河南省栾川三道庄和黄背岭矿区含矿矽卡岩的对比研究

三道庄和黄背岭矿区矽卡岩、角岩的对比研究显示出，矽卡岩和角岩各元素丰度和配分型式主要取决于原岩的岩性，其次与交代热液性质和交代程度有关。不同矿区的矽卡岩具有不同的元素组合，这些元素组合对矿床形成和矿化规模有一定影响。     

西藏甲马铜多金属矿床的岩浆热液闪代成因：地质与地球化学证据

西藏甲马铜多金属矿床的因前人已提出了很多种观点。根据野外地质特征的观察，并结合矿区和区域岩矿石的微量元素、常量元素和稀土元素的分析与对比，作者认为该矿床的成因属于岩浆热液交代矽卡岩型矿床，推测其成矿时代为喜山早期。     

辽宁弓长岭铁矿床二矿区类矽卡岩的岩石矿物学特征

辽宁弓长岭铁矿床二矿区是我国最重要的鞍山式沉积变质型富铁矿床.不同于鞍山-本溪地区其他贫铁矿床,弓长岭铁矿二矿区富铁矿体的附近分布有大量的类矽卡岩,这些类矽卡岩与富铁矿体具有密切的成因联系.本文在野外和岩相学研究的基础上,选择弓长岭二矿区类矽卡岩的岩相学、矿物学、矿物化学特征进行了研究.结果表明:类矽卡岩可分为石榴石岩、绿泥石岩、含石榴石绿泥石岩、含磁铁矿阳起石岩四种类型;类矽卡岩矿物中石榴石端员组分以铁铝榴石为主,角闪石属于钙角闪石系列中的透闪石,绿泥石属于蠕绿泥石.类矽卡岩和富铁矿是由热液交代改造磁铁贫矿形成的,二者是同一期热液活动的产物.     

新疆雅满苏铁矿区碳酸盐岩地质地球化学特征及其对矿床成因的制约

新疆雅满苏铁矿床赋存于下石炭统雅满苏组中,矿区发育火山岩、碳酸盐岩及矽卡岩,因此,研究碳酸盐岩与矽卡岩及成矿的关系对厘定矿床成因类型和指导找矿勘查具有重要的理论和实际意义。文章在野外地质剖面测制和调查研究的基础上,对矿区及外围碳酸盐岩进行了岩相学、主量元素、稀土元素及微量元素分析,探讨了矿区碳酸盐岩的地质、地球化学特征。研究结果表明,雅满苏铁矿区的碳酸盐岩含有浅海相生物化石、鲕粒结构及内碎屑构造,与火山岩互层产出,指示沉积作用及火山喷发活动发生于浅海环境;矿区碳酸盐岩岩石类型包括微晶灰岩、细晶灰岩、大理岩、含凝灰质大理岩、糜棱岩化碳酸盐岩和方解石构造片岩,它们的主量元素含量差别不大,说明在变质变形和成矿作用过程中没有主量元素组分的明显带入带出;稀土、微量元素含量除方解石构造片岩稍有降低外,其余岩性均变化不大,也表明变质变形和成矿作用过程中没有外来物质的明显加入,包括成矿物质;与矿体毗邻的碳酸盐岩为方解石构造片岩,没有发生矽卡岩化,表明该碳酸盐岩在构造及成矿作用过程中只发生了构造片理化和热液重结晶,没有发生接触交代。因此,雅满苏铁矿床不是狭义的矽卡岩(接触交代)型铁矿床,而是海相火山岩型铁矿床。研究区的矽卡岩并非是接触交代的产物,而应是火山热液交代含碳酸盐的火山岩而成。是否有下部地层中的碳酸盐岩提供成岩成矿物质还需要进一步研究。     

湖南柿竹园钨多金属矿床成矿机理的实验研究

作者在深入柿竹园钨多金属矿床野外地质工作的基础上，采用矿区燕山期花岗岩和泥盆系灰岩作为试料，在含ｐＨ＝４．０的０．３ＭＮａＣｌ＋０．７ＭＫＦ水溶液的高压釜中持续了１２０小时的交代作用。实验的结果表明了：在４００～７００℃的温度和２５０×１０５～９００×１０５Ｐａ的压力下，形成的交代岩及其钨、锡、钼、铋矿物基本上与矿区的矽卡岩及其矿石矿物共生组合相吻合，揭示了湖南柿竹园矽卡岩型钨多金属矿床成矿的机理     

俄罗斯叶尔果茹金多金属矿床地质特征及成因探讨

俄罗斯叶尔果茹金多金属矿床位于西伯利亚克拉通南缘隆起带的东萨彦—比留萨地垒中,含矿地层为古元古界阿尔哈德尔岩组第一岩段,金多金属矿体产于矽卡岩化带和多组韧性-脆性断裂破碎带内。矿区共分为7个矿段,现已圈出50余条矿体,主要产于1号—4号矿段和7号矿段,矿化分为产于矽卡岩化带中的缓倾斜似层状矿化和产于构造破碎蚀变岩中的陡倾斜脉状矿化,两种矿化在空间上多为交错关系,并在矿物组合、矿石构造等方面有明显区别;矿化元素主要为Au、Ag、Pb和Zn,伴生丰富的Cd、Cu、Co、Bi和S等元素可回收利用;叶尔果茹矿区的成矿作用受到地层层位和特定岩性、岩浆-火山作用、褶皱和韧-脆性断裂作用的共同控制,矿床属于与泥盆纪岩浆(火山)作用有关的中低温热液交代-充填型金多金属矿床。由于该矿区研究程度较低,勘查深度较浅,其深部及外围还有较大的找矿空间。     

辽宁弓长岭铁矿床二矿区矿石及类矽卡岩的地球化学特征及其找矿意义

辽宁弓长岭铁矿床二矿区的矿石可分为较富和较贫两种类型,其中富矿的边部分布有大量的类矽卡岩,包括石榴石岩、绿泥石岩、含石榴石绿泥石岩、含磁铁矿阳起石岩等,说明富矿的形成与热液活动有关。类矽卡岩及两类矿石的微量元素相对原始地幔富集大离子亲石元素和高场强元素,但Sr、Hf相对亏损;稀土元素特征表现为总量较低,具有相似的PAAS稀土配分模式,为轻稀土元素相对亏损的左倾型,具有明显的Eu正异常和弱Ce负异常。从较贫铁矿石、较富铁矿石到类矽卡岩稀土元素总量呈逐渐上升趋势,结合野外地质特征,说明较富铁矿石和类矽卡岩在继承了较贫铁矿石的稀土配分模式的基础上可能又叠加了热液中的稀土元素地球化学特征,因此弓长岭铁矿床出露的类矽卡岩、较富铁矿石可能是由热液交代改造原始沉积的较贫铁矿石形成的。     

云南金平铜厂Cu-Mo矿床矽卡岩地球化学特征及成因

云南金平铜厂Cu-Mo矿床位于滨太平洋与特提斯构造域结合部位哀牢山构造成矿带南端,该矿床主要由矽卡岩Cu-Mo矿体组成,其中Cu储量0.862×104 t（品位1.24%）,Mo储量1.706×104 t（品位0.21%）。为查明矿区内与成矿关系密切的矽卡岩成因及其与围岩的关系,分析其不同元素的性质及分布规律,揭示矽卡岩矿床成岩、成矿地质过程,本文通过采集铜厂Cu-Mo矿区矽卡岩及矽卡岩化正长斑岩和大理岩样品进行主微量、稀土元素地球化学分析,研究其特征。研究表明：Si、Fe、Ca、Ti、Al、Mg、Mn等主量元素在矽卡岩、正长斑岩之间曾发生明显置换交代地质作用;三种岩性都具有富集LREE元素,亏损HREE元素,发育较弱Eu负异常,Ce异常不明显,REE配分模式相似的稀土元素特征,说明矽卡岩、正长斑岩和大理岩有一定的成因联系。结合三者REE配分模式、Eu弱负异常及Ce异常不明显等地球化学特征,推测矿区矽卡岩形成于低温弱氧化环境,由来自深部热液流体与围岩接触交代形成,成岩流体主要来源于深部岩浆。     

江西武山铜矿床形成过程:来自岩相学和矿物学的证据

江西武山铜矿床是长江中下游地区具有代表性的叠加复合矿床之一。文章选取武山铜矿床典型剖面为研究对象,在野外地质调研和室内岩相学研究的基础上,识别出层状硫化物型、层状矽卡岩型和接触交代矽卡岩型三类矿体,及相对应的3种类型矿石。3类矿石在矿物组合、结构构造和矿物学特征等方面有明显差异,分别显示出原生沉积、叠加改造和岩浆热液成因特征。选择代表性脉石矿物和矿石矿物进行矿物化学研究,认为石榴子石是岩浆期后热液渗滤交代作用的产物,层状矽卡岩中石榴子石相对富Fe,而接触交代矽卡岩中石榴子石相对富Al;矿区内存在2类黄铁矿,即胶状黄铁矿和粒状黄铁矿,分别对应原生沉积成因和岩浆热液交代成因;磁铁矿是与矽卡岩有关的岩浆期后热液交代作用的产物,层状矽卡岩中磁铁矿相对富Mg O和Mn O,贫Al2O3,受地层影响明显,而接触交代矽卡岩中磁铁矿相对富Al2O3,贫Mg O和Mn O,受岩浆岩影响明显。武山铜矿床的形成经历了原生沉积作用、岩浆热液交代作用及叠加改造作用等复杂成矿过程。     

新疆蒙库铁矿床矽卡岩矿物学特征及其意义

蒙库铁矿床是一个以下泥盆统斜长角闪变粒岩(原岩为火山岩)为围岩的大型矽卡岩型矿床,矽卡岩矿物组合为辉石、石榴子石和方柱石,退化蚀变岩的组成矿物为角闪石、绿帘石、绿泥石、磷灰石等。电子探针分析结果表明,矽卡岩矿物中单斜辉石以透辉石为主,仅存在少量普通辉石;石榴子石端员组分以钙铁榴石为主,伴以少量钙铝榴石和锰铝榴石;角闪石属于单斜角闪石中的阳起石。蒙库铁矿床的矽卡岩与正常的矽卡岩矿床形成方式不同,不是中酸性岩浆与碳酸盐地层接触交代的产物,而是由热流体沿裂隙交代火山变质岩形成的。     

河北小营盘与东坪金矿地质地球化学 特征对比及矿床成因探讨

小营盘金矿与东坪金矿皆是全国知名的大型放。中盘金太矿产于太古宇叠干群变质岩中,东坪金矿产于海西期碱性杂岩体中,矿床地质特征、同位素地球化学和包裹体地球化学研究显示,这２个矿床在矿物组合、成矿阶段、等方面具有许多相似之处。尽管二者赋矿围岩及成矿时代不同,但它们均属与碱性杂岩体有关的中温热液型金矿。     

Volcanogenic Cu–Pb–Zn bodies in granulites of the central Arunta Block, central Australia

Abstract Small unexploited copper-lead-zinc deposits, characterized by a distinctive wall-rock association of cordierite quartzite, silica-undersaturated rocks, calc-silicate rocks and impure marbles, occur in quartzofeldspathic gneisses and mafic granulites of the Strangways Metamorphic Complex, central Arunta Block, central Australia. Available data support the hypothesis that these are metamorphosed volcanogenic ore bodies. The chemical compositions of the quartzofeldspathic gneisses are comparable with those of less metamorphosed felsic igneous rocks, particularly the felsic igneous rocks emplaced in the North Australian Orogenic Province in the interval 1880–1800 Ma; and the mafic granulites are chemically similar to basalts (olivine-normative tholeiites). The wall-rock suite can be correlated from chemistry and lithological association with the suites of wall rocks found in unmetamorphosed volcanogenic ore deposits. That the protolith of the cordierite quartzites may well have been leached tuff, similar to the illite-chlorite-quartz tuff found in volcanogenic ore deposits, is also shown by retrogression of the granulitefacies assemblage: cordierite-garnet-ortho-pyroxene-biotite-quartz in the cordierite quartzites to cordierite-anthophyllite-bearing assemblages and thence to chlorite-muscovite-quartz assemblages. Lenses of silica-undersaturated rocks with spinel and, less commonly, sapphirine are interpreted as the metamorphosed equivalents of chlorite-rich pods found within leached tuffs in volcanogenic ore deposits. The wall rocks form sheet-like bodies; this suggests that they were deposited in relatively shallow water, thus precluding the formation of massive sulphides.     

胶东燕山期大型超大型金矿集区形成的壳幔结构探讨：来自致矿火成岩(组合)的约束

大型超大型金属矿床形成的深部物质组成和壳幔结构一直是地学研究中被关注的焦点和难点问题。胶东地区发育很多(燕山期)的大型超大型的金矿,是我国著名的金矿集区。本文基于板块构造理论,通过揭示区域火成岩、致矿火成岩组合及其特征,探讨金矿发育时的深部物质组成和壳幔结构。区域上成矿前的侵入岩组合为含少量英云闪长岩+奥长花岗岩(TT)的花岗闪长岩+花岗岩(G1G2)组合;区域上发育的青山群为含有高镁安山岩(HMA)和镁安山岩(MA)的玄武安山岩安山岩英安岩流纹岩以及粗安岩玄粗岩粗面岩组合;矿集区的致矿火成岩组合为含有高Mg闪长岩类(HMgδ)+Mg闪长岩类(Mgδ)的宽谱系岩墙群(WSDS),岩性从基性到酸性均有。上述火成岩组合,以及TTG1、HMA与MA系列火山岩、HMgδ和Mgδ的存在,指示弧火成岩的组合,其各种岩石地球化学特征亦具有弧的特征,因此,上述火成岩及金矿形成于洋俯冲环境,具有俯冲带的壳幔结构和物质组成。各种不同的火成岩指示其可能分别来源于俯冲带不同部位的局部熔融,指示洋壳、上覆地幔楔以及上覆陆壳具有异常热的壳幔结构,即热的洋壳、热的上覆地幔(软流圈)、热的陆壳。致矿火成岩事件、成矿事件均在大规模的壳源(或壳幔)侵入岩浆活动之后。     

Cobalt Deposits of China: Classification, Distribution and Major Advances

The important strategic metal cobalt has diverse uses and the majority of world cobalt deposits have been found in China. The deposits can be classified into four types, i.e., magmatic Ni-Cu-Co sulfide deposits, hydrothermal and volcanogenic cobalt polymetallic deposits, strata-bound Cu-Co deposits hosted by sedimentary rocks and lateritic Ni-Co deposits, of which the former two types are the most important. There are six principal metallogenic epochs and seven important metallogenic belts according to their distribution and tectonic position. Although cobalt generally occurs in nickel-copper, copper and iron deposits as an associated metal, great developments in exploration for independent cobalt deposits have happened in China, and, in recent years, many independent deposits with different elementary assemblages and different genetic types have been discovered in the eastern part of the northern margin of the North China platform, the Central Orogenic Belt of China, western Jiangxi and northeastern Hun     

High-grade metamorphic processes which influence Archaean gold deposits, with particular reference to Big Bell, Australia

Abstract Mineralogical and geochemical evidence indicates that partial melting and desulphidation have occurred in the Big Bell gold deposit. Decarbonation may also have occurred, to account for the lack of a carbonate alteration halo; this is compatible with the present data, but difficult to test. The Big Bell deposit consists of auriferous sulphide-bearing (‘lode’;) schists with muscovite and K-feldspar, and surrounding biotite schists, all derived by intense premetamorphic alteration of rocks of mafic composition. Assemblages which include cordierite-sillimanite-K-feldspar-garnet-biotite-quartz suggest peak metamorphic conditions of 4–5 kbar, and 650–700° C, based on phase relations, geobaro-meters and garnet-biotite Fe-Mg exchange partitioning. Partial melting occurred at peak metamorphism, particularly in the altered mafic rocks in and around the deposit, and its occurrence may have been essential to the preservation of the deposit. Melting greatly limited the importance of devolatilization reactions, resulting in negligible aqueous fluids and no means of removing appreciable gold. Minor gold loss may have accompanied desulphidation. A diversity of complex metamorphic assemblages occurs around the mine, compared to the assemblages developed regionally; variable bulk rock composition influences this contrast, but there is no evidence of higher metamorphic grades at the mine, nor that this might have been the prime control on the different assemblages in this narrow belt. It is suggested that the Big Bell and Hemlo deposits are the higher metamorphic grade equivalents of the more abundant greenschist facies gold deposits within Archaean greenstone belts. This interpretation is favoured by the host rock setting and geochemical characteristics of Big Bell. Alternative models that suggest that this class of deposit is a new type must account for the absence of high-grade equivalents of the greenschist facies deposits and also the lack of low-grade equivalents of the Big Bell/Hemlo type. Archaean gold deposits in high-grade metamorphic terrains have undergone a series of processes that are not recorded in the more typical gold deposits of the greenschist facies.     

湘南地区钨锡多金属矿床矿石矿物组合、矿化蚀变特征及成矿流体组成

采用岩矿鉴定、扫描电镜和电子探针等手段,对湘南地区多个钨锡多金属矿床的矿化蚀变进行了研究和总结.结果 表明,湘南地区钨锡多金属矿化蚀变矿物组成复杂,但各矿区普遍存在锡石、黄铜矿、黑钨矿(或白钨矿)、闪锌矿、方铅矿等金属矿物,萤石和黄玉常见,云母化、钾长石化、绿泥石化、尖晶石化等热液蚀变普遍,表明成矿流体具有类似或相同的来源及组分;各矿田(或矿床)的成矿流体均富含B和F等挥发分及Fe和Mn,钨、锡和铜矿化密切共生,钨锡多金属矿石中可见Nb和Be矿化,表明Li、Be、Nb、Ta、W、Sn、Bi、Cu、Pb、Zn等矿化为类似成矿流体的产物;初步研究认为湘南地区的钨锡多金属矿化是同一岩浆房分异演化的成矿流体的产物,提出了成矿的概念模型.     

Rapid mineralogical and geochemical characterisation of the Fisher East nickel sulphide prospects,Western Australia,using hyperspectral and pXRF data

The use of Shortwave Infrared (SWIR) and Thermal Infrared (TIR) hyperspectral data in mineral exploration has been well documented in many mineralisation types, but is limited in komatiite-hosted nickel sulphide deposits. This project combines hyperspectral, Portable X-ray Fluorescence (pXRF) and whole-rock geochemical data to assess different analytical techniques in the exploration of these deposits. We use the Fisher East nickel sulphide prospects, Western Australia for our case study. The Fisher East prospects lie in an area of the eastern goldfields that has historically been underexplored and understudied. The rocks have undergone intense deformation with primary igneous textures being destroyed, along with strong alteration to talc carbonate assemblages. Combining different analytical tools allowed for differentiation of A and B-zones of original komatiite flows, and the reconstruction of original volcanological facies in a setting where whole rock chemistry as well as igneous textures have been substantially modified by metamorphism. By using different lithogeochemical techniques including pXRF, this study shows the Fisher East prospects are hosted within channelised komatiite flows, and have similar characteristics to Kambalda style deposits.     

Geological setting of the Rapu Rapu gold-rich volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits,Albay Province,Philippines

Gold-rich Fe–Cu–Zn volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits occur within strata of probable Jurassic age on Rapu Rapu Island in Albay Province, Philippines. Massive sulfides at the Ungay Malobago and Hixbar deposits are spatially associated with dacitic volcanic rocks within a highly-deformed sequence of mafic volcanic and quartzofeldspathic sedimentary rocks. The massive sulfide deposits formed at the stratigraphic contact between footwall dacites and hangingwall mafic volcanic and quartzofeldspathic rocks. The deposits and their host strata have undergone regional metamorphism with strong penetrative deformation. Metamorphic mineral assemblages and textural evidence suggest that peak metamorphism was upper-greenschist to lower-amphibolite grade and syn-D₁ deformation. Based on the age of regional metamorphism, deformation is inferred to be mid-Tertiary in age. Deformation at Rapu Rapu resulted in reorientation of the strata into a broad antiform with strong shallow-plunging elongation fabrics, overturning of the volcanic sequence that hosts the Ungay Malobago deposit, and complex folding of the mineralized zones. The present highly linear form of the Ungay Malobago deposit is mainly a product of this ductile strain.Immobile element ratios for a given lithology generally remain constant in saprolitic samples, and thus provide an effective identification tool even in strongly weathered rocks. Lithogeochemical data define a bimodal volcanic suite that is comparable to bimodal assemblages that occur in several modern back-arc basins in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, including those behind the Vanuatu and the New Britain arcs. On Rapu Rapu, the dacitic rocks are enriched in light REE and have high Zr/Y ratios, which indicates a calc–alkaline affinity and suggests a mature island-arc setting. The quartzofeldspathic sedimentary rocks are more widespread than the dacites and have notably lower Zr/Y ratios; they may have been derived from erosion of a distant volcanic arc. The mafic volcanic rocks are dominantly low-K arc tholeiites of basaltic to andesitic composition, but with modest enrichment in the light REE; comparable rocks can be found in the Vanuatu and New Britain back-arc basins.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00126-003-0349-0An erratum to this article can be found at Editorial handling: O. Christensen     

三江上叠裂谷盆地人支雪山组火山岩锆石U-Pb定年与地质意义

三江上叠裂谷盆地人支雪山组火山岩是赋存火山成因块状硫化物矿床(VHMS)的重要层位,但对其形成时代一直存在着争议。本文对几家顶一带人支雪山组火山岩进行了LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb年代学研究,结果显示,两件流纹岩样品中锆石23个分析点的206Pb/238U年龄分别为247.4±2.1Ma和249.1±1.6Ma,因此人支雪山组火山岩形成于早三叠世(249～247Ma)。地球化学资料表明,人支雪山组火山岩形成于一个伸展的地球动力学背景,由此本文认为金沙江结合带在早三叠世已进入弧-陆碰撞后的伸展时期。     

广西罗城—鹿寨地区石炭系沉积相类型及沉积环境演化

本文据区内6个石炭纪地层剖面的岩性组合,垂向层序及生物组合特征的研究,将沉积相区分为陆源碎屑潮坪沉积、三角洲沉积、浅水开阔台地和极浅水局限台地碳酸盐沉积以及半深水台盆沉积五种类型。研究表明,在石炭纪不同时期的沉积环境具有不同的组合特点。早石炭世沉积类型比较复杂,具有陆源碎屑潮坪-三角洲-开阔台地-台盆环境组合形式;而中晚石炭世则主要为极浅水局限台地环境,总体上表现出向上变浅的环境演化特点。本文指出台地向上变浅的机理是在总体浅进超覆的背景下由碳酸盐沉积物的快速沉积造成的。