南海中尺度大气海浪耦合模式及其对该区一次强台风过程的模拟研究

利用中尺度大气模式MM5(V3)和第3代海浪模式WWATCH建立考虑大气-海浪相互作用的风浪耦合模式.在耦合模式中引入考虑波浪影响的海表粗糙度参数化方案,大气模式分量提供海面10 m风场驱动海浪模式分量运行,并利用海浪模式分量反馈的波龄参数计算海表粗糙度.利用耦合模式模拟南海的一次台风过程,通过3组对比试验,检验耦合模式对台风过程的模拟效果并研究大气-海浪相互作用对台风过程的影响.结果表明:耦合模式能够较好地模拟南海的台风过程,与非耦合大气模式相比,其模拟的台风强度略有增强,路径变化不大;耦合模式对台风过程中海表热通量及降水影响显著,在台风充分发展过程中,耦合模式模拟的海表热通量增强,台风螺旋雨带上尤其是台风路径的右侧,耦合模式模拟的降水强于非耦合模式;耦合模式较好地模拟了台风过程海浪场的分布和演变,与非耦合模式相比,其模拟的海浪场增强,与实际更为接近;考虑了海表粗糙度对波浪的依赖关系后,海浪场同时影响海表的动力过程和热力过程,从本次个例看,在台风发展初期,海浪对海表动力作用影响显著,其反馈作用使台风系统减弱,但在台风充分发展后,耦合系统中海表热通量增加,热力作用显著增强,海浪的反馈作用有利于台风系统的发展和维持.     

ESTIMATION OF CLOUD LIQUID WATER OVER THE HUBEX AREA USING THE TRMM MICROWAVE IMAGER

The ability of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Microwave Imager(TRMM/TMI)forcloud liquid water(CLW)retrieval has been demonstrated in this study.Due to the greatsensitivity of the TMI 85.5 GHz channels to CLW,the liquid water path(LWP)ofnonprecipitating clouds over land can be successfully estimated using the VDISORT model basedon the iteration steps.Both the vertical-polarized 85. 5 GHz single-channel method and thepolarization-difference of 85.5 GHz method were applied to the LWP estimates over land regionsduring the Huaihe River Basin Energy and Water Cycle Experiment(HUBEX)in China.Theretrieval results show reasonable agreement with the ground-based microwave radiometermeasurements.When the surface emissivity or skin temperature is difficult to be made sure,thepolarization-difference method shows advantages of providing estimates of LWP especially for lowclouds because of its extremely insensitiveness to the surface skin temperature.     

用TRMM/TMI估算HUBEX试验区的云中液态水

文中应用热带降雨测量卫星微波成像仪的微波遥感资料反演云中液态水。由于微波成像仪85.5 GHz通道对云中液态水非常敏感,通过离散纵坐标矢量辐射传输模式,运用迭代的方法可以有效地反演出陆地上空非降水云中的液态水路径。在淮河流域能量与水分循环试验中,分别运用微波成像仪85.5 GHz垂直极化单通道和微波成像仪85.5 GHz极化亮温差两种方法来估算陆地上空的云中液态水路径,反演结果与地基微波辐射计的测量结果是较为一致的。当地表比辐射率或地表温度误差较大时,用极化亮温差法估算云中液态水路径相对较好,尤其是对于低云,因为该方法对地表温度不敏感。     

TRMM卫星对一次冰雹降水过程的观测分析研究

利用TRMM卫星上时空匹配较好的测雨雷达(PR)、微波成像仪(TMI)、可见光和红外扫描仪(VIRS)观测资料,研究了1999年5月9日发生在黄淮地区的一次冰雹降水过程。根据卫星接连3个轨道的观测,综合分析了此次强对流降水过程在不同阶段的降水结构、云顶亮温和降雨厚度以及相应的微波亮温变化特征。观测分析表明,此次降水过程由对流很强的冰雹降水逐渐演变到对流渐弱的暴雨降水。冰雹降水阶段,云中有多个强对流单体,云体中高层有大量的固态降水粒子,使得中高层降水量在降水柱含量中贡献远大于融化层降水量的贡献;暴雨降水阶段,若干对流单体被大面积的层云降水包围,降水高度逐渐降低,云体中高层降水量明显减少,融化层降水量对柱含量的贡献明显增加。降水率廓线中不同高度的降水量对降水柱含量贡献的比较表明:中高层降水量占的比例越大,降雨云对流越强,反之,融化层降水量占的比例越大,降雨云越趋向为稳定的层云。微波亮温信号在不同降雨阶段随雨强的响应程度大不相同,这表明在反演地面降雨时,最好结合降雨云的结构特征及其发展阶段,针对不同降雨类型选取最为有效的微波通道组合来建立最佳反演模式。     

Subpixel fractional cloud cover and inhomogeneity effects on microwave beam-filling error

Using synthetic geometrical clouds and radiative microwave model, we examine the possibility to correct the estimations of liquid water path (LWP) or rain rate with cloud cover measurement. This information may be gotten by co-localized measurements of microwave and infrared/visible measurements on new satellites (TRMM, ADEOS 2, …). In a first step, the effects of fractional cloud cover on microwave brightness temperatures (TB) are investigated in three typical cases of nonprecipitating and precipitating (stratiform and convective) clouds. The beam-filling error (BFE) on brightness temperatures may be analyzed with the known spatial variability using 1D or 3D radiative transfer model. Relationships between BFE and subpixel cloud fraction (CF) are discussed according to the cloud type. We tested several parameters that characterize the horizontal cloud inhomogeneity within a radiometer field of view. BFE was found very sensitive to cloud type and inhomogeneity and is maximum for raining cloud with open spatial structure. In order to account for the uncertainty introduced by the spatial distribution, dependence of BFE on textural-based parameters is also discussed using homogeneity, entropy and an indicator of CF horizontal gradient.     

利用热带降雨测量卫星的微波成像仪观测资料反演陆地降水

利用热带降雨测量卫星的微波成像仪资料，结合淮河流域试验加密观测期的阜阳地面天 气雷达雨量资料，建立了以散射指数和极化订正温度为主要参数的降水反演算法。对文 中所做反演试验与日本ＮＡＳＤＡ用微波成像仪和星载测雨雷达反演的雨强进行了比较。结果表明 ，文中所用的方法在反演陆地下垫面的降雨强度的分布和降雨区域的确定是比较成功的。     

Variations of Precipitation Structure and Microwave Tbs During the Evolution of a Hailstorm from TRMM Observations

In this paper, a hailstorm occurring on 9 May 1999 in Huanghuai region was studied by using the combined data from the precipitation radar (PR), microwave image (TMI), and visible infrared scanner (VIRS) on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite. According to the 3-orbit observations of 5-h duration from the TRMM satellite, the variation characteristics of the precipitation structures as well as cloud top temperature and microwave signals of the precipitating cloud were comprehensively analyzed during the evolution of hailstorm. The results show that the precipitation is obviously converted from early hail cloud with strong convection into the later storm cloud with weak convection. For hail cloud, there exists some strong convective cells, and the heavy solid precipitation is shown at the middle-top levels so that the contribution of rainfall amount above the freezing-layer to the column precipitation amount is rather larger than that within the melting-layer. However, for storm cloud, the convective cells are surrounded by the large area of stratiform precipitation, and the precipitation thickness gradually decreases, and the rainfall above the freezing-layer obviously reduces and the contribution of rainfall amount within the melting-layer rapidly increases. Therefore, the larger ratio of rainfall amount above the freezing layer to column precipitation amount is, the more convective the cloud is; reversely, the larger proportion of rainfall below the melting layer is, the more stable the stratiform cloud is. The different changing trends of microwave signals at different precipitation stages show that it is better to consider the structures and stages of precipitating cloud to choose the optimal microwave channels to retrieve surface rainfall.     

基于热带测雨卫星探测的东亚降水云结构特征的研究

利用热带测雨卫星的测雨雷达(TRMMPR)、微波成像仪(TMI)、可见光和红外辐射计(VIRS)、闪电成像仪(LIS)对降水云的综合探测结果,结合全球降水气候计划降水资料(GPCP)和中国气象台站雨量计观测资料,分析了东亚降水分布特点,并比较了TRMMPR与GPCP及地面雨量计观测结果的差异;揭示了中国中东部大陆、东海和南海对流降水和层云降水平均降水廓线的季节变化特征及物理意义,以及TMI高频和低频微波信号对地表降水率变化的响应特点;通过对中尺度强降水系统、锋面气旋降水系统和热对流降水系统的个例分析,探明了降水结构及其与闪电活动的关系、降水云顶部信息与地表雨强之间的关系。     

TRMM测雨雷达和微波成像仪对两个中尺度特大暴雨降水结构的观测分析研究

文中利用TRMM卫星的测雨雷达和微波成像仪探测结果,研究了1998年7月20日21时(世界时)和1999年6月9日21时发生在武汉地区附近和皖南地区的两个中尺度强降水系统的水平结构和垂直结构,以及TMI微波亮温对降水强弱和分布的响应。研究结果表明:这两个中尺度强降水系统中对流降水所占面积比层云降水面积小,但对流降水具有很强的降水率,它对总降水量的贡献超过了层云降水。降水水平结构表明,两个中尺度强降水系统由多个强雨团或雨带组成,它们均属于对流性降水;降水垂直结构分析表明,强对流降水的雨顶高度可达15km,强对流降水主体中存在垂直方向和水平方向非均匀降水率分布区,层云降水有清晰的亮度带,层云降水的上方存在多层云系结构。降水廓线分布表明:对流降水廓线与层云降水廓线有明显的区别,并且降水廓线清晰地反映了降水微物理过程的垂直分布。整个中尺度强降水系统中对流降水与层云降水的区别还反映在标准化的总降水率随高度的分布。微波信号分析表明:TMI85 GHz极化修正亮温,19.4与37.0,19.4与85.5,37.0与85.5 GHz的垂直极化亮温差均能较好地指示陆面附近的降水分布。     

京津冀地区夏季降水冰云和非降水冰云云特征对比分析

利用2013～2016年的Aqua MODIS卫星和CloudSat卫星的二级产品资料,对发生在京津冀地区夏季的降水冰云和非降水冰云进行了统计。基于此,对比分析了两类冰云的云类型,研究了二者在云特征参数、云层数及垂直结构上的差异,并且探究了二者在不同通道下云特征参数的相对大小。结果表明:1）京津冀地区的降水冰云以深对流云和雨层云为主,分别占48.63%和34.65%,而非降水冰云以高层云和卷云为主,分别占55.62%和31.58%。2）降水冰云和非降水冰云的平均云顶温度、云顶高度、光学厚度、积分云水总量、有效粒子半径分别为230.99 K、10.90 km、53.26、937.98 g/m2、31.45m和236.17 K、10.10 km、12.81、209.00 g/m2、27.54 μm。3）降水冰云以单层云为主,占80.39%,双层云占18.75%;而非降水冰云仍以单层云为主,占85.35%,双层云则占14.38%,比降水冰云低。4）相较于非降水冰云,降水冰云中卷云和高积云云体位置较高,而高层云和深对流云位置较低。5）随高度变化,降水冰云冰水含量是双峰结构,而非降水冰云是单峰结构;二者的粒子数浓度则差异不大;非降水冰云的粒子有效半径在5～7.5 km随高度变化不大,而降水冰云则随高度减小。6）降水冰云的积分云水总量、光学厚度和粒子有效半径>≥模态[、、分别代表该云特征参数在1.6、2.1、3.7 μm通道中的数值,当n=1, 2, 3时,分别代表光学厚度（b₁）、积分云水总量（b₂）、有效半径这三种（b₃）]的比例都高于非降水冰云,而二者在云参数≥≥模态的比例则有差异。     

Analysis of ice water path retrieval errors over tropical ocean

Retrieval of multi-layered cloud properties, especially ice water path (IWP), is one of the most perplexing problems in satellite cloud remote sensing. This paper develops a method for improving the IWP retrievals for ice-over-water overlapped cloud systems using Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) and Visible and Infrared Scanner (VIRS) data. A combined microwave, visible and infrared algorithm is used to identify overlapped clouds and estimate IWP separately from liquid water path. The retrieval error of IWP is then evaluated by comparing the IWP to that retrieved from single-layer ice clouds surrounding the observed overlapping systems. The major IWP retrieval errors of overlapped clouds are primarily controlled by the errors in estimating the visible optical depth. Optical depths are overestimated by about 10–40% due to the influence of the underlying cloud. For the ice-over-warm-water cloud systems (cloud water temperature Tw > 273 K), the globally averaged IWP retrieval error is about 10%. This cloud type accounts for about 15% of all high-cloud overlapping cases. Ice-over-super-cooled water clouds are the predominant overlapped cloud system, accounting for 55% of the cases. Their global averaged error is 17.2%. The largest IWP retrieval error results when ice clouds occur over extremely super-cooled water clouds (Tw 6 255 K). Overall, roughly 33% of the VIRS IWP retrievals are overestimated due to the effects of the liquid water clouds beneath the cirrus clouds. To improve the accuracy of the IWP retrievals, correction models are developed and applied to all three types of overlapped clouds. The preliminary results indicate that the correction models reduce part of the retrieval error.     

Liquid Water Path Retrieval Using the Lowest Frequency Channels of Fengyun-3C Microwave Radiation Imager(MWRI)

The Microwave Radiation Imager(MWRI) on board Chinese Fengyun-3(FY-3) satellites provides measurements at 10.65, 18.7, 23.8, 36.5, and 89.0 GHz with both horizontal and vertical polarization channels. Brightness temperature measurements of those channels with their central frequencies higher than 19 GHz from satellite-based microwave imager radiometers had traditionally been used to retrieve cloud liquid water path(LWP) over ocean. The results show that the lowest frequency channels are the most appropriate for retrieving LWP when its values are large. Therefore, a modified LWP retrieval algorithm is developed for retrieving LWP of different magnitudes involving not only the high frequency channels but also the lowest frequency channels of FY-3 MWRI. The theoretical estimates of the LWP retrieval errors are between 0.11 and 0.06 mm for 10.65-and 18.7-GHz channels and between0.02 and 0.04 mm for 36.5-and 89.0-GHz channels. It is also shown that the brightness temperature observations at10.65 GHz can be utilized to better retrieve the LWP greater than 3 mm in the eyewall region of Super Typhoon Neoguri(2014). The spiral structure of clouds within and around Typhoon Neoguri can be well captured by combining the LWP retrievals from different frequency channels.     

Liquid water path retrieval using the lowest frequency channels of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fengyun-3C</Emphasis> Microwave Radiation Imager (MWRI)

The Microwave Radiation Imager (MWRI) on board Chinese Fengyun-3 (FY-3) satellites provides measurements at 10.65, 18.7, 23.8, 36.5, and 89.0 GHz with both horizontal and vertical polarization channels. Brightness temperature measurements of those channels with their central frequencies higher than 19 GHz from satellite-based microwave imager radiometers had traditionally been used to retrieve cloud liquid water path (LWP) over ocean. The results show that the lowest frequency channels are the most appropriate for retrieving LWP when its values are large. Therefore, a modified LWP retrieval algorithm is developed for retrieving LWP of different magnitudes involving not only the high frequency channels but also the lowest frequency channels of FY-3 MWRI. The theoretical estimates of the LWP retrieval errors are between 0.11 and 0.06 mm for 10.65- and 18.7-GHz channels and between 0.02 and 0.04 mm for 36.5- and 89.0-GHz channels. It is also shown that the brightness temperature observations at 10.65 GHz can be utilized to better retrieve the LWP greater than 3 mm in the eyewall region of Super Typhoon Neoguri (2014). The spiral structure of clouds within and around Typhoon Neoguri can be well captured by combining the LWP retrievals from different frequency channels.     

用TRMM卫星微波成像仪遥感云中液态水

应用热带降雨测量卫星微波成像仪(TRMM/TMI)的被动遥感资料,选用对云中液态水变化非常敏感的85.5 GHz垂直极化通道的亮温信息,通过离散纵坐标矢量辐射传输模式,采取逐步逼近的方法确定出地表的微波比辐射率,并运用迭代方法有效地反演出云中液态水含量及其分布.与对应的卫星红外云图对比结果表明,反演的云中液态水分布是合理和可信的.     

用云和辐射传输模式研究对流性降水云微物理及辐射特性

利用中国气象科学研究院的三维对流云模式模拟了 1 998年发生在我国武汉地区的特大暴雨过程中的对流云。在模拟云的成熟阶段 ,模拟结果和地面最大降水量实况及热带测雨卫星TRMM (TropicalRainfallMeasureMission)的降水雷达PR(Pre cipitationRadar)的零度层高度和降水粒子达到的高度较接近。将该云物理模式的输出结果输入到Liu的三维辐射模式的输入场 ,模拟了以TRMM的微波成像仪TMI(TRMMMicrowaveImager)的扫描角为入射角 ,频率为 85 5GHz和 37 0GHz的星载微波辐射仪接受到的亮温 ,模拟的结果表明云中各微物理量的分布对上行微波辐射的影响较大。     

基于TMI产品资料对数值模式水凝物模拟能力的检验分析

本文利用热带测雨卫星(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission,TRMM)搭载微波成像仪(TRMM Microwave Imager,TMI)的探测及反演结果,结合微波辐射传输模式,就2004年17号台风暹芭(Chaba)过程,对AREM(Advanced Regional Eta-coo...     

Microwave Simulations of Precipitation Distribution with Two Radiative Transfer Models

Two microwave radiative transfer models of precipitating cloud are used to simulate the microwave upwelling radiances emerging from precipitating clouds. Comparison of the simulation results shows that significant difference of microwave upwelling radiances exists between these two radiative transfer models. Analysis of these differences in different cloud and precipitation conditions shows that it is complicated but has certain trend for different microwave frequencies. The results may be useful to quantitative rainfall rate retrieval of real precipitating clouds.     

Remote sensing of cloud liquid water

Summary A method is presented to infer cloud liquid water path (LWP in kg/m²) over the ocean from passive microwave measurements of SSM/I. The algorithm to retrieve LWP is based on simulated satellite observations. They are calculated with a radiative transfer model applied to about 3000 radiosonde ascents over the Atlantic Ocean. Since radiosonde observations do not contain direct information about cloud water and ice, these parameters are parameterized based on relative humidity and temperature using modified adiabatic liquid water density profiles. A multiple linear regression is applied to the simulated radiances and the calculated LWP to derive the algorithm. The retrieval accuracy based on the regression analysis including instrumental noise is 0.03 kg/m². Validation of the LWP-algorithm was pursued through a comparison with measurements of a ground-based 33 GHzmicrowave radiometer on board of R.V. Poseidon during the International Cirrus Experiment 1989 at the North Sea (ICE'89). The LWP values agree within the range of uncertainty caused by the different sampling characteristics of the observing systems. The retrieval accuracy for clear-sky cases determined using colocated METEOSAT data over the North Sea is 0.037 kg/m² and confirms the accuracy estimated from regression analysis for the low liquid water cases.The algorithm was used to derive maps of monthly mean LWP over the Atlantic Ocean. As an example the Octobers of the 5 years 1987–1991 were selected to demonstrate the interannual variability of LWP. The results were compared with the cloud water content produced by the climate model ECHAM-T2 from the Max-Planck-Institut Hamburg.Observations during ICE'89 were used to check the accuracy of the applied radiative transfer model. Brightness temperatures were calculated from radiosonde ascents launched during the overpass of DMSP-F8 in cloud-free situations. The channel-dependent differences range from about –2 to 3 K.The possibility to identify different cloud types using microwave and infrared observations was examined. The main conclusion is that simultaneous microwave and infrared measurements enable the separation of dense cirrus and cirrus with underlying water clouds. A classification of clouds with respect to their top heights and LWP was carried out using a combination of SSM/I derived LWP and simultaneously recorded Meteosat IR-data during ICE'89.With 11 Figures     

测量云液水柱含量的一个设想

云液态水柱含量是一个重要的气象学和云雾物理参数.对于云液水柱含量测量已发展了多种技术,但由于云在时空上变化很大,目前地基、飞机以及卫星测量的全部资料,都不能满足数值天气预报、人工增雨及气候变化研究等方面的工作需要.作者提出一种测云水的新方法,即从卫星-地面的微波衰减来确定云水(斜)柱量,并研究了此方法中的测量通道选择及测量方式问题,进行了初步的误差分析研究.结果表明,此方法在现有技术条件下可行,云水的测量精度不难达到20%～30%的水平.与卫星被动微波遥感结合起来,可获得精度更高的云水全球分布资料.     

Precipitation Structures of a Thermal Convective System Happened in the Central Western Subtropical Pacific Anticyclone

In this paper, characteristics of precipitating clouds in a thermal convective system (TCS) occurred in the southeastern mainland of China at 15:00 BT (Beijing time) on August 2, 2003 in the central western subtropical Pacific anticyclone (WSPA) is studied by using TRMM tropical rainfallmeasuring mission PR (precipitution radar) and IR Infrared radiation measurements. The precipitating cloud structures in both horizontal and vertical, relationship among storm top, cloud top, and surface rain rate are particularly analyzed. Results show that a strong ascending air at 500 hPa and a strong convergence of moisture flux at 850 hPa in the central WSPA supply necessary conditions both in dynamics and moisture for the happening of the TCS precipitation. The TRMM PR observation shows that the horizontal scale of the most TCS precipitating clouds is about 30-40 km, their averaged vertical scale is above 10 km, and the maximum reaches 17.5 km. The maximum rain rate near surface of those TCS clouds is beyond 50 mm h-1. The mean rain profile of the TCS clouds shows that its maximum rain rate at 5 km altitude is 1 km lower than the estimated freezing level of the environment. Compared with the mesoscale convective system (MCS) of "98.7.20", both systems have the same altitude of the maximum rain rate displayed from both mean rain profiles, but the TCS is much deeper than the MCS. From the altitude of the maximum rain rate to near surface, profiles show that rain rate reducing in the TCS is faster than that in the MCS, which implies a strong droplet evaporation process occurring in the TCS. Relationship among cloud top, storm top, and surface rain rate analysis indicates a large variation of cloud top when storm top is lower. On the contrary, the higher the storm top, the more consistent both cloud top and storm top. And, the larger the surface rain rate, the higher and more consistent for both cloud top and storm top. At the end, results expose that area fractions of non-precipitating clouds and clear sky are 86% and 2%, respectively. The area fraction of precipitating clouds is only about 1/8 that of non-precipitating clouds.