胶州湾营养盐结构的长期变化及其对生态环境的影响

根据 1 962年— 1 998年 81个航次的调查和历史资料 ,讨论了胶州湾营养盐及其结构的长期变化和对生态环境的影响。近 40年来 ,胶州湾无机N和P浓度分别增加了 3.9倍和1 .4倍 ,DIN/PO4 P摩尔比从 1 5 .9± 6.3增加到 37.8± 2 2 .9,SiO3 Si浓度保持在一个很低的水平。高的DIN/PO4 P比例和很低的SiO3 Si/PO4 P比例 ( 7.6± 8.9)及SiO3 Si/DIN比例 ( 0 .1 9±0 .1 5 )表明 ,胶州湾营养盐结构已经从比较平衡到不平衡。根据化学计量营养盐限制的标准 ,DIN和PO4 P作为胶州湾浮游植物限制因子的可能性已经减少或消失 ,SiO3 Si限制已经增加。营养盐结构的变化已经导致大型硅藻的减少和浮游植物优势种组成的变化 ,大型硅藻可能趋向于小型化。胶州湾生态系统的这些变化是人类活动影响的直接结果。     

北极海冰的变化特征

本文使用了北极海冰１９７２～１９８９年的资料，分析了北极海冰的区域特征、季节变化和长期变化的特征。发现由于北极海冰南侧被殴亚和北美大陆所包围，处于基本封闭状态，只有通过白令海峡与太平洋相连和格陵兰海和娜威海与大西洋相连的两个通道，其环境条件与南极海冰绝然不同，因此其特征也明显不同。１、季节变化小。净冰面积冬季是夏季的２倍左右，而南极海有６倍之差。２、海冰寿命较长。以多年冰为主，平均寿命为１．３年。     

胶州湾内外水体部分化学、生物因子的调查分析

在 1997- 0 8～ 1998- 0 6间 5次海洋调查的基础上 ,分析讨论了胶州湾内外水体营养盐和叶绿素的季节变化特征及其影响因子。从调查来看 ,硝酸盐和磷酸盐的季节变化呈双高峰 ,分别在 8月和 12月 (硝酸盐 :7.0～ 9.0 μmol/L;磷酸盐 :0 .4～ 0 .5 μmol/L) ,低值在 10月和 6月 (硝酸盐 :1.2～2 .2 μmol/L;磷酸盐 :0 .2～ 0 .3μmol/L)。硝酸盐的值湾内明显高于湾外。磷酸盐的值各站的差别较小。相对来说氨氮的季节变化规律不太明显。分析表明营养盐的季节变化受河流径流及水体内各生态过程的共同作用。叶绿素的季节变化呈春夏季高 (2 .6～ 5 .1mg/m3 ) ,冬季低 (0 .2～ 0 .6 mg/m3 )的特征。并从浮游植物碳量平面分布进行了分析。     

辽东湾夏季叶绿素a分布特征与浮游植物溶解有机碳释放率估算

基于2013年夏季现场调查和14C同位素示踪培养实验结果,对辽东湾水文环境参数、叶绿素a浓度与分布、浮游植物在光合作用过程中的溶解有机碳释放率进行了测试和分析。结果表明,辽东湾夏季叶绿素a表层平均值约为(6.10±0.41) mg/m3,且在局部出现显著的高值区和低值区,其中高值区可能存在藻华现象。叶绿素a低值区出现在双台子河的河口,主要原因是河水中过量泥沙悬浮物降低该区水体透明度,从而导致浮游植物生长受到光限制。6个典型站点的溶解有机碳释放率范围为(1.69±0.06)~(7.59±0.94) mg/(m3·h),平均值为(3.42±0.94) mg/(m3·h),占总有机碳生产率的3.57%~7.30%,平均为4.94%±0.59%。回归分析结果表明,叶绿素a含量对初级生产力的大小具有直接影响,而浮游植物溶解有机碳的释放率也与叶绿素a和光合作用率具有显著的线性相关性,表明在辽东湾水域富营养化所导致的局部高生物量促进了水体藻类光合固碳效率,溶解有机碳的生产率也同步增高。     

胶州湾浮游植物群落结构及其变化的初步研究

利用2003年胶州湾调查资料，分析了浮游植物群落结构及其与温度和营养盐的相关性。结果表明，胶州湾浮游植物群落主要由硅藻和甲藻组成，生态类型为近岸广布种、温带种和暖温带种以及少数暖水种。浮游植物数量一年中出现2次高峰期，主高峰出现在9月，次高峰出现在2月，低值期在7月和10月至翌年1月期间。浮游植物数量较近几年继续降低，尤其是峰值。浮游植物在春季以角毛藻、丹麦细柱藻、中肋骨条藻和冰河拟星杆藻为优势种群，夏季至秋初暖水性近岸种中华齿状藻、泰晤式旋鞘藻和广温性种星脐圆筛藻占优势地位，而秋季至冬初羽纹硅藻和派格棍形藻逐渐占优势地位，并一直持续整个冬季。溶解无机氮、硅酸盐和磷酸盐与硅藻丰度无明显相关性（R^2〈0．1）。中心硅藻丰度与溶解态无机氮呈线性负相关（R^2=0．4399），而与硅酸盐和磷酸盐无明显相关性（R^2〈0．1）。群落多样性指数与中心硅藻丰度和硅酸盐呈线性相关（R^2=0．3198和0．4443）。     

虾病暴发前虾池中一些环境因子的变化

实验研究１９９４年５～８月即墨金口养殖场虾病发生前,养虾池中叶绿素ａ总量、去镁叶绿素含量、不同粒径浮游植物叶绿素ａ含量以及营养盐的变化。结果表明：在整个调查期间两个养虾池中叶绿素ａ含量逐月减小,分别从４９．９８ｍｇ／ｍ３和２５．５４ｍｇ／ｍ３降至１．５０ｍｇ／ｍ３和３．３０ｍｇ／ｍ３,去镁叶绿素含量呈上升趋势。微型（２～２０μｍ）的浮游植物叶绿素ａ含量最大,分别为７４．３％和６８．４％,超微型（２～０．４５μｍ）分别为２０．４％和２７．５％,小型（＞２０μｍ）的叶绿素ａ含量最小,分别为５．５％和４．２％。所调查虾池中无机磷含量均超过富营养化阈限,无机氮含量接近富营养化阈限。     

南大洋浮游植物现存量对颗粒有机碳的贡献

根据中国第15、16次南极考察观测的颗粒有机碳、叶绿素a浓度的数据,探讨浮游植物现存量对南大洋颗粒有机碳的贡献。结果表明,普里兹湾内浮游植物碳对颗粒有机碳的贡献高于湾北部的大洋区,真光层上部浮游植物碳对颗粒有机碳的贡献高于深层水。同时分析两个航次测区叶绿素a浓度和航程途中叶绿素a浓度的分布,以期了解浮游植物在南大洋颗粒有机碳来源中的作用。     

尤娜谜与北极环境变化研究

介绍近几年来为科学家关注的一种发生在北极的自然现象——尤娜谜,这是一种正在发生的与泛北极环境变化相关的综合性自然现象,影响极广。这里主要介绍尤娜谜名称的出处及含意、自然界的表现形式以及以研究尤娜谜为主要内容的一项大型北极科学研究计划——北极环境变化研究的科学假设、研究内容和研究战略,以求引起大家对这一自然现象的重视。     

大亚湾夏季浮游植物群落结构的长期变化及其与环境因子的关系

本文分析了1999−2017年大亚湾夏季浮游植物群落结构的长期变化及其与环境因子的关系,结果显示,大亚湾海域海水温度呈显著下降趋势,盐度呈显著上升趋势;溶解无机氮浓度出现较大幅度提升,2008−2017年间大亚湾溶解无机氮浓度平均值比1999−2007年提升了72.73%;大亚湾浮游植物种类数变化趋势不明显,主要优势种没有发生明显变化,柔弱伪菱形藻（Pseudonitzschia delicatissima）为区域第一优势种,其次为中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）;浮游植物总丰度、硅藻丰度、甲藻丰度以及主要种类中的柔弱伪菱形藻、中肋骨条藻和叉角藻（Ceratium furca）丰度均呈现显著上升趋势;浮游植物生物多样性指数（H′）和均匀度（J）均呈下降趋势。人类活动所引起的溶解无机氮浓度大幅升高以及外海水入侵加强所引起的海水温度降低和盐度上升导致了浮游植物丰度的上升、优势种的单一化和生物多样性指数的下降。     

北冰洋浮游生物空间分布及其季节变化的模拟

低营养级浮游生物生态动力过程对环境变化的响应非常敏感。随着全球气候变化加剧,北冰洋正在经历快速的环境变化。厘清北冰洋低营养级浮游生物季节分布与变化特征是探究北冰洋生态系统对环境快速变化响应的前提,也是评估北极海区固碳能力的重要依据。基于此,本文构建了海洋–海冰–生物地球化学循环模型,并对北冰洋叶绿素浓度以及浮游生物结构的时空变化特征进行了模拟,结果表明:(1)北冰洋表层叶绿素浓度的峰值主要出现在5月,且太平洋一侧叶绿素浓度高于大西洋一侧;随着海水层化,表层受营养盐限制的海区呈现次表层叶绿素浓度最大值现象,且由陆架向海盆,次表层叶绿素浓度最大值层逐渐加深;9月,叶绿素浓度高值重回水体上层,太平洋一侧海区表层叶绿素浓度呈现较为明显的次峰值。(2)由于太平洋和大西洋入流营养盐浓度及结构的不同,北冰洋表层浮游生物群落结构存在明显空间差异。太平洋一侧,硅藻和中型浮游动物占优,硅藻在5月和9月出现生物量峰值,微型浮游植物在3月、5月和6月维持相对较高生物量;而大西洋一侧,在早春－春末夏初－夏秋经历了微型浮游植物－硅藻－微型浮游植物的演替,总体而言,微型浮游植物和微型浮游动物占优。此外,两侧海区浮游动物浓度峰值相较浮游植物滞后约半月。     

2010年西北冰洋浮游植物区域差异与环境关系

Global warming has caused Arctic sea ice to rapidly retreat,which is affecting phytoplankton,the primary producers at the base of the food chain,as well as the entire ecosystem.However,few studies with large spatial scales related to the Arctic Basin at high latitude have been conducted.This study aimed to investigate the relationship between changes in phytoplankton community structure and ice conditions.Fifty surface and 41 vertically stratified water samples from the western Arctic Ocean(67.0°–88°26′N,152°–178°54′W) were collected by the Chinese icebreaker R/V Xuelong from July 20 to August 30,2010 during China's fourth Arctic expedition.Using these samples,the species composition,spatial distribution,and regional disparities of phytoplankton during different stages of ice melt were assessed.A total of 157 phytoplankton taxa(5 μm) belonging to 69 genera were identified in the study area.The most abundant species were Navicula pelagica and Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii,accounting for 31.23% and 14.12% of the total phytoplankton abundance,respectively.The average abundance during the departure trip and the return trip were 797.07×10~2 cells/L and 84.94×10~2 cells/L,respectively.The highest abundance was observed at Sta.R09 in the north of Herald Shoal,where Navicula pelagica was the dominant species accounting for 59.42% of the abundance.The vertical distribution of phytoplankton abundance displayed regional differences,and the maximum abundances were confined to the lower layers of the euphotic zone near the layers of the halocline,thermocline,and nutricline.The species abundance of phytoplankton decreased from the low-latitude shelf to the high-latitude basin on both the departure and return trips.The phytoplankton community structure in the shallow continental shelf changed markedly during different stages of ice melt,and there was shift in dominant species from centric to pennate diatoms.Results of canonical correspondence analysis(CCA) showed that there were two distinct communities of phytoplankton in the western Arctic Ocean,and water temperature,ice coverage and silicate concentration were the most important environmental factors affecting phytoplankton distribution in the surveyed sea.These findings will help predict the responses of phytoplankton to the rapid melting of Arctic sea ice.     

北冰洋中心区表层淡化层的藻类色素组成

季节性海冰融化在北冰洋中心区表层形成淡水层,影响了浮游植物的类群。研究发现岩藻黄素（Fuco,指示硅藻）是冰芯底部检测到的主要光合色素,叶黄素（Lut）和叶绿素b （Chl b）（指示绿藻）是冰水界面浓度最高的类胡萝卜素。海冰底部硅藻占据了绝对的优势,但在冰水界面藻类类群转变了以绿藻为主的结构。冰下水中,浮游植物群落随着深度的增加,由绿藻为主快速转变为以硅藻为主,盐度可能是导致这种变化的原因。     

Phytoplankton community adaptation to changing light levels in the southern Beaufort Sea,Canadian Arctic

The chlorophyll a specific absorption coefficient of phytoplankton, a_φ^∗(λ) is an important parameter to determine for primary production models and for the estimation of phytoplankton physiological condition. Knowledge of this parameter at high latitudes where nutrient rich cold water submitted to low incident light is a common environment is almost nonexistent. To address this issue, we investigated the light absorption properties of phytoplankton as a function of irradiance, temperature, and nutrients using a large data set in the southern Beaufort Sea during the open water to ice cover transition period. The a_φ^∗(λ) tended to increase from autumn when open water still existed to early winter when sea ice cover was formed, resulting from a biological selection of smaller-size phytoplankton more efficient to absorb light. There was no significant correlation between a_φ^∗(λ) and irradiance or temperature for both seasons. However, a_φ^∗(λ) showed a significant positive correlation with NO₃ + NO₂. Implications of the results for phytoplankton community adaptation to changing light levels are discussed.     

Declining Arctic Ocean oil and gas developments: Opportunities to improve governance and environmental pollution control

There has been global interest in the exploitation of rich hydrocarbon resources in the Arctic for decades. However, recent low oil prices, a low carbon economy climate agenda, and technical challenges of Arctic oil extraction have curbed interest in these Arctic resources. Despite a recent reluctance to explore and develop an offshore Arctic drilling industry, a resurgence in oil and gas prices could spark renewed interests that could pose unacceptable risks of pollution from oil spills. These risks are further compounded by complex governance and sovereignty issues between circumpolar nations. This paper (i) compares cycles of Arctic hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation activity with global energy prices; (ii) outlines current pollution abatement techniques under pan-Arctic national regulations to identify potential gaps; (iii) describes current international frameworks for Arctic governance to highlight how problems could arise if offshore oil drilling returns to the Arctic and associated spills migrate to international waters; and (iv) provides policy recommendations to aid both national and international policy-makers regarding pollution abatement methods for future Arctic drilling.     

Marine dependent livelihoods and resilience to environmental change: A case study of Anguilla

There is increasing concern over the consequences of environmental change for people and communities that depend on already fragile marine resources, given the mounting evidence of sustained over-exploitation and climate change impacts on marine systems. In order to explore the potential social resilience of marine-dependent livelihoods to environmental change, interviews with fishers and marine-based tourism operators in the Caribbean island of Anguilla were undertaken, to identify the impacts of hurricane events on marine livelihoods, the perceptions of resource-users and their potential adaptability to future change. For both sectors of resource-users, there is evidence that they have diversified livelihoods to achieve financial security, which may provide resilience to future climate related impacts or resource variability. In addition, specific behavioural changes that have been developed following previous hurricane events, e.g. removal of fish pots during hurricane months, or bringing boats to shore, indicate fishers' flexibility to changing conditions. However, strong personal and cultural attachment to occupations, particularly among fishers, may hinder resilience. Additionally, the reliance of all of these marine resource-users on the climate-dependent tourism industry may undermine their capacity to cope with future environmental change. Many of these problems are common throughout the Caribbean, as thousands of marine-dependent livelihoods are vulnerable to marine degradation and climate change impacts. Urgent attention is therefore required to support the development of adaptive, sustainable management of marine resources that may enhance resilience to environmental change.     

北极深海沉积物中细菌和古菌群落结构研究

在北极深海沉积物生态系统中,微生物的群落结构由有机质输入、能量的可用性及其他环境因素决定.然而,全球气候变暖及其导致的冰盖提前融化正在影响微生物的多样性.为描述北极深海沉积物中的微生物群落结构及其与环境因素的相关性,我们利用罗氏454对北极深海沉积物样品的16S rDNA扩增子进行了测序,对细菌和古菌群落的丰富度、成分、结构及其系统发育分类地位进行了描述.硫还原和化能有机营养类是细菌群落中的主要类群;而古细菌群落主要是由微生物的关系最为密切的氨氧化奇古菌门(96.66%)和产甲烷古生菌界(3.21%).这项研究描述了北极极点附近深海沉积物(> 3500米)中的微生物多样性,将为以后研究类似环境中微生物代谢过程和途径等功能分析奠定基础.     

加拿大海盆北部营养盐限制作用研究

利用2008年夏季中国第三次北极科学考察获得的营养盐、叶绿素a、温度和盐度等数据资料,结合现场营养盐添加实验的结果讨论西北冰洋加拿大海盆北部营养盐对浮游植物生长的限制作用。结果表明:由于融冰水稀释作用,加拿大海盆B80站约20m深度存在较强的盐跃层,阻碍了水体上下混合。较低浓度的溶解无机氮(DIN)和硅酸盐(分别为0.31μmol/L和0.94μmol/L)以及严重偏离Redfield比值的N/P、N/Si比值(分别为0.42和0.32)表明加拿大海盆表层水体存在N和Si限制。根据现场营养盐加富实验各培养组叶绿素a浓度变化、营养盐吸收总量差异和浮游植物种群结构,进一步表明氮是北冰洋海盆首要限制营养盐,而Si则抑制了硅质生物的生长。同时,较小的硝酸盐半饱和常数(Ks)证明即使在营养盐充足的情况下北冰洋海盆浮游植物生长速率也处于较低水平。计算得到各培养组营养盐吸收比例(N/P比值)均大于Redfield比值,可能是培养实验过程中以微型、微微型浮游植物为主,硅藻等小型浮游植物为辅造成的。     

北半球从冬到夏季节急变的共轭敏感性分析

根据共轭敏感性理论,用共轭模式对1983～1987年北半球从冬到夏的季节急变,包括这5a平均情况及1983年和1987年异常偏早或偏晚的个例进行分析,分别得出这些急变影响最大的初始扰动分布。从年平均的资料来看,在4月前后季节急变所对应的最敏感扰动与海洋的作用有关;而6月前后的季节急变所对应的最敏感扰动与海洋的作用延伸到陆地后受到大地形的影响有关。1983年和1987年的个例分析表明:4月份大陆上出现最敏感扰动中心,造成4月急变偏早或偏晚发生;6月份海洋上出现最敏感扰动中心,造成6月急变的异常;4月急变偏早时6月急变偏晚;4月急变偏晚时6月急变偏早。