water. Based on a vertical instantaneous turbulent velocity with a Gaussian distribution, a theoretical relation for calculating the particle size distribution of bed materials in a sandy river bed without pre-known characteristic grain sizes was developed by solving a stochastic equation. The for-mula is verified using measured data, and the results show that the proposed formula was in accordance with the measured data. This study has theoretical significance and practical value for determining the bed material particle size distribution of the sandy bed of alluvial rivers.     

地震物理模型材料研制与应用研究

地震物理模型试验的基础是地震物理模型的建造,其中设计适当的配方,调配出所需要的模型速度是模型建造的关键.本文根据互穿网络和共聚网络聚合物改性方法的原理,研究了环氧树脂、橡胶类等高分子材料的互穿网络和共聚网络过程,并按照地震物理模拟对模型材料的要求,实现了不同材料的共混,改善了固化后共聚物的交联度.讨论和分析了影响地震物理模型建造的各种因素,并从模型材料选择、配方调整等方面提出了相应的解决办法,降低了固化反应放热峰的温度、调整了固化放热的速度、降低了固化时的收缩率和线膨胀系数,使固化物具有较高的热稳定性和较好的力学性能.建立了比较完备的、从低到高的材料速度系列.通过实例验证了本文方法的有效性,模型材料的适用性.     

Seismic response of bridge pier on rigid caisson foundation in soil stratum

An analytical method to study the seismic response of a bridge pier supported on a rigid caisson foundation embedded in a deep soil stratum underlain by a homogeneous half space is developed. The method reproduces the kinematic and inertial responses, using translational and rotational distributed Winkler springs and dashpots to simulate the soil-caisson interaction. Closed-form solutions are given in the frequency domain for vertical harmonic S-wave excitation. Comparison with results from finite element （FE） analysis and other available solutions demonstrates the reliability of the model. Results from parametric studies are given for the kinematic and inertial responses. The modification of the fundamental period and damping ratio of the bridge due to soil-structure interaction is graphically illustrated.     

循环剪切吸水条件下饱和砂土的应力应变规律

在实际土工抗震边值问题中,饱和砂土在许多情况下并非处于完全不排水条件,可能由于土性等因素的不同而出现各异的排渗条件。排水条件对土体的动力应力应变响应有较大影响,本文基于新开发的孔隙水注入控制系统,进行了循环剪切条件下饱和砂土吸水试验,研究了剪切吸水对土体动力特性的影响规律。通过试验发现:剪切吸水条件下砂土的抗液化强度较不排水条件下降低,同样的循环剪切条件下轴向应变发展更大;试样的抗液化强度降低和轴向应变增加程度随剪切吸水率的增大而增加。基于对饱和砂土体变规律的已有研究,本文初步解释了剪切吸水条件下饱和砂土应力应变特性规律的物理实质。     

液化区埋地管线的数值模拟分析

利用ANSYS有限元分析软件,建立了由场地土液化引起的地下管道上浮反应的分析模型。用土弹簧模型模拟地下管道的受力特点,考虑了管土之间相互作用的非线性特征,通过算例分析了管道在发生上浮反应时的应力应变曲线,探讨了液化区埋地管道在发生上浮位移时的受力特征,得出了一些有意义的结果。主要有:管线的应力应变以轴向为主,并且管顶和管底的受力最大,管侧相对于管顶和管底轴向应力应变很小可以忽略;最大应变位于液化区和非液化区交界处;管线中点处等效应力达到极值等等。     

高地应力V级围岩相似材料研制及岩体开挖卸载模型试验分析

以黄土、砂为骨料,石膏、水泥为胶结材料,水为调节剂,以正交试验方法配制出V级围岩相似材料,该材料能够很好的模拟隧道Ⅴ级软弱围岩。在此基础上,以钢筒模型试验为媒介,通过千斤顶配合反力架加载,观察不同材料配比下的试验组应力变化斜率、自稳时间、应变大小等方面的差异,结合加载完成后模型开口处岩体变化情况,探索高地应力下Ⅴ级围岩开挖卸载效应。试验结果表明:虽然相似材料会因配比不同改变物理力学性质,但主要是对弹性模量的影响较大;在增大垂直压力作用下,试验中材料自稳时间变长,应力释放也较为彻底,但整体趋势放缓。     

Analysis of the in‐plane response of earthen masonry infill panels partitioned by sliding joints

The vulnerability of infilled frames represents a critical issue in many regions with high seismicity around the world where infills are typically made of heavy masonry as they are used for thermal control of the buildings because of their thermal inertia. In this context, the use of earthen masonry infills can give a superior performance because of their ability to regulate thermal‐hygrometric performance of the building and sustainability of its life‐cycle. This paper presents a numerical study on the seismic behaviour of infill walls made of earthen masonry and partitioned with horizontal wooden planks that allow the relative sliding of the partitions. The combination of the deformability of earthen masonry and the sliding mechanism occurring along the wooden planks gives a high ductility capacity to the in‐plane response of the infill and, at the same time, significantly reduces its stiffness and strength, as compared with traditional solid infills made of fired clay units. As a result, the detrimental interaction with the frame and the damage in the infill when subjected to in‐plane loading can be minimized. The numerical model is validated with results from an experimental study and is used to perform a parametric analysis to examine the influence of variations in the geometry and mechanical properties of the infill walls, as well as the configuration of the sliding joints. Based on the findings of this study, design guidelines for practical applications are provided, together with simple formulation for evaluating their performance. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seismic response of rail‐counterweight systems in elevators

The rail‐counterweight systems in building elevators are known to be susceptible to earthquake‐induced ground motions. Besides avoiding costly repairs and economic disruptions, it is of special interest to maintain the functionality of the elevators in critical facilities such as hospitals during, and especially after, a strong earthquake event. This paper presents an approach to develop a realistic analytical model of these vulnerable systems to study their seismic response behaviour. The model includes the flexibilities of the guidance and supporting components of the counterweights in a systematic manner. Currently only the linear response behaviour is considered; however, the sources of non‐linearities in the flexible components are clearly identified. The model considers the effect of the differential support motions from the building. Both the out‐of‐plane and in‐plane responses of the rail‐counterweight are studied and included in the stress calculations. Several sets of numerical results considering simultaneous action of the two orthogonal components of historic earthquakes are obtained to study the seismic response characteristics of the rail‐counterweight system. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

混凝土动力本构模型的基础理论与建模应用综述

混凝土结构分析问题中动力荷载下混凝土的动力本构模型研究日益重要。为对建立混凝土动力本构关系的基础理论有系统的认知和了解其应用,对其进行了总结,简述了在建立混凝土动本构方面的应用,对混凝土动力本构模型的理论发展趋势作了展望。并对当前混凝土动力本构模型的应用做了概括评述,并指出了混凝土动力本构的可行研究方向,为建立混凝土动力本构模型提供指导。     

Modelling damage potential of high‐frequency ground motions

Damage to building structures due to underground blast‐induced ground motions is a primary concern in the corresponding determination of the safe inhabited building distance (IBD). Because of the high‐frequency nature of this category of ground motions and especially the presence of significant vertical component, the characteristics of structural response and damage differ from those under seismic type low‐frequency ground motions. This paper presents a numerical investigation aimed at evaluating reinforced concrete (RC) structure damage generated by underground blast‐induced ground excitation. In the numerical model, two damage indices are proposed to model reinforced concrete failure. A fracture indicator is defined to track the cracking status of concrete from micro‐ to macrolevel; the development of a plastic hinge due to reinforcement yielding is monitored by a plastic indicator; while the global damage of the entire structure is correlated to structural stiffness degradation represented by its natural frequency reduction. The proposed damage indices are calibrated by a shaking table test on a 1: 5‐scale frame model. They are then applied to analyse the structural damage to typical low‐ to high‐rise RC frames under blast‐induced ground motions. Results demonstrate a distinctive pattern of structural damage and it is shown that the conventional damage assessment methods adopted in seismic analysis are not applicable here. It is also found that the existing code regulation on allowable peak particle velocity of blast‐induced ground motions concerning major structural damage is very conservative for modern RC structures. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

考虑挤土效应时楔形桩纵向振动阻抗研究

基于复刚度传递多圈层平面应变模型,研究考虑桩周土挤土效应时成层地基中楔形桩的纵向振动问题。首先根据桩周土体的纵向成层情况并考虑楔形桩的变截面特性,将桩土系统沿纵向划分为有限个微元段,对每个微元段的桩周土体建立复刚度传递多圈层平面应变模型,并通过剪切复刚度递推方法求得桩周土作用在桩身的剪切复刚度;然后将求得的剪切复刚度代入桩身纵向振动控制方程,运用Laplace变换技术和阻抗函数递推方法,推导得到考虑桩周土挤土效应时成层地基中楔形桩纵向振动时桩顶复阻抗的解析解;最后,采用参数研究方法在低频范围内分析挤土效应对桩顶复阻抗的影响及其规律。     

考虑材料损伤累积的空间网格结构弹塑性分析建模方法

传统的轴向受力构件二次屈曲效应模拟方法计算结果在构件前次屈曲后残余变形及材料硬化效应不明显时与试验值差异较大,无法精确模拟,对此文中提出了考虑损伤累积效应的混合硬化材料模型结合纤维梁单元的轴向受力构件建模方法。通过试验数据与数值模拟结果的对比,表明该方法可以更精确地模拟构件在轴向往复荷载作用下二次屈曲及屈曲后的力学行为,是空间网格结构弹塑性分析时构件建模的适用方法,并通过最后的柱面网壳算例分析表明该方法的对网格结构弹塑性时程计算有较大意义。     

Implications of climate change in the twenty‐first century for simulated magnitude and frequency of bed‐material transport in tributaries of the Saint‐Lawrence River

More frequent extreme flood events are likely to occur in many areas in the twenty‐first century due to climate change. The impacts of these changes on sediment transport are examined at the event scale using a 1D morphodynamic model (SEDROUT4‐M) for three tributaries of the Saint‐Lawrence River (Québec, Canada) using daily discharge series generated with a hydrological model (HSAMI) from three global climate models (GCMs). For all tributaries, larger flood events occur in all future scenarios, leading to increases in bed‐material transport rates, number of transport events and number of days in the year where sediment transport occurs. The effective and half‐load discharges increase under all GCM simulations. Differences in flood timing within the tributaries, with a shift of peak annual discharge from the spring towards the winter, compared to the hydrograph of the Saint‐Lawrence River, generate higher sediment transport rates because of increased water surface slope and stream power. Previous research had shown that channel erosion is expected under all GCMs' discharge scenarios. This study shows that, despite lower bed elevations, flood risk is likely to increase as a result of higher flood magnitude, even with falling base level in the Saint‐Lawrence River. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.