十到百年尺度动力形态模型在珠江磨刀门河口的应用

在人类活动的参与下磨刀门河口演变已不再是纯粹的自然过程,而是自然和人类活动共同塑造的过程。建立了一个以过程模拟为主的10~100 a尺度的长周期动力形态模型(PRD-LTMM-10)用于模拟磨刀门河口在人类活动作用下的演变过程。 该模型建立在水体运动方程和沉积物输运方程的基础上,应用约简技术对模型输入和计算进行处理,并包含了用于评价和量化人类活动的抛石促淤模块和航道疏浚模块。应用该模型较真实地模拟了磨刀门河口在1977-1988 年的动力地形演变过程,并且通过模拟结果和情景分析,合理地分离了人类各种工程活动的长期影响和自然因素在河口演变中的作用。研究表明,治理工程对河口自然发展趋势造成了较大的改造,淤积强度表现为西侧大于东侧。抛石和围垦工程使横洲水道主槽逐年冲刷,深槽外移,而龙屎窟深槽上端则表现为严重淤积,深槽不断缩窄。     

十到百年尺度动力形态模型在珠江磨刀门河口的应用

在人类活动的参与下磨刀门河口演变已不再是纯粹的自然过程,而是自然和人类活动共同塑造的过程。建立了一个以过程模拟为主的10~100 a尺度的长周期动力形态模型(PRD-LTMM-10)用于模拟磨刀门河口在人类活动作用下的演变过程。 该模型建立在水体运动方程和沉积物输运方程的基础上,应用约简技术对模型输入和计算进行处理,并包含了用于评价和量化人类活动的抛石促淤模块和航道疏浚模块。应用该模型较真实地模拟了磨刀门河口在1977-1988 年的动力地形演变过程,并且通过模拟结果和情景分析,合理地分离了人类各种工程活动的长期影响和自然因素在河口演变中的作用。研究表明,治理工程对河口自然发展趋势造成了较大的改造,淤积强度表现为西侧大于东侧。抛石和围垦工程使横洲水道主槽逐年冲刷,深槽外移,而龙屎窟深槽上端则表现为严重淤积,深槽不断缩窄。     

磨刀门河口水沙变化与地貌响应

以西江磨刀门河口为研究对象,应用马口站1960～2000年月平均流量及含沙量资料,1980、1981和2003年洪枯季实测水文及表层沉积物采样资料,分析磨刀门河口近几十年来的水沙变化,建立磨刀门河口水沙变化与纵、横断面及口门形态的响应模式.结论认为,西江磨刀门河口径流量年际变化不大;含沙量及输沙总量在1993年前后发生变异,有减少的趋势,悬浮泥沙中值粒径偏细;总体上形成了丰水少沙的水沙组合.磨刀门河口形态响应滞后于水沙变化,存在洪淤枯冲的年内变化.由于上游来沙量减少、人工护岸的作用下,河口口门断面趋于窄深.总体上,磨刀门河口深槽变浅,拦门沙在波浪作用下加高变薄;口门向外海延伸较快,使得河口口门动力相对强弱发生了较大变化,波浪动力及沿岸流对泥沙转运的作用增强,磨刀门河口正逐渐向河流-波浪型河口转变.     

磨刀门拦门沙区域近期地貌演变和航道整治研究

应用近几年的水文和地形实测资料,研究了磨刀门拦门沙区域近期的动力和地貌演变特点.近期地貌演变的主要特点为:深槽外移扩展,一主一支分汊明显;拦门沙内坡冲刷外移,外坡变化不大,纵向宽度变窄;拦门沙西区淤积,拦门沙中心区和拦门沙东区冲刷;地貌轴线总体向南和西南方向偏转.从水动力和地貌演变的角度来看,磨刀门拦门沙区域航道整治应关注下列问题:1)注意河口性质的变化,着重解决径流输沙,波流共同输沙这两个主要问题;2)在工程布置中,应与口门外动力场的特点和地貌演变的总体趋势相适应,以建设双导堤为宜;3)西汊、东汊均是可选择的航线,从综合因素考虑宜选择西汊;4)注重河口分汊的自然规律,注意保护东支汊;5)注意稳定拦门沙中心区.     

珠江口磨刀门河口动力平衡特点及人类活动对其影响

应用ECOMSED模型输出、运动方程简化等方法,研究了珠江口磨刀门河口动力平衡的特点。研究表明:在磨刀门河口动力平衡中,纵向的主要平衡项为压力项和垂向涡动摩擦项,侧向的主要平衡项为侧向正压力项和科氏力项。正压力为磨刀门河口动力的主导因素,但在枯季动力平衡中,斜压力也是不可忽略的项。人类活动对磨刀门河口动力最主要的影响是改变了正压力项的大小,近几十年来,磨刀门河口正压力呈减小的趋势。     

磨刀门河口近期演变及其排洪效应

通过分析珠江磨刀门分流河口水动力结构及拦门沙的走向变化,解析磨刀门河口近期演变,并从河口的结构和功能的角度,分析磨刀门河口的排洪功能和行为。结论认为:(1)磨刀门河口正由径流优势型向河流—波浪型转变,波浪成为改造和修饰口门地形的重要动力;(2)磨刀门河口的动力、地貌变化,使得河口对淡水的防御性增强而渗透性减弱,其排洪潜力有限;(3)强径流河口发育支汊是河口延伸中的基本规律,在今后磨刀门的治理开发过程(尤其是排洪)中应注意支汊的保护利用。     

一次东北季风过程下珠江口磨刀门河口环流研究

根据2003年12月9日至15日的大、中潮同步水文观测资料及江门市斗门县气象局关于风的气象资料,结合Ecomsed三维斜压模型,对东北季风过程下的磨刀门垂向环流进行研究。通过理论分析和模型计算,表明向海的冬季风对河口垂向环流的形成起着重要的作用。风的作用有加强径流效果,加大了表层水体向下游的流动,同时底层水体的上溯使该地区形成了稳定的垂向环流。统计气象资料推断,枯季期间磨刀门水道出现垂向环流现象的时间约占总天数的51%。     

珠江口磨刀门泥沙絮凝特征

本文利用激光粒度仪实测得到珠江口磨刀门河口2013年夏季悬浮泥沙现场絮凝及絮凝体特征,同时对比悬沙分散粒径和含沙量,研究表明:悬沙分散粒径平均值为27.9μm,现场实测絮团粒径平均值为91.6μm,表明磨刀门口外的悬浮泥沙絮凝现象显著;实测絮团平均粒径变化范围为13.0~273.8μm,小潮期间絮团粒径平均值为131.5μm,大于大潮平均值76.9μm;絮凝体粒径在垂向上的变化表现为由表及底先变大再变小。絮团体积浓度、沉速与粒径的关系在不同情况下有差异,体积浓度和絮团粒径在表层和中层有明显正相关关系,絮团沉速在大潮时刻随着粒径的增大而增大。综合分析影响絮凝的因素,得知在珠江口盐度对于絮团大小影响不明显;而流速大小的差异是影响大小潮之间絮团大小不同的主要因素。研究结果有助于了解珠江口细颗粒泥沙输移特性和相关生物化学过程。     

磨刀门河口在20世纪60至70年代的演变模拟与动力地貌过程分析

使用长周期动力地貌模型(long-term morphodynamic model),再现了磨刀门河口1964—1977年的演变过程,并从水动力、地形演变规律以及人类活动等角度系统分析了长周期地貌演变过程。模拟结果显示在1964—1977年磨刀门河口鹤州至交杯沙浅滩和上沟快速淤积,13a的平均淤积厚度均在40cm以上,与之相反,横洲水道杧州至大井角段和上沟东部深槽冲刷明显。磨刀门河口演变季节性特征明显。在洪季浅滩淤积,深槽冲刷;在枯季滩槽都处于淤积状态。演变过程中各种基岩岛屿使动力结构和演变规律呈现多元化,同时人类活动对整个区域的演变起到了重要的作用。     

珠江磨刀门河口底质沉积特征及其泥沙运移趋势

根据珠江磨刀门河口的表层沉积物粒度分析结果,运用Gao-Collins粒径趋势分析方法(GSTA模型),计算河口的沉积物净输运趋势,并分析河口底质沉积特征。结果表明:河口较粗的沉积物分布在交杯沙浅滩和拦门沙顶部,受波浪作用影响分选较好;磨刀门主槽、龙屎窟和口外海滨的沉积物则较细,以粉砂和粘土为主,分选稍差。沉积物在纵向和横向上都表现出细-粗-细的变化趋势。磨刀门主槽泥沙受强径流影响,具有向南的输运趋势;龙屎窟在涨潮流作用下,泥沙净向北输运;在西向沿岸流和东南向浪作用下,拦门沙东侧浅滩泥沙向西侧搬运,口外海滨的泥沙输运趋势则向北。     

Effects of the anthropogenic activities on the morphological evolution of the Modaomen Estuary,Pearl River Delta,China

Owing to the intensive human activities, the Modaomen Estuary has been significantly modified since 1950s, which has resulted in considerable changes of hydrodynamics and morphodynamics in the area. In this paper, the effects of the anthropogenic activities on the hydrodynamics and morphological evolution in the estuary at different stages are systematically assessed based on the detailed bathymetric data and field survey. The results show that the human activities have caused the channelization of the enclosed sea area in the Modamen Estuary;fast seaward movement of the mouth bar with high siltation;expansion of the channel volume due to channel deepening. The paper also highlights the main hydrodynamic changes in the estuary, including the rise of the water level;the distinguishing changes of tidal range before and after the 1990s （decrease and increase respectively）; as well as the increase of the divided flow ratio. It is found that reclamation is the main factor promoting the transition of nature of the estuary from runoff dominant to runoff and wave dominant, and sand mining activities are mainly to strengthen the tidal dynamic and to low the water level. The results provide useful guidance for better planning of the future developments in the estuary and further research in the area.     

A long-term numerical model of morphodynamic evolution and its application to the Modaomen Estuary

Because of the influence of human activities,the evolution of the Modaomen Estuary is no longer a purely natural process.We used a long-term morphodynamic model(PRD-LTMM-10) to study the evolution of the estuary from 1977 to 1988.The model incorporated modules for riprap-siltation promotion and waterway dredging.The model can simulate the morphodynamic evolutionary processes occurring in the Modaomen Estuary during the period of interest.We were able to isolate the long-term influences of various human engineering activities and the roles of natural factors in estuarine evolution.The governance projects had the largest effect on the natural development of the estuary,resulting in larger siltation on the west side.Installation of riprap and reclamation of submerged land resulted in scouring of the main Hengzhou Channel causing deep trough out-shift.Severe siltation narrowed the upper end of the Longshiku Deep Trough.     

磨刀门拦门沙区域枯季波流共同作用近底切应力和泥沙运动研究

On the basis of the measurement data pertaining to waves, current, and sediment in February 2012 in the mouth bar of the Modaomen Estuary, the Soulsby formulae with an iterative method are applied to calculating bottom shear stresses （BSS） and their effect on a sediment resuspension. Swell induced BSS have been found to be the most important part of the BSS. In this study, the correlation coefficient between a wavecurrent shear stress and SSC is 0.86, and that between current shear stresses and SSC is only 0.40. The peaks of the SSC are consistent with the height and the BSS of the swell. The swell is the main mechanism for the sediment re-suspension, and the tidal current effect on sediment re-suspension is small. The peaks of the SSC are centered on the high tidal level, and the flood tide enhances the wave shear stresses and the SSC near the bottom. The critical shear stress for sediment re-suspension at the observation station is between 0.20 and 0.30 N/m2. Tidal currents are too weak to stir up the bottom sediment into the flow, but a WCI （wave-current interaction） is strong enough to re-suspend the coarse sediment.     

Effects of the Anthropogenic Activities on the Morphological Evolution of the Modaomen Estuary, Pearl River Delta, China

Owing to the intensive human activities, the Modaomen Estuary has been significantly modified since 1950s, which has resulted in considerable changes of hydrodynamics and morphodynamics in the area. In this paper, the effects of the anthropogenic activities on the hydrodynamics and morphological evolution in the estuary at different stages are systematically assessed based on the detailed bathymetric data and field survey. The results show that the human activities have caused the channelization of the enclosed sea area in the Modamen Estuary; fast seaward movement of the mouth bar with high siltation; expansion of the channel volume due to channel deepening. The paper also highlights the main hydrodynamic changes in the estuary, including the rise of the water level; the distinguishing changes of tidal range before and after the 1990s (decrease and increase respectively); as well as the increase of the divided flow ratio. It is found that reclamation is the main factor promoting the transition of nature of the estuary from runoff dominant to runoff and wave dominant, and sand mining activities are mainly to strengthen the tidal dynamic and to low the water level. The results provide useful guidance for better planning of the future developments in the estuary and further research in the area.     

基于高频ADCP资料的磨刀门河口羽状流湍流动力特征

利用1 200 kHz的宽频RDI ADCP于2015年7月在磨刀门河口拦门沙前缘的浅水站和沿岸流影响的深水站进行座底观测,采样频率为1 Hz,数据经滤波去噪处理,应用方差方法分析了磨刀门的羽状流湍流动力特征。结果表明,磨刀门河口水流表现出3层流结构,峰值流速出现在表层的羽状流层,深水区雷诺应力量级为10-3~10-5 m2/s2,小于拦门沙前缘的湍流脉动强度;拦门沙前缘和深水区湍流动能密度参数的范围均在0.01~0.6 m2/s2左右,羽状流的湍动能比底边界层高一个数量级。拦门沙前缘羽状流的湍动能生成率量级约为10-3 W/kg,比底层大2~3个量级,且远强于深水区;垂直涡黏系数的大小约为0~0.15 m2/s。总的来说,羽状流表现出层化稳定、混合强烈,以及高的湍动能生成率,为羽状流携带高浊度悬沙离岸远距离搬运提供了湍流动力条件。     

珠江磨刀门河口径潮动力耦合条件下余水位的多时空尺度分析

本文通过构建径潮动力耦合条件下潮波传播的一维水动力解析模型,从理论机制上探讨珠江磨刀门河口径潮动力非线性作用下余水位的多时空尺度变化。结果表明:余水位变化呈现明显的大小潮和洪枯季变化,枯季余水位大小潮的变化幅度介于0~0.4 m,而洪季余水位与上游径流紧密相关,增幅大枯季一个量级（介于0~6 m）;解析模型可分离控制余水位变化的3个主要因素,即径流、潮流和径潮相互作用因子,计算结果表明河口不同区段余水位的主控因素有明显的洪枯季变化,上游段,枯季余水位受径潮相互作用因子控制,洪季受径流因子控制;枯季下游段余水位受潮流控制,而洪季余水位主要受径潮相互作用因子控制。